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Upton, L. T. C. K. M. (n.d.). Foundations & Legacy: General John J. Pershing . Foundations & Legacy:
General John J. Pershing - World War I Centennial. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/6713-foundations-legacy-general-john-j-pershing.html

NPS. (n.d.). John Pershing (U.S. National Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from https://www.nps.gov/people/john-pershing.htm

McCormick, J. (2018, May 29). Leading by example: John J. Pershing, prime mentor for future US Army Generals. WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-i/leading-example-john-j-pershings-prominent-career-made-prime-mentor-future-army-generals-mm.html?chrome=1

Daugherty, G. (2018, May 23). General Pershing's run for president was a sure thing-until his troops spoke up. History.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.history.com/news/john-j-pershing-presidential-campaign-world-war-i

Weyrauch, K. C., (2017, May 25). General John J. Pershing: Critical observations and experiences in Manchuria and Mexico. DTIC. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1039972

Smythe, D. (1962, August 1). Pershing and the disarmament of the Moros. University of California Press. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/31/3/241/72467/Pershing-and-the-Disarmament-of-the-Moros?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Ulbrich, D. J. (2020, September 7). The importance of the Battle of Belleau Wood. War on the Rocks. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://warontherocks.com/2018/06/the-importance-of-the-battle-of-belleau-wood/

Gilbert, A. (n.d.). Battle of Belleau Wood. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Belleau-Wood

Gilbert(2), A. (n.d.). Battle of saint-mihiel. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Saint-Mihiel-1918

Editors. (2009, November 16). Meuse-Argonne Offensive opens. History.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/meuse-argonne-offensive-opens

Britannica. (n.d.). John J. Pershing. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-J-Pershing

Oren, L. (2021, October 20). Reviewing blood, guts, and grease. The Strategy Bridge. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2021/9/15/reviewing-blood-guts-and-grease

Ogborn, M. (2021, January 26). All the general's Men: Lessons from Pershing's subordinates in the American Expeditionary Forces. Modern War Institute. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://mwi.usma.edu/all-the-generals-men-lessons-from-pershings-subordinates-in-the-american-expeditionary-forces/

Reed, L. (n.d.). 11 things you probably didn't know about John J. Pershing. Nebraska Today | University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/11-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-john-j-pershing/

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Every schoolchild should be taught the story of General John J. Pershing. His life is more interesting than any commander in the history of the United States. If taught correctly without pushing individual opinions, students will find Pershing amazing.

*  At age seventeen, began teaching at the local African American school.
* Though Pershing's grades were average, his age and experience made him a natural leader at West Point.
* Pershing was assigned to Montana, where he led the all-black Buffalo Soldiers of the Tenth Cavalry. Around this time, Pershing acquired the nickname "Black Jack”.
* Pershing learned many Indian languages and sign languages.
*  Transferred to the Philippines where he worked to pacify uprisings of the indigenous Muslims, the Moros. During this time, Pershing studied Moro dialects and culture, read the Koran, and formed close relationships with Moro chieftains. (NPS, n.d.).

Besides looking at the military career, which is an amazing story on its own, Pershing went way above what a normal commander would do. What commander has won a Pulitzer Prize for his military career?

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Why Studying General Pershing is important in the 21st Century?

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Why Studying General Pershing is important in the 21st Century?

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The commanders who learned under General Pershing.
*Douglas MacArthur would serve as the Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area during the Second World War and as commander-in-chief of United Nations Command during the Korean War
*George S. Patton, Jr. would become the Allies’ most revered general during the Second World War “the U.S. Army’s most famous ‘warrior-general'”
*Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was a former president’s son and would become the only general to land with the first wave during the Normandy invasion.
*Harry S. Truman would go on to become president.
(Ogborn, 2021).
* General George C. Marshall. U.S. Secretary of State (McCormick, 2018).
*General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Europe theater, and President of the United States.
*General Omar Bradley, first chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (Reed, n.d.).
Their leadership and achievements are a testament to the man General John J. Pershing must have been.

During his time at West Point where he was only an average student, his leadership abilities were impressive, and he took a leadership role. He was a strong leader and was noticed by commanders. (NPS, n.d.).

His Command during the Indian uprisings in the American West. He learned Indian verbal and sign language which he used to communicate. He developed a deep respect for the Indian people. (McCormick, 2018).

Pershing's deployment to the Philippines to stop an uprising of the Moro people. Learning the language and culture and reading the Koran. Led missions to disarm Moros. (Smythe, 1962).

Pershing was given the insurmountable task of building an American Expeditionary Force during World War I from 130,000 rag-tag men to three million trained soldiers. He completed it in only 18 months. (McCormick, 2018).

Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force, disagreeing with the French and British commanders on the mission in France. After multiple military victories, he was appointed to command the combined allied forces against Germany. (McCormick, 2018).

Besides George Washington, Pershing was awarded the rank of Six Star General of the Armies in 1919. (NPS, n.d.).

In 1931, he published his memoirs, My Experiences in the World War, which won the Pulitzer Prize. (NPS, n.d.)

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Pursue Poncho Villa in Mexico. Villa was never caught. (McCormick, 2018).

Slow to comprehend the vast changes to warfare that had been sparked by the World War. (Britannica, n.d.)

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* Indian campaigns in New Mexico, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Gained recognition as a tough, competent officer.
* Commanding the Buffalo Soldiers of the Tenth Cavalry.  Successful campaigns against the Cheyenne, Apache, Kiowa, Ute, Comanche, and Sioux.
* The Philippines – 1901. Pacified uprisings of the indigenous Muslims, the Moros. During this time, Pershing studied Moro dialects and culture, and read the Koran.
* The Philippines – 1913 Mount Bagsak campaign. Led troops to overtake outlaw Moros. (NPS, n.d.)
* The Philippines - 1903 Lake Lanao. Led troops through the jungle to an isolated location to disarm the Maciu Moros. (Smythe, 1962).
* Tokyo, Japan – 1904. Served as a military attaché and observer of the Russo-Japanese War. (Weyrauch, 2017).
* The Spanish-American War. Led his troops in the assault on San Juan Hill. (McCormick, 2018).
* WW1 1918 Battle of Belleau Wood. Battle victory. (Ulbrich, 2020)
* WW1 1918 Battle of Chateau-Thierry. Battle victory. (Gilbert, n.d.)
* WW1 1918 Saint-Mihiel. Successfully led American and French forces in an offensive against the German line. (Gilbert(2), n.d.).
* WW1 1918 The Meuse-Argonne offensive. The American attack through the densely wooded and hilly terrain, the Americans drove the Germans back 20 miles when a general armistice was announced on November 11. (Editors, 2009).

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* A firm, by-the-book general often described as “unsmiling,” he was respected but far from loved by his former troops.
* Inflexible.
* Noncommittal about his political future. (Daugherty, 2018).
* Megalomania. (Oren, 2021).
* Slow to comprehend the vast changes to warfare that had been sparked by the World War. (Britannica, n.d.).

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*Tough
*Competent
*Heroism under fire
*Organizational skills
*Cool and brave under fire. (NPS, n.d.).

*Dedication to his missions, his men, and his country
*He understood different Apache dialects and Plains sign language.
* Respected those subordinates who dared speak truth to Pershing when he was hasty or wrong. (McCormick, 2018).

*Ramrod bearing, steely gaze, and confidence-inspiring jaw. (Upton, n.d.).

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Pershing showed the ability to make something out of almost nothing. He showed personal initiative and a desire to go well beyond what was expected (Upton, n.d.). Many felt Pershing was to set in his ways to lead the American Troops in France. The bottom line is he led the troops to victory over Germany.

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General John J. Pershing, what type of leader was he? Should 21st-century students study him? Pershing led American forces into a World War that was going poorly for Britain and France. Was he an excellent, average, or bad commander of the American forces?

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April 19, 2022
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