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CHAPTER 1 For centuries the USA have been a beacon for the rest of the world G2

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2025 was ICE’s deadliest year in two decades. Here are the 32 people who died in custody

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The deaths came as the Trump administration ramped up immigration enforcement, detaining a record number of people

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'Not a normal court': Joe Biden condemns supreme court ruling on affirmative action

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Monday marks two years since the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ending the constitutional right to an abortion and allowing states to decide whether to restrict access to the procedure or not.

As of Friday, 14 states have ceased nearly all abortion services and three states have enacted six-week bans, according to an ABC News tally.

At least nine states have no restrictions based on how far along a woman is in her pregnancy and many have recently added amendments enshrining the right to abortion in their state constitutions.

Here is a state-by-state breakdown or where abortion laws stand in your state, according to a review of state laws and the Guttmacher Institute, a research group that focuses on sexual and reproductive health.
Alabama
Alabama has ceased nearly all abortion services, prohibiting the procedure at all stages of pregnancy unless medically necessary to protect the health or life of the woman.

Patients are required to wait 48 hours after a counseling session to receive an abortion

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Alaska
There are no laws in place restricting abortion based on gestational age in Alaska.
Arizona
Abortion is banned in Arizona at 15 weeks' gestation or later. Patients are required to make two trips 24 hours apart, one for an in-person consultation and another for the procedure.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Arkansas
Abortion is banned in Arkansas with limited exceptions including saving the health of life of the woman.

Patients are required to wait 72 hours after an in-person counseling session to receive an abortion.
California
California allows abortions up until fetal viability, which is considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.

Last year, voters decided to amend the state constitution to prohibit the state from denying or interfering with a woman's "reproductive freedom."
Colorado
Colorado does not restrict abortion based on how far along a patient is in their pregnancy.
Connecticut
Connecticut allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
Delaware
Abortions are prohibited in Delaware after fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
District of Columbia
Abortion is not restricted based on how far long a woman is in their her in Washington, D.C.
Florida
In 2024, Florida enacted a six-week abortion ban. Exceptions for rape, incest and human trafficking are allowed until 15 weeks of pregnancy.

An exception is also allowed if the abortion is to "avert a serious risk of substantial and irreversible physical impairment of a major bodily function" of the woman or to her their life.
Georgia
Georgia bans abortions at six weeks or later. Exceptions are allowed in cases of rape or incest up to 20 weeks of pregnancy, if a police report was filed regarding the incident.

Exceptions also include if the fetus has a condition that would likely result in death or if the pregnant woman would face harm or potentially death.

In all cases, patients are required to wait 24 hours between a counseling session, which does not have to be in person, and undergoing the abortion.
Hawaii
Hawaii allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
Idaho
Idaho has banned nearly all abortions, with the only exceptions being to save the life of the woman.

Patients are required to wait 24 hours after a counseling session, which does not have to be in person, to obtain an abortion.
Illinois
Illinois allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
Indiana
Abortion is banned in Indiana with limited exceptions including in cases of rape or incest up to 10 weeks post-fertilization and in cases of fetal anomaly up to 20 weeks post-fertilization.

Patients are required to have an in-person counseling session and then wait at least 18 hours for the abortion.

Patients are required to receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and to receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Iowa
Iowa bans abortion at 22 weeks' gestation or later.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.
Kansas
Kansas allows abortions up to 22 weeks of pregnancy.

In August 2022, Kansas voters rejected a ballot measure that would have removed the right to abortion from the state constitution.
Kentucky
Kentucky has banned abortion with limited exceptions including to save the health or life of the pregnant woman.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Louisiana
Abortions are banned in Louisiana except in cases of medical emergency and to preserve the life and health of the pregnant woman.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Maine
Maine allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
Maryland
Maryland does not restrict abortion based on gestational age.
Massachusetts
Abortion is allowed in Massachusetts up to 24 weeks of pregnancy.
Michigan
Abortion in Michigan is not restricted based on gestational age. However, a 24-hour waiting period is required between an in-person counseling session and an abortion.

Michigan voters said yes to a constitutional amendment that would add protections for reproductive rights in 2023.
Minnesota
Minnesota does not prohibit abortion based on how far along a woman is in pregnancy.
Mississippi
Mississippi is banned with limited exceptions, including to save the life of the pregnant woman. Exceptions are also allowed for rape if a formal charge has been field with law enforcement.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Missouri
Abortion is banned in Missouri with limited exceptions including medical emergencies to save the life or health of the pregnant woman.

If a provider performs an abortion, they must prove in court that the procedure met the legal exception requirements.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Montana
Montana allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
Nebraska
Nebraska has banned abortion after 12 weeks. Exceptions include rape, incest and saving the life of the pregnant woman.

Patients are required to have a counseling session and then wait at least 24 hours before receiving an abortion.

Patients must receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Nevada
Nevada allows abortions up until 24 weeks' gestation.
New Hampshire
Abortion is banned in New Hampshire after 24 weeks of pregnancy.
New Jersey
New Jersey does not restrict abortion based on how long a woman has been pregnant.
New Mexico
Abortion is not prohibited based on gestational duration in New Mexico.
New York
New York allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
North Carolina
North Carolina bans abortions after 12 weeks. Abortions are allowed up to 20 weeks for rape or incest, up to 24 weeks for "life-limiting" fetal anomalies and for medical emergencies.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for a counseling session -- which does not have to be in person -- and then 72 hours later for the abortion.
North Dakota
Abortion is banned with limited exceptions in North Dakota including rape, incest or a medical emergency up to six weeks' gestation. Exceptions are also in place if the life or health of a pregnant woman is in danger.

Patients have to wait 24 hours after a counseling session to receive an abortion.

Patients must also receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Ohio
Ohio currently allows abortion up to 22 weeks' gestation.

Last year, a ballot measure passed, changing the Ohio constitution to establish "an individual right to one's own reproductive medical treatment, including but not limited to abortion." Treatment includes contraception, fertility treatments, miscarriage care and abortion care.

Patients are required to make two trips at least 24 hours apart, first for an in-person counseling session and second for the procedure.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma has banned abortion with no exceptions except to save the life or health of the pregnant woman.

A 72-hour waiting period is required after a counseling session to receive an abortion.

Patients must receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Oregon
Oregon does not prohibit abortion based on how far along someone is in pregnancy.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania allows abortions up to 24 weeks of pregnancy. However, a 24-hour waiting period is required after a counseling session to receive an abortion.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
South Carolina
South Carolina has a six-week abortion ban in place. Exceptions for rape or incest are allowed through the first trimester as well as for a "fatal fetal anomaly" and to save the life or health of the pregnant woman.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for a counseling session -- which does not have to be in person -- and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
South Dakota
South Dakota has banned all abortions except to preserve the life or health of the pregnant person.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 48 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Tennessee
Tennessee has banned abortion except to save the life or health of the pregnant woman.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 48 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Texas
Abortions are banned in Texas except if the woman has a life-threatening condition or is at risk of "substantial impairment of a major bodily function."

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Utah
Abortions are allowed in Utah up to 18 weeks' gestation.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 72 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Vermont
Vermont does not restrict abortion based on gestational age.

In 2023, Vermont voters decided to amend the state's constitution to include a right to "personal reproductive autonomy," which includes abortion.
Virginia
Abortion is prohibited starting in the third trimester in Virginia.
Washington
In Washington, abortion is banned at fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.
West Virginia
West Virginia has banned nearly all abortions with limited exceptions including if the fetus is non-viable, in cases of medical emergency and to save the life of the pregnant person.

Exceptions are allowed in cases of rape and incest but only up until eight weeks' gestation and if the incident is reported to law enforcement.
Wisconsin
Abortions are banned in Wisconsin after 22 weeks' gestation.

Patients are required to make two trips, one for an in-person counseling session and then 24 hours later for the abortion.

Patients must receive an ultrasound even if medically unnecessary and to receive a medication abortion in person because state laws ban the use of telehealth.
Wyoming
Wyoming allows abortions up until fetal viability, considered between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation.

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A state-by-state breakdown of abortion laws 2 years after Roe was overturned

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Where does abortion stand in your state since Roe v. Wade was overturned two years ago? ABC News has a state-by-state breakdown of abortion laws in the U.S.

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Supreme Court rejects affirmative action, ending use of race as factor in college admissions

Melissa Quinn ( CBS News, 29/06/23)

The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that race-conscious admission policies of Harvard College and the University of North Carolina violate the Constitution, bringing an end to affirmative action in higher education in a decision that will reverberate across campuses nationwide.

The gutting of affirmative action is a 'clear and present danger' to equal education, critics say

Nicquel Terry Ellis ( CNN, 29/06/23)

The Supreme Court's landmark decision to bar colleges and universities from considering race as a specific basis for admission will make it more difficult for schools to achieve a diverse student population, civil rights leaders and education advocates say.

Here's What Happened After Affirmative Action Ended In These 4 States

Antonio Pequeño ( Forbes, 30/06/23)

The effects of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down affirmative action will take time to materialize-but a 2013 Harvard study found that after affirmative action ended in key states "sharp declines" in the workplace followed for Asian women, Black women and Hispanic men.

Colleges can still grab that trombonist

Neil Steinberg ( Chicago Sun Times, 30/06/23)

Plucking race off the table doesn't make sense to anyone familiar with how colleges pick students.

A majority of Americans say race should not be a factor in college admissions

Ruth Igielnik ( The New York Times, 29/06/23)

The Pew survey shows a clear divide along racial and ethnic lines: A majority of white and Asian adults disapprove of racial consideration in admissions, while Black Americans largely approve and Hispanics are about evenly split.
Read on...
Seal of the Supreme Court of the United States. Source: Wikipedia, Public Domain.

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30 June 2023 - Supreme Court ends Affirmative Action

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Melissa Quinn ( CBS News, 29/06/23) The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that race-conscious admission policies of Harvard College and the University of North Carolina violate the Constitution, bringing an end to affirmative action in higher education in a decision that will reverberate across campuses nationwide.

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Washington - The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that race-conscious admission policies of Harvard College and the University of North Carolina violate the Constitution, bringing an end to affirmative action in higher education in a decision that will reverberate across campuses nationwide.

The court ruled 6-3 along ideological lines in the University of North Carolina case, and 6-2 in the Harvard dispute, as Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson recused herself. Chief Justice John Roberts authored the majority opinion, joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett. Thomas read a concurring opinion from the bench. Justice Sonia Sotomayor also read her dissent aloud, the first time a dissenting justice has done so this term.

"The Harvard and UNC admissions programs cannot be reconciled with the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause," Roberts wrote. "Both programs lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today."

But Roberts wrote that universities can still consider "an applicant's discussion of how race affected his or her life, be it through discrimination, inspiration, or otherwise." Military academies are effectively exempt from the decision, due to the "potentially distinct interests" they present.

Students, the chief justice concluded, must be evaluated based on their experiences "as an individual - not on the basis of race."

"Many universities have for too long done just the opposite," Roberts said. "And in doing so, they have concluded, wrongly, that the touchstone of an individual's identity is not challenges bested, skills built, or lessons learned but the color of their skin. Our constitutional history does not tolerate that choice."

In a fierce dissent, Sotomayor said the majority opinion is "not grounded in law or fact and contravenes the vision of equality embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment."

"Today, this Court stands in the way and rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress. It holds that race can no longer be used in a limited way in college admissions to achieve such critical benefits," she wrote. "In so holding, the Court cements a superficial rule of colorblindness as a constitutional principle in an endemically segregated society where race has always mattered and continues to matter."

Joined by Justice Elena Kagan and Jackson, Sotomayor said the court's decision "subverts the constitutional guarantee of equal protection by further entrenching racial inequality in education, the very foundation of our democratic government and pluralistic society."

In a separate dissent penned in the University of North Carolina case, Jackson, the first Black woman to sit on the Supreme Court, lambasted the court's decision, writing that the majority "surges to vindicate equality, but Don Quixote style - pitifully perceiving itself as the sole vanguard of legal high ground when, in reality, its perspective is not constitutionally compelled."

"Simply put, the race-blind admissions stance the Court mandates from this day forward is unmoored from critical real-life circumstances," she wrote. "Thus, the Court's meddling not only arrests the noble generational project that America's universities are attempting, it also launches, in effect, a dismally misinformed sociological experiment."

Upending past Supreme Court decisions

Though Roberts' majority opinion did not explicitly overturn the court's precedent allowing schools to consider race when making admissions decisions - namely a 2003 case known as Grutter v. Bollinger - Thomas wrote in his concurring opinion that the 2003 decision is "for all intents and purposes, overruled," while Sotomayor accused the conservative majority of "overruling decades of precedent."

The ruling is the latest in which the Supreme Court's conservative majority has upended decades of past decisions involving issues that have shaped American life, underscoring the impact that former President Donald Trump's three appointed justices have had on the court.

In its last term, the Supreme Court reversed its landmark decision in Roe v. Wade, unwinding the constitutional right to an abortion recognized since 1973. That ruling amplified concerns that other longstanding precedents were at risk of being jettisoned, including those affirming that race-conscious admissions programs are within constitutional bounds.

The assumption that affirmative action would not withstand the Supreme Court's scrutiny has now come to fruition. While the decision will be felt most acutely at highly competitive schools, universities have warned that ending race-conscious admissions programs would lead to a significant drop in representation of Black and Hispanic students, particularly at elite institutions.

More than 40% of universities, and 60% of selective schools, consider race to some degree in admissions decisions, according to Harvard's filings with the court. Additionally, institutions such as the service academies, the U.S. military and the federal government have relied on the Supreme Court's past decisions recognizing that the educational benefits of diversity justify limited consideration of race in admissions, according to the Biden administration.

President Biden, in remarks from the White House, condemned the court's rejection of affirmative action in higher education and said racial diversity makes not only colleges but the whole nation stronger.

"We cannot let this decision be the last word," he said. "While the court can render a decision, it cannot change what America stands for. America is an idea, an idea unique in the world. An idea of hope and opportunity, of possibilities, of giving everyone a fair shot, of leaving no one behind. We've never fully lived up to it, but we've never walked away from it either. We will not walk away fro it now."

Asked by a reporter whether the Supreme Court is "rogue," Mr. Biden replied, "This is not a normal court."

What is affirmative action, and how did these cases get to the Supreme Court?

Affirmative action refers to policies established by schools or employers aimed at increasing the diversity of a student body or workforce through the consideration of candidates' race. The concept originated in the 1960s to address racial discrimination and has been controversial ever since, with critics saying the practice itself is tantamount to racial discrimination against non-minorities. Proponents of affirmative action policies in higher education argue that race should be considered as part of a "holistic" evaluation of candidates, and say the policies are crucial for increasing diversity and ensuring underrepresented groups have equal access to institutions.

Nine states have banned affirmative action at public universities: Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Washington.

The cases before the court this term involved Harvard, the nation's oldest private institution, and the University of North Carolina, the oldest public university. Both disputes were brought in November 2014 by the group Students for Fair Admissions, founded by conservative activist Ed Blum, who for years has fought to end the use of racial preferences in American life.

In the Harvard case, the organization claimed the school's race-conscious admissions policies violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination in any program or activity that receives federal funds, by discriminating against Asian-American applicants. Students for Fair Admissions accused Harvard of assigning Asian-American students lower ratings on personality traits than other races and limiting the number of Asian-American applicants it admits.

In the University of North Carolina fight, Students for Fair Admissions accused the university of violating the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, as it overlooks race-neutral alternatives available to achieve diversity among its student body.

Both universities denied discriminating against Asian-American applicants.

Lower courts upheld the policies at each of the schools, finding that race was one factor among many considered in the schools' holistic processes, and that they were consistent with the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter, the 2003 decision that said the narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions is allowed under the Constitution.

Writing for the majority in Grutter, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that "25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary." That proposed 2028 deadline drew questions during oral arguments in the Harvard and University of North Carolina cases of when race would no longer need to be considered in college admissions.

Roberts wrote for the majority that neither Harvard nor the University of North Carolina indicated to the court that their race-based admissions programs had end points.

"In short," he said, "there is no reason to believe that respondents will - even acting in good faith - comply with the Equal Protection Clause any time soon."

The Supreme Court last considered the lawfulness of race-conscious admissions programs in 2016, in a challenge to the policies at the University of Texas at Austin that was also backed by Blum. In that case, a divided court again said race could be considered to ensure student-body diversity.

But the composition of the court changed dramatically since then, with Sotomayor the only remaining justice who was in the majority seven years ago. (Kagan recused herself from the case.)

The Supreme Court agreed to wade into the debate over affirmative action again in January 2022. While the Harvard and University of North Carolina cases were originally consolidated, they were unlinked after Jackson joined the court and recused herself from the Harvard dispute.

How Harvard and UNC reacted to the Supreme Court's ruling

In response to the decision, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chancellor Kevin Guskiewicz said the school will take the steps necessary to comply with the ruling.

"Carolina remains firmly committed to bringing together talented students with different perspectives and life experiences and continues to make an affordable, high-quality education accessible to the people of North Carolina and beyond," he said.

Top officials from Harvard reiterated a commitment to diversity in its student body, which it said is "essential to academic experience."

"For almost a decade, Harvard has vigorously defended an admissions system that, as two federal courts ruled, fully complied with longstanding precedent," school leaders wrote to members of the Harvard community. "In the weeks and months ahead, drawing on the talent and expertise of our Harvard community, we will determine how to preserve, consistent with the Court's new precedent, our essential values."

The U.S. Supreme Court

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Supreme Court rejects affirmative action, ending use of race as factor in college admissions

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Students, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote, must be evaluated based on their experiences "as an individual - not on the basis of race."

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A Year After the Supreme Court Overturned Roe v. Wade, Trends in State Abortion Laws Have Emerged

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In the absence of federal protections, state legislatures have become arbiters of abortion access, with some states banning or severely restricting abortion and others improving and protecting it.

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MAJ 19/11

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Every state has slightly different guidelines, but it's not unusual for prisoner checks to occur once or twice per hour, every hour, for their entire death row imprisonment. In California, anyone in any type of isolation, including death row inmates, is checked 48 times per day. These twice hourly prison checks often involve loud keys, loud voices, and lights.

In other words, prisoners are often prevented from sleeping for more than 30 minutes at a time, which can lead to severe sleep deprivation. The average prisoner spends at least 15 years on death row. Can you imagine what it would feel like to be continuously sleep deprived for 15 years?

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There are approximately 2,900 prisoners currently experiencing life on death row. The death penalty is a legal option in 31 states. People on death row are most likely to face lethal injection as their execution method, but there are plenty of ways to die on death row.For example, death row...

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This sketch by Cass Gilbert, drawn October 21, 1926, is his first known drawing of what would become the Supreme Court Building. It closely models an earlier conjectural proposal drawn circa 1923 by Henry Bacon, who is best known for the Lincoln Memorial.
Cass Gilbert, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Click on the arrows or dots to see the next photograph.

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This sketch by Cass Gilbert, drawn October 21, 1926, is his first known drawing of what would become the Supreme Court Building. It closely models an earlier conjectural proposal drawn circa 1923 by Henry Bacon, who is best known for the Lincoln Memorial.

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Who is Supreme Court Nominee Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson?

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Les candidats disposent de 15 minutes de préparation.

La présentation du document (en anglais) dure environ 10 minutes.

Les documents sont principalement des articles de journaux, d'une longueur de 450-550 mots approximativement.

Toutes les thématiques sont possibles : même si l'orientation juridique est privilégiée, elle n'est pas la seule susceptible d'être retenue.

Les 10 minutes de passage à l'oral incluent 3 " figures imposées " :

Un résumé du document

Une brève lecture d'un extrait du document

Un commentaire personnel

Il est très important de souligner que la présentation orale doit se faire à partir de notes succinctes. Il convient absolument d'éviter l'écueil qui consiste à lire d'une préparation rédigée.

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Les candidats disposent de 15 minutes de préparation. La présentation du document (en anglais) dure environ 10 minutes. Les documents sont principalement des articles de journaux, d'une longueur de 450-550 mots approximativement. Toutes les thématiques sont possibles : même si l'orientation juridique est privilégiée, elle n'est pas la seule susceptible d'être retenue.

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The Center also produces groundbreaking reports on various issues related to the death penalty such as arbitrariness, costs, innocence, and race.

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The US Supreme Court was formed in 1789. It's gone from five seats to 10, and is now fixed at nine.

It makes fewer than 100 decisions every year, but its choices have had a huge impact on the country.

Some decisions have empowered women, helped protect the environment, or guaranteed a person's right to expression. Others have strengthened racist laws, enabled forced sterilization, and allowed unequal schooling.

Here is a guide to 45 of the Supreme Court's most impactful decisions.

Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.

The US Supreme Court, the court of last resort, has undeniably changed the country.

It makes fewer than 100 decisions every year that have sweeping effects on American life.

Some have changed race relations for the better, empowered women, given the press freedom to operate, guaranteed a person's right to expression, or reiterated that the president is not above the law.

Not every decision has aged well. Other decisions have enforced slavery or create uneven schooling in the US.

Here are 45 of the most important cases the Supreme Court has ever decided.

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45 landmark Supreme Court cases that changed American life as we knew it

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The US Supreme Court was formed in 1789. It's gone from five seats to 10, and is now fixed at nine. It makes fewer than 100 decisions every year, but its choices have had a huge impact on the country. Some decisions have empowered women, helped protect the environment, or guaranteed a person's right to expression.