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1096 C.E. - 1291 C.E.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars that took place between the Christians and Muslims. They conflicted over Jerusalem (which was considered their Holy Land). This connects to the Enduring Issue of Conflict because these were two religious groups in conflict on how should take over and conquer the Holy Land.

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1517 C.E.
Because of the corruption that came from the Catholic Church, a faithful follower named Martin Luther realized that he needed to put a stop to this atrocious sin. The last straw for Luther to step up against the Church was when they started selling indulgences. (Pieces of paper that convinced followers they'd be free and forgiven of sin if they bought it.) Martin Luther was not going to let the Catholic Church abuse their power. This connects to the enduring issue of Conflict because Martin Luther disagreed and made the "95 Theses" that exposed the manipulative practices of the Catholic Church.

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1545 C.E. - 1563 C.E.
In response to Luther's powerful claims against the Catholic Church, they didn't like how quickly they were losing their power and influence because of one man that spoke up. The Church began to make limited reforms & stopped abuses at the Capital of Trent. However, they began providing punishments for people that went against Church teachings. This connects to the Enduring Issue of Conflict because the Church is striking back against the Martin Luther/Protestant reformation and conflicting on stopping the spread of Protestantism.

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The Council of Trent was the ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that convened from 1545 to 1563. In response to the Protestant Reformation, key statements and clarifications regarding church doctrine, teaching, and practice were prepared. These included pronouncements on the Biblical canon, original sin, justification, sacraments, baptism, the Eucharist, penance, the veneration of saints, and indulgences. The official decrees of the Council of Trent, first collected and printed in Rome in 1564, were republished in more than 110 editions before 1600 in Italy, Spain, the Low Countries, France, and Portugal.

Advancing the declarations and resolutions of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church initiated a publication program throughout Europe in direct response to Martin Luther and his successors. This dissemination of approved doctrine included Catholic catechisms and a new version of the Latin Vulgate Bible as well as extensive lists of prohibited authors and works. The use of printed illustrations in books and on broadsides to assist in promoting the Catholic agenda was a significant element of this extensive campaign responding to Luther in the age of print.

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The Council of Trent was the ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that convened from 1545 to 1563. In response to the Protestant Reformation, key statements and clarifications regarding church doctrine, teaching, and practice were prepared. These included pronouncements on the Biblical canon, original sin, justification, sacraments, baptism, the Eucharist, penance, the veneration of saints, and indulgences.

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27 B.C.E. to 180 AD
The Pax Romana was a long and nice period of peace that was within the Mediterranean world and Europe. Begun by Augustus Caesar, trade & travel increased. It was prosperous in other ways such as economy, and peace for the society. This connects to the Enduring Issue of Environmental Impact because the peace the Pax Romana provided for Europe and their environment was very beneficial because of the cultural achievements made during this time. Overall, the peace, economic prosperity, the ability to travel and trade would make a more positive environment compared to if they didn't have their Pax Romana.

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320 AD - 535 AD
The Gupta Empire was prosperous in trade and peace, which would make it a golden age for the Hindu culture. During that great era, they also advanced in mathematics and adapted more discoveries within their culture. Which ultimately helped them advance their society as well. (Discoveries such as Science, Medicines, Engineering, up to even Astrology etc.). This golden age has an environmental impact because this was able to benefit everyone in different areas within their culture. More technology, knowledge and advancements can contribute to make a better living environment.

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622 AD to 1258 C.E.
Like any other Golden Age, the Golden Age of Islam focused on advancing their technology and expanding their knowledge in various areas (ex. Mathematics, Science and even medicine.). Alongside their own, they preserved Greek & Roman culture. This does connect to the enduring issue of Environmental Impact because these prosperities within their culture would improve their environment in many ways. If they have better technology, better knowledge on medicine and overall advancing within their society, all that together makes for a better environment and society.

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Corona Virus first originated in Wuhan, China. The disease quickly spread worldwide to eventually consider it a global pandemic. Although it's had pretty hard effects on businesses, and even our own well-being. Luckily, there is a flipside to all this madness. For example, because of lockdown our environment has cleared up a bit. At the peak of lockdown, since we couldn't use our cars to travel anywhere our air has become clearer due to car fumes not being as present. Another example, are the waters in Venice. Also due to lockdown, the waters have become a whole lot clearer due to no canal traffic. Although that doesn't mean the problem of pollution is ultimately solved, it DOES mean cleaner air. This connects & has an environmental impact because the pandemic let our environments and nature breath and recollect once more.

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"It's because there is less boat traffic that usually brings sediment to the top of the water's surface."

In photos posted to a Twitter account and Facebook group, "Venezia Pulita" which translates to "Clean Venice," locals are sharing pictures of the city's water looking impossibly clean.

The phenomenon, however, is not due to a decrease in pollution.

"The water now looks clearer because there is less traffic on the canals, allowing the sediment to stay at the bottom," a spokesperson for the Venice mayor's office told CNN. "It's because there is less boat traffic that usually brings sediment to the top of the water's surface."

While the city's water may not have suddenly become cleaner without constant visitation, the air quality has also certainly improved. With fewer water taxis and boats ferrying the city's tourists and residents along the canals, the air has become cleaner, the spokesperson said.

Venice shut down in February in the last days of its annual Carnival celebration when the coronavirus hit Italy and has become the epicenter of the outbreak with over 30,000 cases.

Some social media users are hoping that the coronavirus shutdown could act as an "ecological reset" for the world's busiest cities.
Correction (March 20, 2020): A previous version of this story mentioned that dolphins were found swimming in the canals and ports. According to National Geographic, the dolphins were actually filmed at a port in Sardinia, hundreds of miles away.

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Venice's Canals Are Beautifully Clear As Italy's Coronavirus Lockdown Cuts Down on Water Traffic

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"It's because there is less boat traffic that usually brings sediment to the top of the water's surface." In photos posted to a Twitter account and Facebook group, "Venezia Pulita" which translates to "Clean Venice," locals are sharing pictures of the city's water looking impossibly clean.

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2021
Started on May 10 2021, The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is occuring due to the occupation of Gaza Strip & the West Bank. Although this conflict is not a new one and has been going on for a couple of years now, tensions have spiked recently. It was protests from the Hamas (a Palestinian organization located in the Gaza) that eventually led to rocket attacks and troubling airstrikes from Israel because of their protesting. This connects to the enduring issue of a conflict because these are two groups trying to fight over occupation of land (Similar to the Crusades with their Holy Land.) and the Palestinians disagree with the restrictions and actions the Israeli enforce on them. There have been clashes of police and Palestinians during Ramadan. A big and fearful conflict.

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Israel and the Palestinians: History of the conflict explained

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The conflict between Israel and the Palestinian people is one of the longest-running in the world.