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In 1848, after the fall of Mexico City, a treaty was made with the United States. The treaty gave the United States possession over California and New Mexico and claims for any Americans in Mexico. In addition, the border of Texas was moved to the Rio Grande River.

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One of the leading factors of westward expansion was the gold rushes in Colorado, Nevada, Dakotas, and California. These booms causes many settlers to come to these states, increasing the population and furthering expansion

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Hayes became President and fulfilled the deal he made with the Democrats. He removed federal support for Republicans and African Americans in the south and began the transcontinental railroad.

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Throughout the 1800's the demand for whale oil increased. This created competition between the U.S and New England. In addition, the United States expanded further west and began trade with Japan

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With an increase in industrialization and the gold rush, Chinese immigrants came to America. Irish immigrants came to America to support their family because of the potato famine. This caused population increases with cities.

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The Act allowed settlers in each territory to decide whether they would allow slavery or not. This gave the south an opportunity to expand slavery, leading many to settle in those territories

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John Brown and his four sons, along with some former slaves tried to capture the federal arsenal and arm Virginia's slaves with guns. However, his plan failed and all were tried for treason and hanged. This lead to an increase in tension between the north and south states.

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In southern states, there was a shortage of food and many men had left to fight the war, leaving women at home to take up the roles of men. There was inflation because of the poor economy and also bread riots lead by women.

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This was the battle that began the war. It united Northerners to fight for a patriotic cause and save the union

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The amendment changed the life of African Americans majorly by ending slavery. Reconstruction was on its way.

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As a result of Johnson's vetos and unwillingness to cooperate with the government, Johnson was impeached because of violating of executive authority. He was tried with 11 "high crimes and misdemeanors."

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The Ku Klux Klan was a terrorist group that inflicted fear among past slaves. It was founded by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest.

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The act forgave all previous acts of the Confederacy and put the hatred of the Confederacy behind Americans. Southern conservatives were able to vote for Democrats

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Blacks were beginning to receive education in the United State. Public school was becoming more and more popular. However, blacks were still treated as inferiors. They were "separate but equal."

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The Gadsden Purchase increased the  territory of the United States for the use of the Railroad. President Pierce paid Mexico $10,000 for the land.

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This trail was popular throughout the beginning and mid 1800's. It was a long journey that brought many settlers to new lands. The goal was to get past the Sierra and Cascade Mountains before snow fall.

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In July, Lincoln announced this policy. This declared that all slaves in the rebelling states would be "then, thenceforward, and forever free." As a result, there was an increase of soldiers in the Union army.

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Lincoln ran again for the Presidency. The Republican party changed their name to the "Unionists" to attract the "War Democrats." As a result, Lincoln won and became President for his second term.

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Scalawags are Southern Republicans and Carpetbaggers are Northern newcomers. They wanted to help develop the Southern economy by setting up new businesses and sometimes they wanted to plunder.

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Grant's second term began terribly. With the overspending of money for industry and railroads, businesses failed and depression started.

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This amendment secured the vote for African Americans. It was ratified in 1870.