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U.S Interest in Mississippi River
- settlers in this region depended for their economic existence on transporting goods on rivers

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Free Seas and Trade is one of the causes of the War of 1812; impressment (both British and French, but France had ore sympathizers in America). Americans in west wanted lands held by British and Spanish, conflicts with Native Americans pushed the Americans to west.

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Embargo Act was an alternative to war where Jefferson persuaded the democratic-republican majority to pass this act in 1807. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than to Britain. REcognizing that Embargo Act had failed, Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the final days of his presidency.Even after repeal, U.S. ships could trade legally with all nations except Britain and France

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Declaration of war was the result of the British delays in meeting U.S. demands over neutral rights and the political pressures from the war hawks. They received news that the British government had agreed to suspend its naval blockade after congress declared war.

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Napoleon's Deception
Napoleon announced that he was revoking the rules of the U.S neutral rights.Trusting Napoleon's words for this, Madison carried out the terms of the Macon Bill No.2 , by allowing trade with Britain in 1811. Even though the Bill stated that France and Britain had to agree to the neutral rights of the nation,  the French continued to seize American ships.

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The War Hawks were a group of new young Democratic-Republicans . They were known as the war hawks because of their eagerness for war against Britain. They had gained influence in the house of representatives. They argued that war with Britain would defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance.

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Military Defeats and Naval Victories:

Due to the amount of naval power that the Britain's had Madison relied on Napoleon's success in Europe, as well as U.S. land campaigns against Canada.

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Louisiana Purchase and Consequences
- Initially owned by France until the French and Indian War in 1754 when it was taken by Spain.
- In 1800 French military and their leader Napoleon Bonaparte tried to secretly force Spain out in hopes to reestablish the French Empire in the Americas
- 1803 - Napoleon lost Interest Because:
1) French resources needed to be concentrated on fighting England
2) a rebellion led by Toussaint l"Ouverture against French rule on Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses

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Jefferson ordered for Burr's arrest after learning of his intrigues to take Mexico from Spain and unify it with Louisiana under his rule. The long-time adversary of Jefferson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall, acquitted Burr because of the lack of witnesses to any "over act" by Burr.

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Federalists conspiracy took actions like secret forming of a political pact with radical New England Federalists. Burr planned to win governorship of New York in 1804, to unite that state with the New England states, and then lead the group of sates to secede from the nation. Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton against Burr, who was defeated in the New York election. The conspiracy then disappeared.

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Macon's Bill No.2 (1810)
Bill was to persuade France and Britain to agree with the neutrality of the nation will allowing trade to be set between these nations.

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NHD Macon's Bill no. 2: Path to the Battle of Tippecanoe

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Causes of the war of 1812 is the violations of British to U.S. maritime rights. Not only that, the tensions arose from the French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars(1792-1815). During this nearly constant conflict between FRance and Britain, American interests were injured by each of the two  countries' endeavors to block the United States from trading with the other. The practice during the Napoleonic Wars of the British Navy accosting American merchant ships and seizing alleged deserters who were actually U.S. citizens. Export and import restrictions between the U.S. and Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars hurt the American economy.  Also, the events on the U.S. northwestern frontier fostered additional friction. Indian fears over American encroachment coincidentally became conspicuous as Anglo-American tensions grew. Britain’s refusal to yield on neutral rights derived from more than the emergency of the European war.

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Invasion Of Canada
In 1812, military action was initiated by a poorly equipped american army. It caused an invasion in Canada which occurred in Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain. A year later, (1813) an American raid resulted in the burning of government buildings in Toronto to encourage retaliation.

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Judicial Impeachments
Jefferson supported a campaign to impeach the federalist judges (Judges serve a life term and can only be impeached out of court) One federal judge got impeached by the house and the senate removed him due to being mentally unbalanced. The house also impeached a supreme court judge (Samuel  Chase) but the senate let him go after no evidence of "high crimes" was given. Jefferson's hope for federalist impeachment failed as most of the federalist judges stayed.

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The Chesapeake-Leopard affair was the incident at sea that arouse American anger and almost led to war. In 1807, only a few miles off the coast of Virginia, the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake. Jefferson resorted the diplomacy and economic pressure as his response to the crisis.

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The conclusion to the 1812 war, (Treaty of Ghent) concluded the permanent location of the United States. It also concluded that all of the states in the U.S. would remain territory of the U.S. from sovereign nations.

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Commercial Warfare dominated Madison's presidency and was the same issue that plagued Jefferson's second term as president. Madison attempted a combination of diplomacy and economic pressures to deal with the Napoleonic Wars. He eventually gave consent for the nation to go to war. There was impressment of American sailors into the British navy which angered the Americans. Madison  implemented the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 and Macon's Bill NO. 2 in 1810.

https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol08/nm_8_4_1-16.pdf

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The Chesapeake Campaign:
In the spring of 1814, Napoleon's defeat in Europe led to British forces in American. There, the British soldiers went to Washington D.C. and set fire on the White House as well as other government buildings. The British attempted to bring down Baltimore in Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key's, "The Star Spangled Banner" had been created.

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The Treaty of Ghent was a peace treaty which put an end to the war of 1812. The treaty was signed December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent; thus giving it the name. The treaty also prompted that any territory gained during the war be returned.

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Naval Battles
The U.S Navy's shipbuilding and courageous sailors led to the Navy having achieved some victories. The most important Naval battle was in 1813 at Lake Erie. Captain Oliver H. Perry declared a victory leading the way for General William H. Harrison to claim victory at the Battle of Thames River. Due to this, it kept up the American Morale.

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Jefferson's Reelection happened on 1804 by a overwhelming margin, receiving all but 14 of the 176 elected votes.The second term was marked by growing difficulties. Plots by his former vice president and soon to be the cause of death of Hamilton, Aaron Burr; opposition by a faction of his own party (The "Quids") accused him of abandoning Democratic Republican Principles; and foreign troubles from Napoleonic wars in Europe.

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Aaron Burr challenged the Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton on the account of an insulting remark. In 1804 he angered many by fatally shooting Hamilton, depriving Federalists of their leader.

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Election of 1812

The election of 1812 showed how the people were a divided nation, neither congress nor the American people were in support of the war of 1812. Madison was running for reelection and he won against De Witt Clinton of new York, the Democratic-Republican strength in the South and West overcame federalist and anti war Democratic-Republicans opposition to the war.

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Nonintercourse Act of 1809

This act provided that Americans can trade with all nations except Britain and France. Was implemented after the annulment of Jefferson's Embargo Act, Madison wanted to end economic deprivation, while prolonging the country's rights of a neutral nation.

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Jefferson's Presidency
- 1st Term - tried to win the trust of the Federalists by keeping Hamilton's National Bank and dept-repayment plan.
- Foreign Policy - carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams.
- Democratic-Republicans - retained their loyalty by keeping a limited Central Government (reduced the size of military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed excise taxes [like whiskey], and lowered national debt.
- Political Parties - only Republicans were named to his cabinet.

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Thomas Jefferson & His Democracy: Crash Course US History #10

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The Southern Campaign:
It was led by General Andrew Jackson who ended the Creek nation (an important British ally) in the Battle of Horsheshoe Bend. It eliminated Indians and opened land. General Jackson freed African Americans and Creoles which was known as the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.

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Negotiation, Constitutional Predicament
Jefferson sent ministers to negotiate with France.He wanted to buy New Orleans and a strip of land that extended to Florida for 10 million dollars. France did not accept the offer. With Napoleon's ministers in need of money to fund the war against Britain, offered the U.S. New Orleans and the whole Louisiana Territory for 15 million. American ministers quickly accepted. Most strongly approved of the Louisiana purchase but the Federalists were not pleased at all. Jefferson made a point that this would strongly benefit the country and went on with his merry way.

Lewis and Clark Expeditions
Before the Louisiana territory was bought Jefferson wanted the land to be explored so he sent out two men. Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark. They sent off in 1804 and returned in 1806. Their expedition would benefit America greatly with better relationships with American Indians, more accurate maps/routes, and knowledge of the terrane around them.

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Barbary Pirates
In the past presidency Washington payed tribute to the Barbary states on the North African in  exchange for safe passage of U.S. merchant ships in the Mediterranean. But after being asked for higher tribute Jefferson outlashed, refusing to pay the sum. This conflict led to  sporadic  fighting with Tripoli for four years (1801-1805). Although  there was no decisive victory in the Barbary Wars, the American Navy gained both respect and a level of protection to U.S. vessels.

Challenges to U.S. Neutrality
The Napoleonic Wars began dominating Europe around 1804. Both Britain and France were seizing U.S. ships. Britain took it a step further ,confiscated the cargo from the stolen ships and forcing sailors to join the British navy. Since the British navy dominated the Atlantic the U.S. saw Britain as the chief offender. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict.

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The Election of 1808 was the year that Federalists were beginning to be pushed out of Congress. Madison was the candidate for the Democratic-Republicans. He was nominated for president by a caucus (a conference of members of a legislative body who belong to a particular party or faction) of congressional Democratic-Republicans. Madison managed to win a majority of electoral votes and defeated two other Democratic-Republican candidates along with a Federalist, Charles Pinckney. Even tho Federalist lost the election they managed to gain seats in Congress do to the unhappiness of the Embargo Acts.

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War of 1812(June 18, 1812-February 17, 1815) is the conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights.Neither Britain nor the United States wanted their dispute to end in war. And yet war between them did break in 1812. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of Treaty of Ghent.

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Opposition to the war of 1812 started because many Federalists had different political views, economic views, and religious views toward the conflict. The Federalists believed the Congress had entered a war we were unprepared to fight and believed the war should be restricted to clashes on the sea rather than on land. Federalists also disagreed with the plan to invade Canada and disliked their decision to target Britain but reject the opportunity to confront France. New England Federalists became so angry, they planned a meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, later to be known as the Hartford Convention, where Federalist Delegates met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812.

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The Hartford Convention
(December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815) was a series of meetings in Hartford Connecticut where the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances over the War of 1812. The major emphasis was to propose constitutional changes to prevent similar crises from occurring in the future. Delegates drew up proposed amendments prohibiting embargoes of more than 60 days and barring the election of a president from the same state twice in succession. The representation of slaves, even at the 3/5 rate embodied in the constitution, was to be ended.

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Frontier Pressures was when the United States wanted the British Canada and Spanish Florida land. Native Americans caused a perennial problem for the westerners. Settlers had gradually pushed the natives further west. This led to the natives trying to unite the tribes in order to defend their land. The settlers took action in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The General William Henry Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and ended the efforts to form an Indian Confederacy.

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John Marshall -  Case of Marbury V Madison
John Marshall was a federalist judge who was appointed to the supreme court during Adam's Presidency. Very influential figure in the supreme court.
The case of Marbury V. Madison was when William Marbury (federalist judge) sued for commission when Madison did not deliver the commission under the order of Jefferson. Marshall ruled that Marbury had the right due to the Judiciary Act of 1789 but then ruled the Act unconstitutional as it gave the court greater power than the constitution allowed. Marbury did not receive the commission due to this. Marshall established judicial review with this result.

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The challenges to U.S. neutrality was when the two principal
belligerents, France and Britain attempted naval blockades of enemy ports. The chief offender from the U.S. point of view was Britain, since its navy dominated the Atlantic. Britain wanted to capture U.S. sailors to serve in the British navy.

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Challenges to U.S. Neutrality - Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Affairs

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Information regarding Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Affair Policies and Events.

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The Election of 1800 was the first major shift in political parties in U.S. History. Federalists became less popular during John Adams' presidency, allowing for the Democratic-Republican party to thrive under presidential candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes, so a special election needed to be held in the House of Representatives (most of which were Federalists). Alexander Hamilton urged his fellow Federalists to vote for Jefferson because he thought Jefferson was less dangerous and of a higher character than Burr. Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third U.S. President.