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TPRS Books provides educators with training, books, and other resources on TPRS®, a teaching method that makes language classes more comprehensible. Call us to learn more.

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Stale Request - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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For all languages

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For all languages

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By Haiyun Lu

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Krashen的五個假說理論

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人們究竟是怎麼學習第二語言，這是個直至今日都還在語言學界及語言教育界爭論不休的議題。不過，在諸多理論中，有一些較為代表性的理論，還是可以介紹給大家。今天要介紹的就是 Stephen Krashen的理論。

「學習」是一項非常複雜的心理活動，更何況「語言學習」還扯到了大腦裡頭一些專責語言的區域，其複雜程度現今的腦科學也無法完全說明。這項工作對於各界的學者而言，就像是在黑暗裡摸索，總沒個頭緒。幸好，學習後的成果是可以透過表達顯現於外面的，因此語言學家們透過學習者的語言表現，試著構築出學習過程的原樣。

其中一位不得不提的學者，便是美國的語言學家 Stephen Krashen。他在1980年代，連續出版了一系列著作，試著建構出學習語言的模型。這套理論稱為 Monitor Theory，其中共包含了五個重要的假說，分別是：「學習/習得假說 (Acquisition / Learning Hypothesis)」、「自然習得順序假說 (Natural Order Hypothesis)」、「語言輸入假說 (Input Hypothesis)」、「語言監控假說 (Monitor Hypothesis)」、「情意濾網假說 (Affective Filter Hypothesis)」。

在這裡要先說明一下，在 Krashen 的定義裡頭，「學習」和「習得」是不一樣的。「學習」是刻意的，像我們在學外語一樣，照著外在的規則去學；但「習得」是暗示性的，像是我們學習母語一樣，透過很多暗示，在無意識之中習得語言能力。

Krashen 的第一個假說，就是大膽地假說「學習」永遠不能變成「習得」，它們之間有個很大的鴻溝，因此教師們應該用暗示的手法，像在教小朋友一樣，自然而然讓他們學會語言。這套假說很快的就被嚴厲批判，但於此同時也有不少追隨者，現在坊間流行的「自然學習法」有很大程度就是建立在這個假說之上。

「自然習得順序假說」則建立在對母語習得所做的觀察。早在多年前，語言學家們便發現孩子在學習母語時，呈現出高度的類似性，例如英語母語者家庭中的小孩，對於 -ing 及 -ed、be動詞等等的文法，都會以一樣的順序學會。Krashen 將這個觀點衍伸至外語學習，認為學習者若是透過自然的方式學習，其學習順序也會呈現出高度的規律。這是否也就代表著人類共同的腦構造對於某些文法較好吸收呢？目前學界仍有許多研究正在進行中。

而回到教師如何引導學生學習的問題上，Krashen 提出了「語言輸入假說」，認為老師教學時必須用「i+1」的方式。這個 i 就是學習者當下的能力，而 +1 就是指加入新的東西。簡單而言，在原本會的東西上，加上這「1」個新的東西，這樣子的語言輸入是最容易讓學生記得的。例如在英文的教學上，今天如果上了現在式，再上過去分詞對學生而言就會簡單許多。但若現在式直接跳到完成式，學生還得先把 have 後面的動詞轉換成過去分詞，這就不是一個很好的「i+1」模式，因此大部分的教材並不會在現在式後面安排完成式，而是會先教導過去式。

而什麼又是「語言監控假說」呢？Krashen 認為我們心中都有個無形的「語言檢測器」，也就是所謂的「監控機器」，當我們開啟它的時候，我們就有檢查文法正誤的能力，但是這個模式的開啟也會讓我們無法「自然的學習」，因為母語使用者並不會檢查自己母語的正誤，所以才能自在的講話，因此他認為只有在把這個監控器關掉的情況，我們才能學好語言。

最後一個假說就是「情意濾網假說」。相信許多人在學習英文時都有被處罰的經驗，Krashen 認為這種在語言學習中被強迫、威脅的經驗，會在我們心中建立一道「情意濾網」的心理障礙，這會讓我們的「習得」變得很慢。因此教師必須試圖消弭學習者心中的不安，讓他們可以自在學習，這樣效果才會好。

Krashen 的這五個假說，統稱為監控理論 (Monitor Theory)。但因為裡頭有很多東西無法科學實證，例如監控器的存在無法驗證、i+1的概念過於模糊、情意濾網過於抽象等問題，Krashen 將學習與習得劃出嚴明的界線，也受到許多學者批評，後來甚至出現了許多大相逕庭的論說。但回到語言學及語言教學的主軸上，近年來嶄露頭角的重要領域「外語教學」裡面，Krashen 的假說佔有非常重要的位子。或者，即便不是每位學者都贊同這些驚天動地的假說，但在研究之中也常常用這些 Krashen 的概念而不自知。Krashen 也因此，在語言教學界中佔了非常大的一席之地呢！

最後，這位語言學家目前仍在美國南加大從事語言習得研究，若讀者路過加州，不妨聯絡一下教授去一睹名人風采喔！

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人們究竟是怎麼學習第二語言，這是個直至今日都還在語言學界及語言教育界爭論不休的議題。不過，在諸多理論中，有一些較為代表性的理論，還是可以介紹給大家。今天要介紹的就是 Stephen Krashen的理論。 ...

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Project Zero

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Welcome to Project Zero's YouTube channel. Project Zero is an educational research group at the Harvard Graduate School of Education composed of multiple, independently-sponsored research projects. Since 1967, Project Zero has examined the development of learning processes in children, adults, and organizations.

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What is Multiple Intelligences

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Comprehensible Online is an online conference dedicated to bringing together highly-skilled CI presenters and teachers who want to learn about comprehensible input and implement it in their classrooms.

Comprehensible Online is innovating a new format in conferences and professional development with a 100% online experience. All presentations are videotaped so that participants can watch, pause, and rewatch at any time during the conference window. Because of the online video format, there are no conflicts with presentation schedules. Participants are able to participate in all presentations without the fear of missing one scheduled at the same time-something not possible in traditional conferences.

Comprehensible Online will not only offer presentations on TPRS/CI activities, reading strategies & activities, classroom management, and grading & assessment but also offer views into CI teachers' classrooms where you can witness CI in action in real classrooms with real teachers and real students.

Each presentation will have a discussion area where participants can actively engage with each other, pose questions, and interact with the presenter. All of these discussions will be visible to all participants.

We're excited to bring you this unique conference experience and are confident that you'll come away with a better understanding of comprehensible-input strategies and practices that you'll be able to bring back to your classroom and enhance your instruction.

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Comprehensible Online is an online conference dedicated to bringing together highly-skilled CI presenters and teachers who want to learn about comprehensible input and implement it in their classrooms. Comprehensible Online is innovating a new format in conferences and professional development with a 100% online experience.

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Westin Chicago Northwest, Itasca, IL - See the full schedule of events happening Jul 6 - 12, 2019 and explore the directory of Speakers & Attendees.

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http://www.language.berkeley.edu/ic/

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九月八号星期五（33分钟）

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九月八号星期五（33分钟）

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1. 热身(Rè shēn=Do Now):
看录像，讨论：
词汇：
真的(zhēn de=real/ really?)
假的(jiǎ de_fake)
牙(yá=tooth/teeth)
Watch the video and discuss each the group:
yá shì zhēn de hái shì jiǎ de
他的牙  是  真    的  还   是 假的？
2.Read and draw
3.Allow new students to introduce themselve
4.Read and discuss classroom rules and procedures ( if time allowed)
5.field trip slip
Exit ticket: Write at least one full sentence on what you did in summer.

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老外学中文，被听力题逼疯

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哪位老师整理的，这么齐全？语文老师速收藏

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( a website having mnemonics for Chinese characters

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小学数学（里面有很多动画）

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小学数学（里面有很多动画）

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中文語言領導項目

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学，然后知不足；教，然后知困。

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Write something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview.

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Creative Chinese - Creativity and Innovation in the Chinese classroom

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Get Started | ASU Linkages Cultural Projects

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The materials in this website are developed by the ASU Flagship Linkages curriculum team for the purpose of aiding students studying Mandarin Chinese. AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this website.

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1/5

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Prek -6 Mandarin and  (Yue) Cantonese Chinese ( Chinese Main Dialects)

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hsk 3 level vocabulary 1/5, learn chinese for beginners with english sub...