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PBS History of Ivory as a global problem

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PBS History of Ivory as a global problem

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https://rmpbs.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/f8b9191e-7f64-445d-9156-970ded50c9c7/battle-for-the-elephants-the-history-of-the-ivory-trade/#.WOxe4hKGO3U

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-6d40b788-af2f-4646-8177-c8db7ce6a881

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1- Updating the Mentor Meeting Sheet.
2-Everyone be involved.
3-Collect realistic data every day.
4-Respect each other.
5-Clearly create a plan every day.
6-Cooperating together

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http://elephants.unitedforwildlife.org/about-the-issues/

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Some of the ivory are hollow in the inside, but some of them are not.

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These are the things that's made out from ivory.

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On line, One Ivory could be super expensive, so that mean if anyone buy it, it can show you are very rich and powerful

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Ivan

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Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy. For the past one hundred years, the ivory trade in Africa has been closely regulated, yet the trade continues to thrive.

Ivory Trade in Antiquity

During the days of the Roman Empire, the ivory exported from Africa largely came from North African elephants.

These elephants were also used in the Roman coliseum fights and occasionally as transport in war and were hunted to extinction around the 4 th century C.E. After that point, the ivory trade in Africa declined for several centuries.

Medieval Times to the Renaissance

By the 800s, the trade in African ivory had picked-up again. In these years, traders transported ivory from West Africa along the trans-Saharan trade routes to the North African coast or brought East African ivory up in boats along the coast line to the market-cities of north-east Africa and the Middle East. From these depots, ivory was taken across the Mediterranean to Europe or to Central and East Asia, though the latter regions could easily acquire ivory from southeast Asian elephants.

European Traders and Explorers (1500-1800)

As Portuguese navigators began exploring the West African coast line in the 1400s, they soon entered into the lucrative ivory trade, and other European sailors were not far behind.

During these years, ivory was still acquired almost exclusively by African hunters, and as the demand continued, the elephant population near the coast lines declined. In response, African hunters traveled further and further inland in search of elephant herds.

As the trade in ivory moved inland, the hunters and traders needed a way to tranport the ivory to the coast.

In West Africa, trade focused on numerous rivers that emptied into the Atlantic, but in Central and East Africa, there were fewer rivers to use. Sleeping Sickness and other tropical diseases also made it almost impossible to use animals (like horses, oxen, or camels) to transport goods in West, Central, or central-East Africa, and this meant that people were the primary movers of goods.

The Ivory and Slave Trades (1700-1900)

The need for human porters meant that the growing slave and ivory trades went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa. In those regions, African and Arab slave traders traveled inland from the coast, purchased or hunted down large numbers of slaves and ivory, and then forced the slaves to carry the ivory as they marched down to the coast. Once they reached the coast, the traders sold both the slaves and the ivory for hefty profits.

The Colonial Era (1885-1960s)

In the 1800s and early 1900s, European ivory hunters began hunting elephants in greater numbers. As demand for ivory increased, elephant populations were decimated. In 1900, several African colonies passed game laws that limited hunting, though recreational hunting remained possible for those who could afford the expensive licenses.

CITES (1990-Present)

At Independence in the 1960s, most African countries maintained or increased colonial game legislation laws, either outlawing hunting or permitting it only with the purchase of expensive licences. Poaching and the ivory trade continued though.

In 1990, African elephants, with the exception of those in Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, were added to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, which means that participating countries agreed not to allow their trade for commercial purposes. Between 1990 and 2000, the elephants in Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, were added to Appendix II, which permits trade in ivory but requires an export permit to do it.

Many argue, though, that any legitimate trade in ivory encourages poaching and adds a shield for it, since illegal ivory can be publicly displayed once purchased.

It looks the same as legitimate ivory, for which their continues to be relatively high demand for both Asian medicine and decorative objects.

Sources

Hughes, Donald, " Europe as Consumer of Exotic Biodiversity: Greek and Roman times," Landscape Research 28.1 (2003): 21-31.

Stahl, Ann B. and Peter Stahl. "Ivory production & consumption in Ghana in the early second millennium AD," Antiquity 78.299 (March 2004): 86-101.

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A Brief History of the Ivory Trade in Africa

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Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy. For the past one hundred years, the ivory trade in Africa has been closely regulated, yet the trade continues to thrive.

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http://zhubao.cngold.org/bstj/xiangya.html

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In china, they also believe that Ivory will protect you form the ghost and in ancient time, people used Ivory to test if the things is

poisonous just because the name the elephant in chines mean lucky, so that they think ivory is very lucky too!

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elephant is important animals on the Earth, because their task can help the dirt get loose so that the plant's seed could grow faster ! And if we don't have elephant, the whole Africa will turn into desert!

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in ancient China, they also used Ivory to make a kind of pen. and only king and queen could used that kind of pen.

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Stop the Ivory Trade | Bloody Ivory : Stop Elephant Poaching and Ivory Trade

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Today, levels of poaching and illegal trade have spiralled out of control once again. In many areas, rates of poaching are now the worst they have been since 1989. In 2011, just thirteen of the largest seizures amounted to over 23,000kg, breaking all records since the ivory ban.

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Are elephants killed only because of their Ivory?

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Are elephants killed only because of their Ivory?

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No, they were also killed because of elephants eating the food that the farmer farmed so, people wants the elephants to go away but they can't so the only way is to kill the elephants.

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Why are elephants killed for their Ivory? 

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Why are elephants killed for their Ivory? 

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Because if people kill them more the more rare it becomes so more people wants it and they will keep on killing them.

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In Africa about 25,000 and 35,000 elephants were killed for their ivory, so in one day people killed about 104 elephants and sell them to different countries ( In 2011, around 25,000 elephants killed, in that time people had also trade them more and more) .

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Mr. Awalt

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That's the blunt statistic closing "The Ivory Game," Netflix's latest foray into original documentary. Directed by Richard Ladkani and Kief Davidson, and executive produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, the figure makes for a brutal full stop to their breakneck exposé of the global ivory trade.

It's also a statistic that puts the African elephant on course for extinction. By Ladkani and Davidson's calculation, 35,000 are being killed a year. In August, the Great Elephant Census revealed it had found just 352,271 animals in the countries it had surveyed.

Thriving on corruption, subterfuge and greed, the ivory trade is not just an African problem. Sprawling and nebulous, its complex web connects Zambian poachers and basement dealers in Hong Kong, Kenyan reserves and Vietnamese carving factories. Never far from the surface is the presence of organized crime.

Throughout the shoot the directors were in real and present danger -- and some of their subjects still are. Many sequences were filmed deep undercover or while embedded in military taskforces. Not all their operations were successful.

On the eve of the documentary's release in 190 territories -- with the glaring omission of China -- Ladkani and Davidson look back on the experience, and ask what more can be done.

"It stays with you"

The documentary, framed like a Paul Greengrass thriller, zig-zags across the globe following conservationists, activists and government forces tracking the bloody paper trail of ivory. Punctuating the narrative -- with disturbing frequency -- are images of elephants, shorn of their tusks.

Ladkani and Davidson are experienced, award-winning filmmakers with footholds in Africa. However neither had ever been confronted with the sight of a dead, decaying elephant.

"We weren't prepared," says Ladkani. "You can't really be prepared. What actually throws you off, what everyone forgets to mention, is the smell. You approach an elephant, 100 meters away, and already you have this strong smell. It gets to you, the closer you get. It gets in your clothes. It stays with you for two weeks, you can't get rid of it."

It's often days before a taskforce finds an elephant carcass. The reserves they roam are vast, and airplane is the transport of choice for surveillance. By the time conservationists can get close, often an elephant will have had been mutilated by poachers and visited by scavengers. Sometimes poachers hack off the animal's face entirely.

"It's a horrific sight, and something that stays with you," says the director. "But what's more powerful and gets you more emotional is seeing the faces of the guys we were filming... for them it's like a lost child."

For Kenyan Craig Millar, head of security and field co-ordinator of the Big Life Foundation, it's a sight that's too familiar and yet clearly raw every time.

"Traders of ivory actually want the extinction of elephants," he explains at the site of a massacred family. "The less elephants there are, the more the price rises; the more the price rises, the more people want to kill them. And this is an ever ongoing circle."

Millar, along with Ian Craig, director of conservation at the Northern Rangeland Trust, Zambian Georgina Kamanga and Tanzanian Elisifa Ngowi (both intelligence chiefs), represent one front in the battle against the ivory trade. Hunting down poachers on reserves and tracking down elusive kingpins, it's conservation at the end of a gun barrel.

A continent away, espionage is the only way to halt the flow of ivory.

"We had to stay in the shadows"

Collaborating with undercover conservationist Andrea Crosta, Chinese journalist Hongxiang Huang and anonymous activist "Omega," the directors were able to reveal the destination of a large amount of African ivory: Chinese dealers, doctoring records and passing off illegal ivory as part of the country's (still) legal quota.

"The agreement that was made was that we don't slow them down," Davidson recalls. "We were to be flies on the wall and at no point do we expose them or put them in danger.

"That's a pretty big responsibility for filmmakers to have... These are people who are risking their lives, [so] we had to basically stay in the shadows."

While "Omega" chose to remain anonymous -- "for all the right reasons," Davidson adds -- Huang went public. It was a bold move, say the directing duo, but an important one.

"We were very lucky to find a Chinese hero who was actually taking the lead in combating wildlife crime and going against poachers and traffickers and getting them arrested," says Ladkani. "It should look very good for the Chinese, to see that there's Chinese people working to stop this."

However there will be difficulty showing the documentary to Chinese nationals beyond the diaspora. Netflix does not operate in the country, and therefore "The Ivory Game" will not be part of the national conversation.

"It needs to go to China," says Ladkani, who reveals the duo are exploring options on the festival circuit as a point of entry.

"Part of the problem is there's so many Chinese people who don't understand, who don't know," Davidson says, frustration etched on his face. "There's a lack of education where ivory comes from.

"Obviously they know ivory is coming from an elephant, but people that we've talked to think it's come from an elephant that was already dead, or it's a mammoth." Or, Ladkani adds, that it has simply "fallen off."

"The Ivory Game" is an antidote to such ignorance, and the directors are hoping for "a massive and immediate impact."

"We've always treated this film as an urgent film," says Davidson. "Every year [it took] to make is another 35,000 elephants that may be killed."

There are glimmers of hope offered in the documentary's final act. We see the 105 ton stockpile of Kenyan ivory destroyed in April this year, along with the news that Hong Kong will phase out ivory by 2021 -- in part, says Davidson, as a result of evidence presented to authorities by Crosta and Huang.

But five years represents "another 150,000 [elephants]," says Ladkani. "That's almost half of all that's left."

And for what? Dentin, the same substance in our teeth. The decimation of the elephant population is an absurd and obscene crime, the film makes clear, in pursuit of an object that needs "shaming," in the words of Ian Craig.

Despite its scale, "The Ivory Game" shows that right now, the fate of Africa's elephants rests on the efforts of individuals and small embattled groups scattered across the globe. But more damning is the conclusion that if we stand by and they should fail, the shame will fall on all of us.

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'the ivory game': dicaprio documentary tackles illegal trade - cnn

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'The Ivory Game': DiCaprio documentary tackles illegal trade

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That's the blunt statistic closing "The Ivory Game," Netflix's latest foray into original documentary. Directed by Richard Ladkani and Kief Davidson, and executive produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, the figure makes for a brutal full stop to their breakneck exposé of the global ivory trade.

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http://sites.middlebury.edu/fuentesgeorge/2013/12/12/ivory-and-environmental-justice/