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action taken in return for an injury or offense

1575-85; retaliate + -ion

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a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

1350-1400; Middle English trete < Anglo-French < Latin tractātus tractate

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a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number)

before 900; Middle English wanen (v.), Old English wanian to lessen;cognate with Middle Dutch, Middle High German wanen, Old Norse vana tocause to wane, destroy

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any entry into an area not previously occupied

1425-75; late Middle English encrochement < Anglo-French. See encroach,-ment

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inequality or difference in some respect

1545-55; < Middle French desparite < Late Latin disparitās; see dis-1,parity1

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lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike

1350-1400; Middle English (< Anglo-French) < Latin contemptus aslighting = contemn(ere) to despise, scorn (see contemn ) + -tus suffix ofv. action (with loss of n and intrusive p)

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characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight

Belligerent comes from the Latin word bellum, for "war." You can use it to talk about actual wars

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a feeling of righteous anger

Indignation traces back to the Latin prefix in- "not" and root dignus"worthy" and means anger at something that is unfair or unjust.

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an extended communication dealing with some particular topic

The noun discourse comes from the Latin discursus to mean "an argument."

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stubbornly obstructive and unwilling to cooperate

The origin of cantankerous is unclear (it may be at least partly from Middle English contek 'dissension'), but ever since it first appeared in plays from the 1770s, it's been a popular way to describe someone who is quarrelsome and disagreeable.

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status established in order of importance or urgency

1350-1400; (adj.) Middle English < Latin praecēdent- (stem ofpraecēdēns) present participle of praecēdere to go before, precede (see -ent ); (noun) late Middle English, derivative of the adj.

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a speech of violent denunciation

The noun tirade is related to the Italian word tirata, which means "volley."

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leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

Desert comes from the Latin desertus, for abandoned or lying in waste

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take away the weapons from; render harmless

To disarm is to remove a gun, knife — or any kind of weapon — from someone's hands, or from a group of people.

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form into an army unit smaller than a division

Most often used as a noun to describe a military unit made up of several battalions, the word regiment can also be used as a verb.

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a crime that undermines the offender's government; an act of deliberate betrayal

The word treason can be traced back to the Latin word traditio(n-), which comes from the verb tradere meaning “to hand over, betray.” If you commit treason, that’s what you do: you betray.

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one who loves and defends his or her country

The word patriot comes from patrios (Greek, not Latin for once), which means "of one’s father." So, despite various references to the motherland, the word patriot more or less lands us square in the fatherland arena

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the state of being confederated

An alliance is essentially a connection through which a common interest is shared.

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Enlightenment is education that results in the spread of knowledge .

The Enlightenment started in the 1700’s, a historical era defined by a focus on reason and science.

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Mercantilism is the system increasing a nation wealth by government.

Mercantilism was a system that encouraged the idea of government trade regulation to gain wealth a move away from agriculture system as an economic base