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News Article; slippery, transparent, magnetic???

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News Article; slippery, transparent, magnetic???

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European eels are born and die in the North Atlantic Ocean, but spend most of their lives in rivers or estuaries across Europe and North Africa.

In between, they traverse thousands of miles of ocean, where it's often unclear which way is up or down. Scientists have therefore long suspected that these critically endangered fish use magnetism to help guide them.

A study published Friday in Science Advances shows, for the first time, that European eels might link magnetic cues with the tides to navigate. Studying juveniles during the crucial stage when they move toward land from open ocean, the authors found that eels faced different directions based on whether the tide was flowing in (flood tide) or out (ebb tide).

Changing orientation might help eels take advantage of tides to travel from the ocean to the coast, and into fresh water, more efficiently, said Alessandro Cresci, a graduate student at the University of Miami and lead author of the study.

Previous studies have shown that eels can detect magnetic fields, but how they use this sixth sense "has remained a matter of speculation" until now, said Michael J. Miller, an eel biologist at Nihon University in Japan who was not involved in the study.

When transitioning from sea to coast, European eels are in a stage of their lives where they are about the size of a finger and transparent along their bodies, thus the name "glass eels."

Mr. Cresci's group studied glass eels from the coast of Norway, observing the animals in the field by putting 54 slippery, see-through eels, one by one, in a drifting chamber equipped with cameras and compasses. When the tide ebbed, these animals generally faced south, but when it flowed in, they showed no consistent orientation.

The researchers then studied 49 of the same eels in laboratory tanks. They subjected some of the eels to reoriented magnetic fields, rotating magnetic north to the east, south or west.

During the time of day corresponding to ebb tide, eels still tended to face whichever direction meant south to them under their assigned magnetic field, even though there was no change in the water around them - suggesting they paired a biological compass with an internal tide clock to maintain a consistent behavior. During flood tide, they tended to face magnetic north.

Changing direction between tides fits with a strategy commonly observed in marine animals: Many try to catch free rides upstream as the tide flows in, but then dart down to the sea bottom so as not to get swept back to sea as the tide ebbs.

It's unknown whether facing south during ebb tide is a universal behavior, or whether glass eels in different regions orient differently, said Caroline Durif, a senior researcher at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway and an author of the study.

If the latter is the case, she added, that might have implications for restoration programs that relocate glass eels from heavily to sparsely populated areas. It's possible relocating them could "disturb their orientation system," Dr. Durif said.

This study deepens scientific understanding of glass eels, an important and historically overfished life stage, said David Righton, an eel expert at the Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science in Britain who was not involved in the study.

It remains unclear, however, how eels use magnetism in other life stages. They behave almost like several different species in their lifetime, Dr. Righton said. "The mystery of eel migration is not going to be solved with one study."

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page D2 of the New York edition with the headline: E-Maps: Eels Find the Way With Magnetism. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

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Glass Eels: See-Through, Slippery and Guided by Magnetism and Tides

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European eels are born and die in the North Atlantic Ocean, but spend most of their lives in rivers or estuaries across Europe and North Africa. In between, they traverse thousands of miles of ocean, where it's often unclear which way is up or down.

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If you've read any science fiction books, you have probably seen Dyson Spheres. Here's a video by
KURZGESAGT.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP44EPBMb8A

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How to Build a Dyson Sphere - The Ultimate Megastructure

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Every object has a very weak magnetic field, and we can observe this if we use very strong magnets.
However, we don't normally see this because most things have other forces that outweigh the tiny magnetic force.
We can exploit this to make frogs levitate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqKeiiezqzc

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3. Article- The Magnetic Field of Saturn

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3. Article- The Magnetic Field of Saturn

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The magnetic field of Saturn is aligned with its axis of rotation, unlike the Earth. Saturn has a magnetosphere of charged particles trapped by its magnetic field. Inside Saturn's magnetosphere, there are radiation belts that surround Saturn between Mimas, Rhea, and Titan. There is also a cloud of hydrogen gas within the magnetosphere.

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Saturn's Atmosphere & Magnetic Field | Exploring the Planets | National Air and Space Museum

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Learn more about Saturn's magnetic field and atmosphere.

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A electromagnet is an electric wire that is powered by a magnet. People have pondered the connection between magnets had electricity for ages. Both have a north and south pole. One guy called Faraway figured out they were connected! Introduce electromagnet

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 Article- How do giant magnets affect humans? 

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 Article- How do giant magnets affect humans? 

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https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/22/science/do-enormous-magnets-affect-the-human-body.html

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3. Article - China Tibetan magnetic rocket launcher will look like Huangdicun Airbase test launcher

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3. Article - China Tibetan magnetic rocket launcher will look like Huangdicun Airbase test launcher

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Magnets are usually used on small scale, but not for China. They are currently working on a magnetic launcher that can be reused to launch rockets into space. They are proud to tell the world that they are advancing onto the next level of launchers. However, it is still in test and will be ready to use in the near future.

https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/09/china-tibetan-magnetic-rocket-launcher-will-look-like-huangdicun-airbase-test-launcher.html

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MRI uses powerful magnets to create a magnetic field that the proton in the body align with the magnetic field line. Scientists are able to tell the time and energy it takes for the protons to align with the magnetic field lines to tell the difference between different types of tissues.

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Learn about Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and how it works.

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3. Video - Bill Nye the Science Guy S02E01 Magnetism

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3. Video - Bill Nye the Science Guy S02E01 Magnetism

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Magnets can create electricity, and they have 2 poles. The Earth itself is also a big magnet! Magnets are mostly knows in technology, such as computers and machines.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Viml1smEBks

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Magnetism seems like a pretty magical phenomenon. Rocks that attract or repel each other at a distance that's really cool and electric current in a wire interacts in the same way. What's even more amazing is how it works. We normally think of special relativity as having little bearing on our lives because everything happens at such low speeds that relativistic effects are negligible. But when you consider the large number of charges in a wire and the strength of the electric interaction, you can see that electromagnets function thanks to the special relativistic effect of length contraction. In a frame of reference moving with the charges, there is an electric field that creates a force on the charges. But in the lab frame, there is no electric field so it must be a magnetic field creating the force. Hence we see that a magnetic field is what an electric field becomes when an electrically charged object starts moving.

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Space-Time And The Speed Of Light | Einstein's Relativity

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2. Article                                                                

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2. Article                                                                

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Magnetism seems like a pretty magical phenomenon. Rocks that attract or repel each other at a distance - that's really cool - and electric current in a wire interacts in the same way. What's even more amazing is how it works. We normally think of special relativity as having little bearing on our lives because everything happens at such low speeds that relativistic effects are negligible. But when you consider the large number of charges in a wire and the strength of the electric interaction, you can see that electromagnets function thanks to the special relativistic effect of length contraction. In a frame of reference moving with the charges, there is an electric field that creates a force on the charges. But in the lab frame, there is no electric field so it must be a magnetic field creating the force. Hence we see that a magnetic field is what an electric field becomes when an electrically charged object starts moving.

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1. Article-Disney Develops wireless electricity

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1. Article-Disney Develops wireless electricity

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This article I about how scientists at Disney research have created a way to transmit electricity wirel

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9
A video which explains the connection between magnetism and electricity.

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2. Article- The physics of wireless charging

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2. Article- The physics of wireless charging

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The newer phones these days use cordless charging which, saves space. However, the thought of how electricity can travel through the air and in the correct direction surprises many. And how they do it is magnets. Read more to find out how it works!

https://www.wired.com/2014/09/the-physics-of-wireless-charging/

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2- Article: First Insect Known To Use Earth's Magnetic Fields To Navigate

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2- Article: First Insect Known To Use Earth's Magnetic Fields To Navigate

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Many animals use magnetism to navigate however, the Bogong moth is the first known insect to use the magnetic fields in order to travel to a precisely located cave without ever being there before. Magnetism is an unfamiliar topic for humans yet within the Animal Kingdom, it seems that it has always been instinctual.

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Every spring in Australia, millions of bogong moths emerge from their pupae and embark on a 600-mile trip to the Australian Alps, the highest mountain range in Australia. For weeks, the insects rest during the day and take to the skies at night to reach the Alps, where they cram into caves and rest for the hot summer.

After a few months of estivation-a warm-weather sort of hibernation-they flit out of the caves and make the reverse trek all over again. Finally, back home, they mate, give birth, and die. The following spring, their babies continue the cycle.

Researchers have been stumped as to how the moths navigate to such precisely located caves without ever having been there before. Even more puzzling, some moths migrate almost directly south to get to the AustralianAlps, while others approach from the west.

Now, new research provides some insight: bogong moths seem to use the Earth's magnetic field to help guide their trek. This is the first time scientists haveseen evidence that nocturnally migrating insects can sense magnetism.

"Magnetism is hard to study because it's unfamiliar to us," Patrick Guerra, a neuroethologist at the University of Cincinnati who was not involved in the research, told Gizmodo. "We don't have any analogs in humans. We don't know how it feels. Unless you're Magneto, then you might know. But it's cool that we're starting to chip away and understand how animals can sense things that we can't."

Other animals are known to use magnetic fields as their own personal compasses. Sea turtles use them find their birthplaces decades after leaving, and birds use them to migrate north and south. Monarch butterflies, unlike the moths, migrate during the day and make their 3,000-mile journey primarily using the sun as a beacon, but they resort to Earth's magnetic fields as backup on cloudy days.

Though many animals possess this sense, we still don't know for sure how it works. Somehow, they can sense the invisiblefield lines that connectthe South Pole and the North Pole. One prevailing theory is that the animals have proteins in their eyes that allow them to see the Earth's magnetic field. Another theory suggests an iron-based material called magnetite inside of animal cells changes the way cellular chemicals move, making the animal aware of Earth's magnetic field. Either way, no one's nailed down an exact mechanism.

Eric Warrant, a study author and neuroethologist at the University of Lund in Sweden, put the bogongs in what he calls an "outdoor flight simulator" to figure out whether they were part of this magnetosensing club. The simulator is a cylinder that keeps moths tethered in place inside the structure while still allowing them to fly and steer. The simulator also gives researchers the capacity to change the moths' visual waypoint (a black paper mountain) and alter the direction of the magnetic fields coursing through the arena via large magnetic coils.

Warrant and his colleagues had the moths fly toward the paper mountain with a magnetic field facing north, and then started to switch things up. He rotated both the mountain location and magnetic field by 60 degrees, and the moths reoriented to fly toward the new papermountain.

But, critically, when he flipped the magnetic field to its original direction while keeping the mountain the same, the moths just lost it. They flew every which way, totally confused where they should be going, as reported in the study published today in Current Biology. Finally, to make sure that the moths weren't just tired, he repeated the original baseline conditions, and the moths regained their sense of direction.

"This proves that bogong moths must have a magnetic sense," Warrant told Gizmodo. "If they didn't, no matter what we did with the field they just would have ignored it. But they were completely disoriented. The second result is that this proves visual and magnetic cues are somehow correlated during migratory flight."

One potential limitation of this setup, however, is that the moths aren't in the real world-they're in a simulated magnetic field and a pretend habitat. I too would be confused if someone put me into a cylinder and told me to find my way to my new apartment.

Warrant thinks the moths rely on visual landmarks first, but periodically "check their compasses" to make sure they're going the right direction when their landmarks change. At least, that's his theory-more research will need to be done before he can say for sure. There are other questions still to be answered about the moths' migration, too.

"How do the moths know where the caves are? That's a mystery that will require research, but this is an important first step," said Jason Chapman, a migration ecologist at the University of Exeter who wasn't involved with the new study. "A hiker has a map and knows where they start and end, but bogong moths don't."

At the very least, it makes sense that this kind of inner compass would evolve in animals that migrate at night, Warrant said, because the moon isn't a reliable waypoint.

"Unlike the sun, which goes up and down in the same place and traces the same track across the sky, the moon is hardly even up for half the month. And when it is, it has a different shape and a different track," Warrant said. "It's a terrible cue." Using magnetic fields as a backup to other visual cues, he continued, would be more reliable.

Bogong moths might become useful for researchers in other fields to study, too. It will probably be easier to narrow down which parts of the brain or which genes play into magnetosensing because the moths' brains are so much simpler than bird or turtle brains.

At the very least, Warrant just wants to uncover how bogong moths achieve this migrational feat twice a year. "It is a natural history wonder."

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Bogong Moths Are First Insect Known to Use Earth's Magnetism to Navigate at Night

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Every spring in Australia, millions of bogong moths emerge from their pupae and embark on a 600-mile trip to the Australian Alps, the highest mountain range in Australia. For weeks, the insects rest during the day and take to the skies at night to reach the Alps, where they cram into caves and rest for the hot summer.

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There was a theory that magnetism affects plant growth and advances it. Now there is evidence and reasons on how plants direct plant growth. Not as in getting a magnets are pointing it toward a plant but magnetizing water. Magnetizing water makes the water purer and makes it easier fro the plant to take it in. Want to find out more? Check this article out!

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Any gardener or farmer desires consistently bigger and better plants with higher yields. The seeking of these traits has scientists testing, theorizing and hybridizing plants in an effort to achieve the optimum growth. One of these theories regards magnetism and plant growth. Magnetic fields, such as that generated by our planet, are thought to enhance plant growth. Do magnets help plants grow? There are actually several ways exposure to magnets may direct plant growth. Let's learn more.

Do Magnets Help Plants Grow?

Healthy plants are impossible without adequate intake of water and nutrients, and some studies show that magnetic exposure can enhance intake of these essential items. Why do plants react to magnets? Some of the explanation centers on a magnet's ability to change molecules. This is an important characteristic when applied to heavily saline water. The earth's magnetic field also has a powerful influence on all life on the planet - kind of like with the old-time gardening method of planting by the moon.

Grade school level experiments are common where the students study the effect of magnets on seeds or plants. The general consensus is that no discernible benefits are noticed. If this is the case, why would the experiments even exist? The magnetic pull of the earth is known to have an effect on living organisms and the biological processes.

The evidence indicates that the earth's magnetic pull influences seed germination by acting as an auxin or plant hormone. The magnetic field also assists in ripening of such plants as tomatoes. Much of plant response is due to the cryptochromes, or blue light receptors, that plants bear. Animals also have cryptochromes, which are activated by light and then are sensitive to magnetic pull.

How Magnets Affect Plant Growth

Studies in Palestine have indicated that plant growth is enhanced with magnets. This doesn't mean you directly apply a magnet to the plant, but instead, the technology involves magnetizing water.

The water in the region is heavily salted, which interrupts plant uptake. By exposing the water to magnets, the salt ions change and dissolve, creating purer water that is more easily taken up by the plant.

Studies on how magnets affect plant growth also show that magnetic treatment of seeds enhances germination by speeding up the formation of protein in the cells. Growth is more rapid and robust.

Why Do Plants React to Magnets?

The reasons behind plant response to magnets are a bit harder to understand. It seems that magnetic force pulls apart ions and changes the chemical composition of such things as salt. It also appears that magnetism and plant growth are tied together by biological impulse.

Plants have the natural response to "feel" gravity and magnetic pull just as humans and animals. The effect of magnetism actually can change the mitochondria in cells and enhance plant metabolism.

If this all sounds like mumbo jumbo, join the club. The why is not as important as the fact that magnetism does seem to drive improved plant performance. And as a gardener, this is the most important fact of all. I'll leave the scientific explanations to a professional and enjoy the benefits.

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Magnetism And Plant Growth - How Do Magnets Help Plants Grow

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Any gardener or farmer desires consistently bigger and better plants with higher yields. The seeking of these traits has scientists testing, theorizing and hybridizing plants in an effort to achieve the optimum growth. One of these theories regards magnetism and plant growth. Magnetic fields, such as that generated by our planet, are thought to enhance plant growth.

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/blog/technically-fiction/aquaman-can-take-the-pressure

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Magnetism Crash Course
This video is about how magnets work. I talks about the molecules and the magnetic fields. magnets have a type of molecule that attracts other objects with the same molecule. That is how the metal on the refrigerator attracts magnets

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2. Video- NASA SDO - Aurora; What Causes Them?

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2. Video- NASA SDO - Aurora; What Causes Them?

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Through convention centers in the sun, magnetic fields generate. Sometimes, strong magnetic fields extend outside of the sun's surface and ejects plasma in a solar storm. The storm brushes past Mercury and Venus, but impacts earth differently because of its magnetic field. The fields couple together and sends streams of gas onto the poles to create daylight aurora. As the solar storm passes, the couplings break and again sends streams of gas onto the poles to create the more commonly known night aurora.

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Aurora are colorful lights in the night time sky primarily appearing in Earth's polar regions. But what causes them? The culprit behind aurora is our own Sun and the solar plasma that is ejected during a magnetic event like a flare or a coronal mass ejection.

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If wild animals have magnets in their brains, then do humans do too? Read more here:
https://www.rewireme.com/brain-insight/magnetism-and-the-brain/

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A magnet is a material that can exert a force on materials without actually contacting them. This force is a magnetic force and may either attract or repel. it is so small in most materials that it is not readily noticeable. With other materials, the magnetic force is much larger, and these are referred to as magnets. The Earth is a huge magnet.\
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Magnet.html

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3. Article- History of Magnetic inventions

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3. Article- History of Magnetic inventions

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This article explores the history of magnetic inventions such as the compass, electromagnetism, cow magnets etc.

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A compass is one of the most commonly used navigation instruments. We know that it always points north, but how? It contains a freely suspended magnetic element that displays the direction of the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field at the point of observation.

The compass has been used to help people navigate for many centuries. Though located in the same part of the public imagination as sextants and telescopes, it's actually been in use for a lot longer than the sea voyages that discovered North America. The use of magnetism in inventions doesn't stop there, though; it's found in everything from telecommunications equipment and motors to the food chain.

Discovering Magnetism

Thousands of years ago, large deposits of magnetic oxides were found in the district of Magnesia in Asia Minor; their location led to the mineral receiving the name of magnetite (Fe ₃O ₄), which was nicknamed lodestone. In 1600, William Gilbert published "De Magnete," a paper on magnetism that details the use and properties of magnetite.

Another important natural element to magnets is ferrites, or magnetic oxides, which are stones that attract iron and other metals.

While the machines that we make with magnets are clearly inventions, these are natural magnets and should not be considered as such.

The First Compass

The magnetic compass is actually an old Chinese invention, probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE). Back then, the Chinese used lodestones (which align themselves in a north-south direction) to construct fortune-telling boards. Eventually, someone noticed that the lodestones were better at pointing out real directions, which led to the creation of the first compasses.

The earliest compasses were designed on a square slab that had markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a spoon-shaped lodestone device with a handle that would always point south. Later on, magnetized needles were used as direction pointers instead of the spoon-shaped lodestones. These appeared in the eighth century CE-again in China-and from 850 to1050.

Compasses as Navigational Aids

In the 11th century, compasses' use as navigational devices on ships became common. The magnetized-needle compasses could used when wet (in water), dry (on a pointed shaft), or suspended (on silk thread), making them valuable tools. They were employed mostly by voyagers, such as those traders who traveled to the Middle East, and early navigators looking to locate the magnetic North Pole or pole star.

The Compass Leads to Electromagnetism

In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted reported that when an electric current in a wire was applied to a magnetic compass needle, the magnet was affected. This is called electromagnetism. In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon displayed the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single-cell battery was sent.

This device laid the foundation for large-scale electronic communications, as it led to the invention of the telegraph. It also resulted in the invention of the electric motor.

Cow Magnets

The use of magnets continued to evolve beyond the first compass. U.S. patent No. 3,005,458, issued to Louis Paul Longo, is the first patent issued for what is called a "cow magnet." Its goal was the prevention of hardware disease in cows. If cows happen to consume scrap pieces of metal, such as nails, when they're feeding, the foreign objects can cause internal damage to their digestive tract. Cow magnets keep the metal pieces confined to the cow's first stomach, rather than traveling to the later stomachs or intestines, where the fragments can cause the most damage.

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Learn the History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Inventions

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A compass is one of the most commonly used navigation instruments. We know that it always points north, but how? It contains a freely suspended magnetic element that displays the direction of the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field at the point of observation. The compass has been used to help people navigate for many centuries.

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2. Article- How Magnets can Break Computers

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2. Article- How Magnets can Break Computers

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How can magnets break computers? The magnetic parts of a computer can be easily shifted out of place when coming in contact with a magnet. The imformation in a computer can be accidentally erased. learn how in the article.
https://www.quora.com/Physics-What-kind-of-magnet-can-break-a-computer-or-makes-it-something-like-a-piece-of-metal

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3. Article - National MagLab’s latest magnet snags world record, marks new era of scientific discovery

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3. Article - National MagLab’s latest magnet snags world record, marks new era of scientific discovery

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The world's strongest superconductor magnet is 32 tesla, more than 3,000 times the strength of a regular fridge magnet. This record is a greater improvement than any made in the last 40 years combined.

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The Florida State University-headquartered National High Magnetic Field Laboratory has shattered another world record with the testing of a 32-tesla magnet - 33 percent stronger than what had previously been the world's strongest superconducting magnet used for research and more than 3,000 times stronger than a small refrigerator magnet.

On Dec. 8, this new magnet reached a magnetic field of 32 tesla. Tesla is a unit of magnetic field strength; a small refrigerator magnet is about .01 tesla.

Made of a combination of conventional low-temperature and novel high-temperature superconductors, the "32 T" will allow physicists studying materials to explore how electrons interact with each other and their atomic environment, enabling new devices that will shape our world.

For decades, the world record for a superconducting magnet has inched forward incrementally. This single leap is bigger than all the improvements made over the past 40 years combined.

"This is a transformational step in magnet technology, a true revolution in the making," said MagLab Director Greg Boebinger. "Not only will this state-of-the-art magnet design allow us to offer new experimental techniques here at the lab, but it will boost the power of other scientific tools such as X-rays and neutron scattering around the world."

It has been a remarkable year for the MagLab, noted Boebinger: The 32 T is the third world-record magnet tested in the past 13 months, following a 41.4-tesla resistive magnet tested last summer and the 36-tesla Series Connected Hybrid magnet that reached full field in November 2016.

"We're on a roll," Boebinger said.

The new magnet represents a milestone in high-temperature superconductivity, a phenomenon that made a tremendous stir in the science community when it was first discovered 31 years ago.

Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with perfect efficiency (unlike copper, in which electrons encounter a lot of friction). So-called low-temperature superconductors, discovered a century ago, work only in extremely cold environments and generally stop working inside magnetic fields higher than about 25 tesla. That constraint has limited the strength of superconducting magnets.

But in 1986 scientists discovered the first high-temperature superconductors, which not only work at warmer temperatures but - more importantly for magnet designers and scientists - also keep working in very high magnetic fields.

Three decades later, the new 32-tesla magnet is one of the first major applications to come out of that Nobel Prize-winning discovery.

The 32-tesla field strength is created with a combination of a conventional, or low-temperature, superconducting magnets made by industry partner Oxford Instruments and a high-temperature superconducting material called YBCO, composed of yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen. Partnering with SuperPower Inc., MagLab scientists and engineers worked for years to shape the tricky material into a reliable magnet. As part of that process, they developed new techniques for insulating, reinforcing and de-energizing the system.

For all its record-breaking impact, the 32 T is just the beginning, said MagLab scientist Huub Weijers, who oversaw its construction.

"We've opened up an enormous new realm," Weijers said. "I don't know what that limit is, but it's beyond 100 tesla. The required materials exist. It's just technology and dollars that are between us and 100 tesla."

As a superconducting magnet, the 32 T features a very stable, homogenous field suitable for sensitive experiments. Combining strength and stability, it offers researchers the best of both worlds.

"The new system, and the magnets that will follow, will give scientists access to insights never before possible," said physicist Laura Greene, the MagLab's chief scientist. "We expect it to break new ground in a variety of research areas. Physicists are especially excited about advances in quantum matter, which features new and technologically important ultra-thin materials, as well as exotic new states of matter in topological materials and complex magnetic materials."

The new instrument is expected to be available for use by visiting scientists next year. As with all magnets at the lab, scientists from across the world can apply to use it to explore new physics, chemistry and biology related to materials, health and energy.

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National MagLab's latest magnet snags world record, marks new era of scientific discovery - Florida State University News

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The Florida State University-headquartered National High Magnetic Field Laboratory has shattered another world record with the testing of a 32-tesla magnet - 33 percent stronger than what had previously been the world's strongest superconducting magnet used for research and more than 3,000 times stronger than a small refrigerator magnet. On Dec.

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Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) are a prokaryote bacteria group that moves according to the Earth's magnetic field and can migrate along geomagnetic field lines

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year review *clap* *clap*
Many learns:
1. Dangers of gene editing
2. NY's glacial history
3. Why ant(thony)s dont have traffic jams w/ all that marching
4. More genetic human
5. That plants are not very inactive
and much much more!
click the link now!

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Developments in science that we're still thinking about at year's end.

It's not easy to say that any particular scientific development was the most important in a given year. But if we had to choose some highlights, we'd opt for these unforgettable events and findings.

A scientist's use of the Crispr technique set off a global firestorm.

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Ants have a lesson for humans on how to be more productive: Less is more. Here's the ingenious trick the insects deploy for maximizing efficiency. Published On Credit Credit Elena Taeza/EyeEm

We learned more about the genetic legacy of our early human relatives.

Tens of thousands of years ago, humans interbred with Neanderthals, and anyone of Eurasian ancestry now carries some Neanderthal genes. That interbreeding exposed young Homo sapiens to new viruses related to influenza, herpes and H.I.V., but also may have given humans immunities to these diseases that persist to this day.

We learned that leafy things can be more complicated than they appear.

How a plant responded when glutamate was applied to one of its leaves. Credit Credit By Simon Gilroy

We learned famous psychology experiments arrive at different results when repeated.

The results of the Stanford Prison Experiment, the marshmallow test and other studies in the modern psychological canon were all challenged this year. But while the effort to replicate research is a valuable self-corrective in science, there may be reasons to think carefully before disposing of some findings altogether.

We learned many modern cultural treasures may not survive.

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Developments in science that we're still thinking about at year's end. It's not easy to say that any particular scientific development was the most important in a given year. But if we had to choose some highlights, we'd opt for these unforgettable events and findings.

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Credit: Lena Lir / Shutterstock.com

The line "f-ing magnets, how do they work?" was coined in 2009 by the hip-hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Magnets aren't really all that mysterious - the basics have been known for two centuries. As a basic component of disk drives, magnets are part of just about every laptop or desktop computer, and they have made their way into tape players and, of course, the things we use to hold stuff on a fridge. Before the advent of flat screens, televisions and monitors were home to some of the most powerful magnets in the average home.

Although the physics of magnets are pretty well-understood (except perhaps by some hip-hop musicians), and they've been part of our lives for centuries, they do surprise and delight. Here's a look at some fascinating facts about magnets.

1. Magnets come in four flavors: Ferromagnets - which include substances like iron and nickel - are composed of atoms with unpaired electrons whose spins are aligned. They make good permanent magnets. In another type of magnet - called ferrimagnets - only some of the electron spins are aligned.

Maglev train starts operation on June 1, 2010.

Credit: Hung Chung Chih Shutterstock.com

Most chemical elements, however, are considered paramagnetic, meaning they are magnetized only when inside another magnetic field. Paramagnets also boast unpaired electrons.

If you're looking to levitate objects, diamagnetic materials are the way to go. These materials are magnetized when in a field, but they generate fields opposite to the one in which they are located. Maglev trains work on this principle.

2. Magnetism is light: Why do magnets stick? Magnets attract each other because they exchange photons, or the particles that make up light. But unlike the photons streaming out of a desk lamp or reflecting off of everything you see around you, these photons are virtual, and your eyes (or any particle detector) can't "see" them. They can, however, exchange momentum, and this is why they stick to things or repel them. When a kid throws a dodge ball, they're exchanging momentum with the ball, and the thrower feels a slight push back. Meanwhile the target person feels the force of the ball, and (maybe) gets knocked over - they are "repelled" from the thrower. With photons, the process can also happen in reverse, as though one kid reached out and grabbed the ball while the other was still hanging on to it, which would look like an attractive force.

Photons are the force carriers not only for magnets but also for electrostatic phenomena like static electricity, and it's why electromagnetism is the term we use for effects produced by these phenomena - including light, which is an electromagnetic wave.

3. Magnetism is relativistic: That's right - whenever you turn on an electromagnet and stick it to a fridge, you are demonstrating relativity. Why? According to the theory of special relativity, the distance along the direction of motion gets shorter - that is, a fast-moving car would look squished, even though the person in the car wouldn't notice. That person would see everything around him or her as squished in the direction in which the individual was traveling.

This has consequences for charged particles in wires. Ordinarily, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons in a wire cancel each other out. But when current moves through a wire, the electrons are moving. From the point of view of any stationary charged particle outside the wire, the distance between electrons gets smaller. That means it looks like there are more electrons than protons in a given space - all of a sudden there's a net negative charge. Put any positively charged particle (or wire) next to the wire with current in it, and you feel a magnetic force of attraction. Put a negatively charged particle near it and it will repel - and this is why if you run the current in opposite directions through two wires, they will attract each other, and if the current is running in the same direction, they will repel.

A similar thing happens when a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, say, near a (permanent) bar magnet . The particle experiences force. But according to the theory of relativity, you can't say that the particle is moving and the magnet isn't. From the point of view of the particle, the bar magnet is moving. Maxwell's equations, which describe electromagnetic waves and forces, show that you'd see different forces, depending on which reference frame you choose. For a stationary observer it looks like a magnetic force pushing or pulling on the particle, and for a moving one it's an electrostatic force. This problem was a major piece of Einstein's development of special relativity, which accounted for the discrepancy.

4. The world's most powerful magnets: The two biggest magnets reside at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and Florida State University (FSU). The two sister laboratories have magnets that can reach 100 and 45 tesla, respectively. By comparison, junkyard magnets - the ones that lift cars - are about 2 tesla.

The 45-tesla hybrid magnet, looking up toward magnet, with detail of coldwater pipes at Florida State University.

Credit: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, FSU

The Los Alamos magnet is designed to generate fields that last only a few seconds, while the FSU magnet can maintain its fields for as long as the power is on. Each magnet is designed to perform different kinds of experiments, noted Ross McDonald, a staff scientist at Los Alamos.

An interesting effect happens with the FSU magnet when there are diamagnetic materials, such as an aluminum canister, around. The diamagnetism creates fields with an opposite orientation to the magnet, so anything made of such materials is stuck in place. "It's like trying to move it through molasses," McDonald said.

It's not safe to play with aluminum canisters near the Los Alamos magnet, for the same reason that it isn't safe to stand in the room in which the magnet is housed. "Every pulsed magnet will eventually destroy itself," McDonald said, because of the stresses of the magnetic forces on the coils. When they fail, they can fail catastrophically. "We have something like 100 sticks of dynamite's worth of energy in there and we contain 99.9 percent of it," he said. But that last percentage point is still a lot, so LANL evacuates the building when its magnet is on.

5. Magnets showed that quantum mechanics worked: The discovery of one of the fundamental quantum mechanical properties of elementary particles - spin - involved magnets. It's called the Stern-Gerlach experiment, after physicists Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach. They conducted the experiment in 1922, to test ideas about the then-new theories of quantum mechanics. They used two magnets, one on top of the other, each shaped to produce a long, asymmetrical magnetic field. They then fired uncharged particles - silver atoms - through the field at a target. The asymmetrical field will alter the silver atoms' trajectory slightly. , Since the atoms will be oriented in random directions and their angular momenta will also be random, the trajectory should be different for each silver atom, but it was not known by how much. The target should have shown a smooth distribution of hits from one end to the other.

That didn't happen. Instead, the experimenters got two clusters of hits, as though the beam had split into two directions with the particles unable to deflect to anywhere in between. Stern and Gerlach had just demonstrated that particle spins were quantized - they can be up or down, but nothing else.

6. Magnets don't have to be iron or even metal: Most of the magnets we use are made of iron (like fridge magnets). But that doesn't have to be so. Magnets can be made of any material with unpaired electrons. That includes many metals and alloys, such as neodymium, which is used in disk drives. Ferrimagnetic materials, in fact, are often not metals at all. Among them are spinels, which are used in the magnets that seal refrigerator doors.

7. Magnetic medicine: There isn't any evidence that magnets work for pain relief. The reason? Even though there is iron in your blood, it's made up of atoms that are too far apart and too diffuse for magnets to affect them. If you tested this by pricking your finger and spilling blood near a magnet, you'd find that neither your blood nor the magnet would attract one another. [ 11 Surprising Facts About the Circulatory System]

That said, magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging machines, which use magnets stronger than the ones in junkyards that lift cars. In most cases MRI magnets are superconducting and cooled with liquid helium.

8. Long known, but not understood: The ancient Greeks and Chinese noticed something was up with certain materials, known as lodestones. Lodestones were actually magnetite, a form of iron oxide that forms when magma cools slowly. The lodestones attracted other ironlike metals, and even better, could magnetize ordinary iron. When small pieces of metal were magnetized, then hung from a string or floated in water, they aligned with the Earth's magnetic field - becoming the first magnetic compasses.

9. Animals sport magnets: Some animals and bacteria have magnetite in their bodies. A type of mollusk called a chiton even has magnetite in its "teeth," which actually cover its tongue. The magnetite is abrasive and lets the animal scrape algae, but it might also provide a homing sense, enabling chitons to find their way back to certain places where they like to mate and feed. Studies of homing pigeons seem to show that they have a magnetic sense that helps them navigate. Magnetite in the animals' beaks seems to be the key, though how big a role that magnetic sense (called magnetoception) plays is unclear.

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The line "f-ing magnets, how do they work?" was coined in 2009 by the hip-hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Magnets aren't really all that mysterious - the basics have been known for two centuries.

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This article is about the future and how we might use magnets to advance our technology in the future and make life more convenient. It gives ideas on how maybe we cold use magnets for levitation, elevators, "reaching the stars" etc. Do you think these ideas could work?

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Magnets are fascinating and captivating. Their ability to attract and repel by means of an invisible force seems impossible. But the potential of magnetic power goes far beyond the ability of a magnet to stick to a fridge or pick up a pile of paperclips. Scientists and engineers are harnessing the power of magnets like never before and the implications on the future of technology, transportation, and even space exploration are just now being realized.

This series explores some of the most promising and exciting applications of magnets today. Learn about how magnets are being used to create the next generation of smartphones. Explore a futuristic concept of space propulsion that uses magnetic energy instead of fuel. Imagine an elevator that can move along magnetic tracks in any direction.

Below are five opportunities to learn about the most exciting ways magnets will, undoubtedly, shape our future.

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Magnets are fascinating and captivating. Their ability to attract and repel by means of an invisible force seems impossible. But the potential of magnetic power goes far beyond the ability of a magnet to stick to a fridge or pick up a pile of paperclips.

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Did you know that magnets come in different flavors? Ferromagnets and ferrimagnets are two of the most known ones

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Credit: Lena Lir / Shutterstock.com

The line "f-ing magnets, how do they work?" was coined in 2009 by the hip-hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Magnets aren't really all that mysterious - the basics have been known for two centuries. As a basic component of disk drives, magnets are part of just about every laptop or desktop computer, and they have made their way into tape players and, of course, the things we use to hold stuff on a fridge. Before the advent of flat screens, televisions and monitors were home to some of the most powerful magnets in the average home.

Although the physics of magnets are pretty well-understood (except perhaps by some hip-hop musicians), and they've been part of our lives for centuries, they do surprise and delight. Here's a look at some fascinating facts about magnets.

1. Magnets come in four flavors: Ferromagnets - which include substances like iron and nickel - are composed of atoms with unpaired electrons whose spins are aligned. They make good permanent magnets. In another type of magnet - called ferrimagnets - only some of the electron spins are aligned.

Maglev train starts operation on June 1, 2010.

Credit: Hung Chung Chih Shutterstock.com

Most chemical elements, however, are considered paramagnetic, meaning they are magnetized only when inside another magnetic field. Paramagnets also boast unpaired electrons.

If you're looking to levitate objects, diamagnetic materials are the way to go. These materials are magnetized when in a field, but they generate fields opposite to the one in which they are located. Maglev trains work on this principle.

2. Magnetism is light: Why do magnets stick? Magnets attract each other because they exchange photons, or the particles that make up light. But unlike the photons streaming out of a desk lamp or reflecting off of everything you see around you, these photons are virtual, and your eyes (or any particle detector) can't "see" them. They can, however, exchange momentum, and this is why they stick to things or repel them. When a kid throws a dodge ball, they're exchanging momentum with the ball, and the thrower feels a slight push back. Meanwhile the target person feels the force of the ball, and (maybe) gets knocked over - they are "repelled" from the thrower. With photons, the process can also happen in reverse, as though one kid reached out and grabbed the ball while the other was still hanging on to it, which would look like an attractive force.

Photons are the force carriers not only for magnets but also for electrostatic phenomena like static electricity, and it's why electromagnetism is the term we use for effects produced by these phenomena - including light, which is an electromagnetic wave.

3. Magnetism is relativistic: That's right - whenever you turn on an electromagnet and stick it to a fridge, you are demonstrating relativity. Why? According to the theory of special relativity, the distance along the direction of motion gets shorter - that is, a fast-moving car would look squished, even though the person in the car wouldn't notice. That person would see everything around him or her as squished in the direction in which the individual was traveling.

This has consequences for charged particles in wires. Ordinarily, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons in a wire cancel each other out. But when current moves through a wire, the electrons are moving. From the point of view of any stationary charged particle outside the wire, the distance between electrons gets smaller. That means it looks like there are more electrons than protons in a given space - all of a sudden there's a net negative charge. Put any positively charged particle (or wire) next to the wire with current in it, and you feel a magnetic force of attraction. Put a negatively charged particle near it and it will repel - and this is why if you run the current in opposite directions through two wires, they will attract each other, and if the current is running in the same direction, they will repel.

A similar thing happens when a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, say, near a (permanent) bar magnet . The particle experiences force. But according to the theory of relativity, you can't say that the particle is moving and the magnet isn't. From the point of view of the particle, the bar magnet is moving. Maxwell's equations, which describe electromagnetic waves and forces, show that you'd see different forces, depending on which reference frame you choose. For a stationary observer it looks like a magnetic force pushing or pulling on the particle, and for a moving one it's an electrostatic force. This problem was a major piece of Einstein's development of special relativity, which accounted for the discrepancy.

4. The world's most powerful magnets: The two biggest magnets reside at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and Florida State University (FSU). The two sister laboratories have magnets that can reach 100 and 45 tesla, respectively. By comparison, junkyard magnets - the ones that lift cars - are about 2 tesla.

The 45-tesla hybrid magnet, looking up toward magnet, with detail of coldwater pipes at Florida State University.

Credit: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, FSU

The Los Alamos magnet is designed to generate fields that last only a few seconds, while the FSU magnet can maintain its fields for as long as the power is on. Each magnet is designed to perform different kinds of experiments, noted Ross McDonald, a staff scientist at Los Alamos.

An interesting effect happens with the FSU magnet when there are diamagnetic materials, such as an aluminum canister, around. The diamagnetism creates fields with an opposite orientation to the magnet, so anything made of such materials is stuck in place. "It's like trying to move it through molasses," McDonald said.

It's not safe to play with aluminum canisters near the Los Alamos magnet, for the same reason that it isn't safe to stand in the room in which the magnet is housed. "Every pulsed magnet will eventually destroy itself," McDonald said, because of the stresses of the magnetic forces on the coils. When they fail, they can fail catastrophically. "We have something like 100 sticks of dynamite's worth of energy in there and we contain 99.9 percent of it," he said. But that last percentage point is still a lot, so LANL evacuates the building when its magnet is on.

5. Magnets showed that quantum mechanics worked: The discovery of one of the fundamental quantum mechanical properties of elementary particles - spin - involved magnets. It's called the Stern-Gerlach experiment, after physicists Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach. They conducted the experiment in 1922, to test ideas about the then-new theories of quantum mechanics. They used two magnets, one on top of the other, each shaped to produce a long, asymmetrical magnetic field. They then fired uncharged particles - silver atoms - through the field at a target. The asymmetrical field will alter the silver atoms' trajectory slightly. , Since the atoms will be oriented in random directions and their angular momenta will also be random, the trajectory should be different for each silver atom, but it was not known by how much. The target should have shown a smooth distribution of hits from one end to the other.

That didn't happen. Instead, the experimenters got two clusters of hits, as though the beam had split into two directions with the particles unable to deflect to anywhere in between. Stern and Gerlach had just demonstrated that particle spins were quantized - they can be up or down, but nothing else.

6. Magnets don't have to be iron or even metal: Most of the magnets we use are made of iron (like fridge magnets). But that doesn't have to be so. Magnets can be made of any material with unpaired electrons. That includes many metals and alloys, such as neodymium, which is used in disk drives. Ferrimagnetic materials, in fact, are often not metals at all. Among them are spinels, which are used in the magnets that seal refrigerator doors.

7. Magnetic medicine: There isn't any evidence that magnets work for pain relief. The reason? Even though there is iron in your blood, it's made up of atoms that are too far apart and too diffuse for magnets to affect them. If you tested this by pricking your finger and spilling blood near a magnet, you'd find that neither your blood nor the magnet would attract one another. [ 11 Surprising Facts About the Circulatory System]

That said, magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging machines, which use magnets stronger than the ones in junkyards that lift cars. In most cases MRI magnets are superconducting and cooled with liquid helium.

8. Long known, but not understood: The ancient Greeks and Chinese noticed something was up with certain materials, known as lodestones. Lodestones were actually magnetite, a form of iron oxide that forms when magma cools slowly. The lodestones attracted other ironlike metals, and even better, could magnetize ordinary iron. When small pieces of metal were magnetized, then hung from a string or floated in water, they aligned with the Earth's magnetic field - becoming the first magnetic compasses.

9. Animals sport magnets: Some animals and bacteria have magnetite in their bodies. A type of mollusk called a chiton even has magnetite in its "teeth," which actually cover its tongue. The magnetite is abrasive and lets the animal scrape algae, but it might also provide a homing sense, enabling chitons to find their way back to certain places where they like to mate and feed. Studies of homing pigeons seem to show that they have a magnetic sense that helps them navigate. Magnetite in the animals' beaks seems to be the key, though how big a role that magnetic sense (called magnetoception) plays is unclear.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The line "f-ing magnets, how do they work?" was coined in 2009 by the hip-hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Magnets aren't really all that mysterious - the basics have been known for two centuries.

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in 1915 Albert Einstein theorized the existence of gravitational waves. these waves occur when massive objects like black holes or neutron stars collide. these waves are ripples in spacetime when gravity which in the einstienian interpretation is a bend in space time. recently the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory or ligo recently confirmed this. they fire lasers that when a gravitational wave passes through will be slightly disturbed.
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211

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2. Article- How magnets can change the brain

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2. Article- How magnets can change the brain

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Magnets are everywhere. Can they affect your brain?
https://www.rewireme.com/brain-insight/magnetism-and-the-brain/

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2. Article- Debating the Myth of Magnetic Therapy

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2. Article- Debating the Myth of Magnetic Therapy

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This article goes in depth about the use of magnetic therapy, and gives scientific backing about why it may or may not work.

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The magnetic field of a magnet visualized by spin-polarized neutrons.

Credit: Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin

Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.

Many well-conducted studies over the past three decades have shown that static magnetic devices offer no more or no less benefit than sham devices devoid of a magnet. These studies suggest that static magnetic therapy devices may not work at all beyond having a placebo effect on those who wear them.

Despite a lack of scientific evidence to support claims that commercially available magnetic therapy devices work, wearable magnets remain extremely popular. Global sale of therapeutic magnets is estimated to be at least $1 billion a year, according to the BBC.

Magnetic therapy dates back at least 2,000 years, according to a report by New York University's Langone Medical Center. Folk healers in Europe and Asia are believed to have used magnets to try to treat a variety of ailments. These healers may have believed that magnets could actually draw disease from the body.

Today, those who believe in the efficacy of magnetic therapy often cite the ability of static magnets to alter a person's bioenergetic fields, or biofields, which are "energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body," according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practitioners of certain alternative medical techniques may refer to this alleged bioenergetic field as life force, chi or energy flow. Some believe that such fields can be manipulated - sometimes using magnets - to treat illness or injury, according to an article published in 1999 in the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine.

Many companies that sell therapeutic magnets also claim that a small magnet inside of a bracelet or other device helps increase blood flow to the area of the body where the device is worn. This increased blood flow is then said to help tissues heal faster.

While this idea may sound plausible because blood contains iron and magnets attract iron, the iron in blood is bound to hemoglobin and is not ferromagnetic (that permanent kind of magnetism that keeps magnets on a refrigerator, for example). If blood was ferromagnetic, you would essentially blow up when undergoing an MRI scan, in which the magnets used are thousands of times more powerful than those incorporated into magnetic bracelets and the like, according to an article by Dr. Bruce Flamm, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Irvine.

Regardless, the therapeutic magnets sold to ease aches and pains have magnetic fields that are generally too weak to penetrate your skin. You can test this by observing the weak interaction between a magnetic shoe insert and a paperclip when separated by a sock. Human skin is about 3 millimeters deep, thicker than some socks.

The most commonly used therapeutic magnets measure 400 to 800 gauss (one of the units in which magnet strength is expressed). Also known as permanent magnets, the static magnets used in magnetic therapy devices come in two different polarity arrangements, according to the Langone Medical Center report. The magnets are either unipolar, which means they have north on one side and south on the other, or they are alternating-pole, which means they are made from a sheet of magnetic material with north and south magnets arranged in an alternating pattern.

Scientific studies on human subjects have failed to show the efficacy of using magnets to treat pain or joint and muscle stiffness. One of the largest studies was published in 2007 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal - a systematic review of numerous previous studies on static magnets.

While some smaller studies in this review reported therapeutic value, larger studies did not. The researchers concluded: "The evidence does not support the use of static magnets for pain relief, and therefore magnets cannot be recommended as an effective treatment."

One positive result often cited by magnetic therapy advocates is a 1997 study from Baylor College of Medicine, titled "Response of pain to static magnetic fields in postpolio patients: a double-blind pilot study."

This study, led by Carlos Vallbona, reported "significant and prompt relief of pain in postpolio subjects" through the use of a 300-500 gauss magnet (about 10 times stronger than a refrigerator magnet) for 45 minutes on the affected area of 50 patients in pain.

But the Baylor study was both small and somewhat controversial, according to James Livingston, a retired MIT lecturer and former physicist with General Electric. Both doctors who conducted the study reported that they had used magnets to relieve their own knee pain prior to the study. This raises some doubts about the researchers' objectivity, Livingston said.

Vallbona and his fellow researcher never duplicated their positive results in a larger study and, in fact, never published again on the topic.

In 2006, UC Irvine's Flamm took a closer look at the science behind therapeutic magnets in an article that he published with Leonard Finegold, a professor of physics at Drexel University. For their article, published in the British Medical Journal, the authors reviewed the scientific literature on the efficacy of commercially available therapeutic magnets to treat a variety of ailments. They found no evidence that such magnets actually work.

"As far as static field magnets, there is definitely no evidence that they work," Finegold told Live Science.

Finegold's assertion is in keeping with the position of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) on magnet therapy. The NCCIH's website states, "scientific evidence does not support the use of magnets for pain relief." The organization also states that no such evidence exists to support the use of magnets in the treatment of conditions such as fibromyalgia.

Additional reporting by Christopher Wanjek, Live Science Contributor

Additional resources

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Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.

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Magnetism is not the only way to make things levitate. Scientists have found out to make sound waves levitate and move particles. This may cause magnetism to not be as famous as it is, and instead of mag-lev trains, we might have soundl-ev trains. Read more here about the new discovery that might change magnetism and it's popularity:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/these-sound-waves-can-levitate-and-move-particles-new-ways

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1. Article- effects of magnets on the environment

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1. Article- effects of magnets on the environment

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Article about how small variations in the earth's magnetic field effect our environment

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from research organizations

We are surrounded by a constantly changing magnetic field, be it Earth's or those emanating from devices, such as cell phones. Carlos Martino, an assistant professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, is interested in understanding how these magnetic-field fluctuations change biochemical reactions inside us.

Martino explains that the subject is controversial. "Our research shows that exposure to different types of magnetic fields affect biological response," he says. "More importantly, the exposure levels are well below the standard levels" approved by the World Health Organization. "This raises the concern of safety issues," he adds. Martino presented some of his work at the Experimental Biology 2012 meeting in San Diego, California on April 23.

Magnetic fields come in different types. There are static fields, like those around permanent magnets. Earth's magnetic field is quasi-static, which means it can fluctuate slightly. Then there are radiofrequency magnetic fields, which may change both in intensity and frequency.

Martino's work concerns low-level static magnetic fields, which are one to two orders of magnitude weaker than Earth's field, as well as weak radiofrequency magnetic fields. Martino gives the example of cell phones, which give off very weak magnetic fields. There is debate whether these magnetic fields cause brain tumors in cell-phone users.

Martino says his work on low-level fields and radiofrequency magnetic fields raises "the question of reassessing the standard limit of exposure because we clearly see effects both in vitro and in vivo in the low level and radiofrequency magnetic field range."

But it's not all doom and gloom. In fact, by understanding how weak magnetic fields affect cancer cell processes and tumor growth, Martino sees the potential for a therapy based on weak radiofrequency fields.

He explains his group has recently shown that the reduction of Earth's magnetic field inhibits growth rates of cancerous lung fibrosarcoma cells, colorectal cancer cells and primary endothelial cells. He adds that low-level fields may modulate the production of reactive oxygen molecules, known to affect cellular proliferation and survival. Interestingly, Martino says pancreatic cancer cells show an increase in growth rate in the same low magnetic fields, indicating different cell types react differently to changes in magnetic fields.

Martino has extended his work beyond cell cultures to animal models. For instance, his group has shown that weak radiofrequency magnetic fields inhibit tumor growth in animal models. But in all of his work, Martino says, his group is aiming to get to the bottom of the molecular mechanisms that cause different cells to react in various ways to fluctuations in static and alternating magnetic fields.

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Below are relevant articles that may interest you. ScienceDaily shares links with scholarly publications in the TrendMD network and earns revenue from third-party advertisers, where indicated.

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medical devices; lung cancer; cancer; brain tumor; atmosphere; geomagnetic storms; grassland; environmental awareness

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Small variations in magnetic fields can be environmental stresses

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from research organizations We are surrounded by a constantly changing magnetic field, be it Earth's or those emanating from devices, such as cell phones. Carlos Martino, an assistant professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, is interested in understanding how these magnetic-field fluctuations change biochemical reactions inside us.

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1. 8 Strange Facts about Magnets and Magnetism (Article)

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1. 8 Strange Facts about Magnets and Magnetism (Article)

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Magnets have a lot of connect to nature that we may not expect. In this article, it takes about different affects of magnets and different kinds of magnets in nature including how the strongest magnet is actually a star, animals use magnetism to direct themselves etc. I personally didn't know some of these facts.

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8 Strange Facts About Magnets and Magnetism

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Magnets are interesting and strange materials. There are still some mysteries that scientists and researchers have yet to solve when it comes to magnets. However, some mysteries have been solved. In this blog, we have compiled a list of some of the strangest facts about magnets and magnetism.

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The Correlation Between Dogs and Magnets

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The Correlation Between Dogs and Magnets

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This article talks about the fatal attraction between dogs and magnets. It makes you think: what happens when dogs and magnets come together?

https://www.preventivevet.com/dogs/fatal-attraction-dogs-and-magnets

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2. Article - Nuclear bombs trigger a strange effect that can fry your electronics — here's how it works

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2. Article - Nuclear bombs trigger a strange effect that can fry your electronics — here's how it works

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A nuclear blast can send out invisible bursts of electromagnetic energy, called an EMP (electromagnetic pulse). This can fry simple electronics or components, knocking out entire networks or power grids.

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Nuclear blasts trigger an effect called electromagnetic pulse, or EMP.

EMP can disrupt or even destroy electronics from miles away.

Blasts miles above a country like the US might severely damage its electric and telecommunications infrastructure.

A nuclear detonation creates plenty of terrifying effects, including a blinding (and burning) flash of light, a building-toppling blast wave, an incendiary fireball, and radioactive fallout that can drift for hundreds of miles.

But there's a lesser-known consequence of a nuclear explosion that can drastically expand its damage zone: an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP.

EMPs are rapid, invisible bursts of electromagnetic energy. They occur in nature, most frequently during lightning strikes, and can disrupt or destroy nearby electronics.

However, nuclear EMPs - if a detonation is large enough and high enough - can cover an entire continent and cripple tiny circuits inside modern electronics on a massive scale, according to US government reports. The power grid, phone and internet lines, and other infrastructure that uses metal may also be prone to the effects, which resemble those of a devastating geomagnetic storm.

Savvy readers called this to our attention after we published expert advice on why you should never get in a car after a nuclear bomb is detonated. Brooke Buddemeier, a radiation expert at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, suggested sheltering deep within a building instead, and tuning in to a radio for instructions. In response, a reader pointed out that "radios, computers, anything that use[s] electrical transmission to power itself will be effectively neutralized" by the bomb's EMP.

This may be correct - but fortunately only in very specific and rare situations.

How electromagnetic pulse works

Nuclear explosions don't make EMPs directly; the effect requires a couple of key ingredients.

The first is a nuke's invisible burst of gamma rays, a form of light typically emitted by the "hottest and most energetic objects in the universe," according to NASA. A small fraction of a bomb's energetic yield - between 0.1% and 0.5% - is emitted as gamma rays. These slam into air molecules, knock off electrons, and accelerate the negatively charged particles to about 90% of the speed of light.

Earth's magnetic field then shuttles many of these high-speed electrons toward the planet's poles in a corkscrew-like pattern. The electrons respond to this movement by letting off their newly acquired energy as a powerful soup of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves.

This is a nuclear electromagnetic pulse. It happens within a fraction of a microsecond, and the surge of energy can overload or "shock" sensitive electronic devices - especially the kinds we heavily rely on today.

"[T]he radiation can be collected by metallic and other conductors at a distance, just as radio waves are picked up by antennas," according to an unclassified 1977 report from the Department of Defense and Department of Energy.

"The energy from the EMP is received in such a very short time, however, that it produces a strong electric current which could damage the equipment," it said. "An equal amount of energy spread over a long period of time, as in conventional radio reception, would have no harmful effect."

When EMP passes through metal objects like a phone, computer, or radio, they can "catch" this incredibly powerful pulse. This can generate a rogue current of electricity that moves through a modern device's tiny circuits and can disrupt or even destroy them. Power transmission or telecommunications equipment, meanwhile, can overload from the excess current, spark, and fail for miles around.

If you've ever turned on a microwave oven and noticed your phone's Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connection momentarily drop out, you've experienced disruptive electromagnetic waves - and had a very small taste of what could happen with an EMP.

The intensity of a nuclear detonation's EMP is about 30,000 to 50,000 volts per meter - thousands of times greater than the one your microwave bleeds off.

Fortunately, not all nuclear blasts are created equal when it comes to EMP.

Why altitude is everything

Nuclear detonations that occur dozens or hundreds of miles above Earth could have devastating consequences compared to those that happen on the ground.

At a high elevation, gamma rays can more easily spread out, hitting many upper-atmosphere air molecules over a large area at once. The low density of air allows electrons to move more freely and maximize the intensity of an EMP.

A 2008 report by the EMP Commission suggests that the right nuclear device detonated at the right altitude could bathe the entire continental US in EMP, disrupting telecommunications and power grid infrastructure to "catastrophic" effect. This report is viewed with skepticism by some physicists and weapons experts, and the EMP threat by some countries, such as North Korea, is considered " ridiculous and laughable."

Still, nuclear EMP is real. With an explosion close to the ground, however, many of the gamma rays would slam into the earth. Those rays would have a harder time creating a large electric field that could generate widespread EMP. And the greater density of air wouldn't help, either.

The US government actively plans for 15 disaster scenarios, one of which is a terrorist-caused nuclear detonation that occurs close to the ground with a yield of about 10 kilotons - roughly 66% as powerful as the Hiroshima blast.

This setup is the one we discussed with Buddemeier, and in that case he says the nuclear blast itself would give you a lot more to worry about than bricked electronics or power loss.

"[T]here would be some localized EMP effects," he told Business Insider in an email, "but if you were close enough for you equipment to be damaged by EMP (within a couple miles), then you are also close enough to be significantly impacted by the blast wave."

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Put another way, you may not survive inside this zone, which can stretch a couple of miles in diameter. And if you did, you'd have to worry about climbing out of radioactive rubble before checking to see whether your radio still worked.

It's more likely, Buddemeier says, that within about 5 miles of the blast "you may have a disruptive impact, which doesn't 'fry' your equipment, but can cause 'latch-up' (e.g., like the endless spinning hourglass on your phone) until restarted."

There are hundreds of variables that determine whether or not an EMP affects electronics, Buddemeier says, including "the size and orientation of your device, the structure of the building you are in, plug-in or battery, if it is behind a surge protector," and so on.

Because many radios have simpler, less sensitive circuitry than a phone, they're likely to be a first line of information after a ground blast.

"There is a good chance that there will be plenty of functioning radios even within a few miles of the event and that radio transmission towers outside of the impacted area will still be able to send information on the safest strategy to keep you and your family safe," Buddemeier says.

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Nuclear bombs trigger a strange effect that can fry your electronics - here's how it works

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Nuclear blasts trigger an effect called electromagnetic pulse, or EMP. EMP can disrupt or even destroy electronics from miles away. Blasts miles above a country like the US might severely damage its electric and telecommunications infrastructure.

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3. Electric and Magnetic Fields Effect on the Human Body

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3. Electric and Magnetic Fields Effect on the Human Body

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this article and interactive explains how 60 hertz magnetic and electrical fields effect the body. if found it interesting that the magnetic field that we are all exposed to every day via the earths convection, can actually effect you if it were much much stronger.

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Electric and magnetic fields | Human body | Hydro-Québec

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Effects of electric and magnetic fields on the human body.

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1. Article- Button, batteries, and magnets: a danger to children

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1. Article- Button, batteries, and magnets: a danger to children

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Magnets, if swallowed by children, is okay. But as a child swallows more magnets, they will attract to each other creating the risk of their intestines to be blocked or twisted. Things like bucky balls are swallowed all the time, so the article says to parents to avoid giving children small magnets. So far, there has been 10 children who swallowed magnets and had to go to the hospital.

http://nj1015.com/button-batteries-and-magnets-a-danger-to-children/

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2. Special Relativity Makes Electromagnets Work

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2. Special Relativity Makes Electromagnets Work

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This great video by Veritasium explains how special relativity makes electromagnets work through the compression of some particles or whatnot.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TKSfAkWWN0

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How Special Relativity Makes Magnets Work

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Magnets interact with copper.
It works because movement of the magnet induces an electro
magnetic field in copper.
This temporary movement causes the copper to interact with the magnet magnetically.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwUq8xM_8bY

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Cool Science Article
It is now possible to make a solar panel without solar cells using a magnetic property of light

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(PhysOrg.com) -- A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

The researchers found a way to make an "optical battery," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

In the process, they overturned a century-old tenet of physics.

"You could stare at the equations of motion all day and you will not see this possibility. We've all been taught that this doesn't happen," said Rand, an author of a paper on the work published in the Journal of Applied Physics. "It's a very odd interaction. That's why it's been overlooked for more than 100 years."

Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.

"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source."

What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification," says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling apart of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery. This electric effect had previously been detected only in crystalline materials that possessed a certain symmetry.

Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in other types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification.

"It turns out that the magnetic field starts curving the electrons into a C-shape and they move forward a little each time," Fisher said. "That C-shape of charge motion generates both an electric dipole and a magnetic dipole. If we can set up many of these in a row in a long fiber, we can make a huge voltage and by extracting that voltage, we can use it as a power source."

The light must be shone through a material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as effective in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.

This new technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.

"To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both. It's already made in bulk, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."

In experiments this summer, the researchers will work on harnessing this power with laser light, and then with sunlight.

The paper is titled "Optically-induced charge separation and terahertz emission in unbiased dielectrics." The university is pursuing patent protection for the intellectual property.

Provided by: University of Michigan

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Solar power without solar cells: A hidden magnetic effect of light could make it possible

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(PhysOrg.com) -- A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells. The researchers found a way to make an "optical battery," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

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Techonology

Most of us know that we get our electricity from generators, but how do these generators work? They work using magnets!

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If you've ever moved paper clips around with a magnet or killed time arranging metal shavings into a beard on a "Wooly Willy" toy, then you've dabbled in the basic principles behind even the most complicated electric generators. The magnetic field responsible for lining up all those little bits of metal into a proper Mohawk haircut is due to the movement of electrons. Move a magnet toward a paper clip and you'll force the electrons in the clip to move. Similarly, if you allow electrons to move through a metal wire, a magnetic field will form around the wire.

Thanks to Wooly Willy, we can see that there's a definite link between the phenomena of electricity and magnetism. A generator is simply a device that moves a magnet near a wire to create a steady flow of electrons. The action that forces this movement varies greatly, ranging from hand cranks and steam engines to nuclear fission, but the principle remains the same.

One simple way to think about a generator is to imagine it acting like a pump pushing water through a pipe. Only instead of pushing water, a generator uses a magnet to push electrons along. This is a slight oversimplification, but it paints a helpful picture of the properties at work in a generator. A water pump moves a certain number of water molecules and applies a certain amount of pressure to them. In the same way, the magnet in a generator pushes a certain number of electrons along and applies a certain amount of "pressure" to the electrons.

In an electrical circuit, the number of electrons in motion is called the amperage or current, and it's measured in amps. The "pressure" pushing the electrons along is called the voltage and is measured in volts. For instance, a generator spinning at 1,000 rotations per minute might produce 1 amp at 6 volts. The 1 amp is the number of electrons moving (1 amp physically means that 6.24 x 10 ¹⁸ electrons move through a wire every second), and the voltage is the amount of pressure behind those electrons.

Generators form the heart of a modern power station. In the next section, we'll take a look at how one of these stations works.

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Generators - A circuit is a path that connects the negative terminal to the positive terminal. Learn how an electrical circuit works and understand the basics of electricity.

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Engineering article
Our everyday motors actually move because of magnets. When you turn the electricity on, an electric wire turns a magnet, which moves the motor.

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A simple explanation of how motors work through electricity and magnetism.

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Feynman diagrams are diagrams created by Richard P. Feynman and represent interactions between photons electrons and positrons(anti-matter version of electrons or electrons traveling back through time). these also represent how electrons which is what makes magnets attract, can interact with photons which are the gauge bosons that control the electromagnetic force. in these diagrams the horizontal axis usually represents time and the vertical axis represents space which together represent 4 dimensional space time. https://www.britannica.com/science/Feynman-diagram

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1.(article)  magnets hurting your health? 

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1.(article)  magnets hurting your health? 

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Do magnets hurt you? Find out in this article.

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Dr. Raybourn's investigations have led to a puzzling discovery. The eyes of human beings and other animals, he said, follow a diurnal cycle of sensitivity to color and light that is independent of exposure. The cones of the retina that sense the basic colors red, green and blue are in their most active state during daytime, independent of illumination.

The other sensors of the retina, the rods, cannot discriminate color but are sensitive to dim light. They ordinarily function chiefly between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M., but can be activated at other times, since the biological clock that controls them can be overridden. The same is true for night-time operation by the cones.

Dr. aybourn has studied the eyes of turtles, whose receptor cells are large and comparatively easy to manipulate. He has discovered that the nature of the 6 P.M. ''turn-on'' of turtle retina rods is subtly altered by magnetism, but the 6 A.M. ''turn-off'' is not.

Such an asymmetrical effect ''in this very narrow time window,'' he said, is ''very puzzling.'' Similar experiments are to be tried on small mammals.

The overall study, directed by Dr. Thomas Tenforde, has also explored the effects of strong magnetic fields on heart performance and has shown that they induce a marked change in electrocardiograms, which work by recording the voltage changes arising from tiny currents induced as the heart muscle contracts and relaxes.

Each heartbeat produces a succession of waves, one of which, called the T wave, records restoration of electric potential to the heart's ventricle. In experiments with rats Dr. Cornelius Gaffey has found that when a rat is placed between magnetic poles the size of its recorded T waves increases as the field is increased.

This effect is thought to be due to high-velocity ejection of blood from the heart at that stage of the pulse cycle. Because blood conducts electricity, its flow through the very powerful magnetic field generates a current. But there seems to be no indication of any damage to the heart.

So far, Dr. Raybourn said yesterday, ''none of the experiments suggest any overt safety problem.'' There are researchers, however, who believe human beings are subtly influenced by magnetism. On Jan. 6 a group from the University of Manchester in England reported in the journal Nature the discovery of magnetic deposits of ferric iron in bones of the human sinuses.

Some experiments have suggested that human beings have a sense of direction based on the earth's magnetism, as though equipped with inborn compasses. According to the report in Nature, the apparent absence of iron in the sinuses of anemia sufferers suggests that the sinus bones may act as iron reservoirs that can be drawn upon if the body becomes iron-deficient.

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DO ENORMOUS MAGNETS AFFECT THE HUMAN BODY?

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Dr. Raybourn's investigations have led to a puzzling discovery. The eyes of human beings and other animals, he said, follow a diurnal cycle of sensitivity to color and light that is independent of exposure. The cones of the retina that sense the basic colors red, green and blue are in their most active state during daytime, independent of illumination.

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Imagine yourself walking to a store to by food. You realize that your credit card is not working at the register and forgot your cash at home. The person asks at the counter, did you leave your card next to magnets?

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It's a familiar scenario for anyone who has ever used plastic to pay: You hand over a perfectly valid credit or debit card at the cash register of your favorite store, but after several swipes at the terminal, it fails to work. (Cue disgusted sigh from the cashier.)

Is it karmic retribution for buying one too many copies of "People"? No, the most likely culprit is demagnetization, a phenomenon that occurs when the magnetic stripe on the back of the card becomes corrupted.

With magnetic stripes on everything from Mastercards to subway tickets -- and magnets built into many everyday objects -- demagnetization can be an accident just waiting to happen.

"There are some environments where it's fairly easy to demagnetize a card," says Kevin Rhoads, a research engineer at Dartmouth University in New Hampshire.

Note, however, that it isn't the strength of the magnet that's important, it's the duration of exposure. Even the mightiest junkyard magnet won't erase your card's data if exposure is brief, but the little fridge magnet that can barely hold up that cute picture of Fluffy will -- if the exposure is long enough.

But how does magnetic energy result in the ruination of a card? It all has to do with the nature of the magnetic stripe itself.

The black stripe on the back is filled with data about your account, from the name of the card issuer to the limits on your card. This data is arranged on the stripe using tiny magnetic particles, so prolonged exposure to an external magnet can throw the information out of place and render the card unreadable.

"If you disturb the way that the particles were aligned in the first place by putting a magnet close to it, it will disrupt that encoding," says Steve Mathison, vice president of product and business development for First Data, a payment-processing company in Atlanta.

So now that you know how magnets can be the undoing of your card, it's important to know where the most troublesome ones are. Here's a short list of places that you should keep your card far, far away from:

Refrigerator door magnets.
No, not the Eiffel Tower-shaped one that you got in France. Rather, it's the magnets that keep your fridge door shut, which are bigger and much stronger than novelty magnets.

Bring your card within an inch or so of this hot spot, and you might turn your card into a glorified ice-scraper. "If you swipe it past the magnetic door latch, you will wipe it," Rhoads says.

Before you chuckle at the idea of a bank card coming anywhere near the vicinity of a fridge, take the case of this writer, who was using a card to make an online purchase and then hopped up, card in hand, to get a snack. Demagnetization? Accomplished.

Purse and wallet magnets. These magnets' capacity for damage will vary from model to model, but they're usually not strong enough to demagnetize your card through casual, everyday activities like taking your card out of your wallet.

Just beware of bringing the card extremely close to the magnet.

"If it's over 1 inch away, there's almost certainly no problem," Rhoads says. "But if you put the card stripe directly on the magnetic latch, you can probably erase some of it."

Security tag deactivators.
Some stores have small surfaces at checkout stands that a cashier can run a pricey item over to deactivate its security tag.

Whether they will demagnetize your card, however, is hit or miss. Some of these deactivators use radio waves to decommission the tag; they pose no threat to cards. Others use magnets, and those can cause damage, Rhoads says.

To be safe, put your card back in your wallet promptly after paying.

MRI machines.
MRI stands for "magnetic resonance imaging," and with good reason; these pieces of medical equipment use large magnets to create detailed images of things inside the body.

The magnetic fields they create are so strong that you shouldn't even bring your cards in the same room. "Don't bring a credit card within yards of one," Rhoads says.

Physical damage.
While not a form of demagnetization, mechanical harm to the stripe on your card -- such as scratches -- can render cards useless just as well as magnets. Leaving a card in a car on a hot day can have the same effect.

"Anything that causes physical damage to that stripe has the propensity to keep it from being useful in an electronic transaction situation," Mathison says.

In summary: Love your card, treat it well, and it will reward you for years to come (or until it expires).

If the worst happens

Magnetic stripe gone bad? There's no need to walk away from your purchase. There are alternative means of using your credit card if the card reader can't process it, says Mathison from First Data.

The first way is by manual entry -- having the cashier key the 16 or 21 digits on the front of the card into the card reader, along with its expiration date.

"The same information will get transferred to the processing company," Mathison says. "It will process as if it were captured by the mag stripe."

If that option isn't available, the cashier can also call the company that processes the store's card transactions and read the card information to a representative, who will then process the payment on the merchant's behalf.

A third method is to use a " knuckle-buster" -- an old-fashioned slider machine that takes a carbon-copy imprint of your card for processing later. But don't be surprised if the merchant is unwilling to use this approach.

"The problem [with carbon copies] is that I don't know if that card is stolen or over the limit," Mathison says. "I don't even know if that's a real card."

Merchants will usually go through one or more of these steps without prompting because they want your business.

"It's rare for a merchant to turn a customer down," Mathison says. "They usually won't say, 'I can't swipe your card, therefore I don't want to do business with you today.'"

See related: Licking, plastic bagging and other credit card secrets, The short, unhappy life of a credit card, Anatomy of a credit card

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It's a familiar scenario for anyone who has ever used plastic to pay: You hand over a perfectly valid credit or debit card at the cash register of your favorite store, but after several swipes at the terminal, it fails to work. (Cue disgusted sigh from the cashier.)

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Magnets can save lives from cancer. How? Read in this article.

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Biomagnetic Therapy
Dr. Michael Tierra L.AC., O.M.D.

Magnetic energy is a structuring force of the universe. As such, it is a reflection of the order that causes the infinite stars and planets throughout the galaxies to revolve and spin at incredible velocities while remaining in their respective orbits. As one of the four fundamental forces of nature along with gravity, nuclear energy and radioactivity, electromagnetism is equivalent in definition to the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) concept of 'Qi', or the East Indian Ayurvedic definition of 'Prana'. These concepts are what many in the West, regard as the 'life force'.

Personally, I have had long occasion to experiment and use magnets beginning with myself and then extending to family, friends, students and patients. Two particular occasions on myself were most convincing. Both were soft tissue injuries, one to my elbow and the other, a ligament injury of my knee which I will describe further on.

The elbow pain stemmed from an unknown cause, perhaps an injury or strain. It had persisted for at least 2 weeks during that time I tried acupuncture and herbal treatments which offered only minor temporary relief. As is well known, soft tissue injuries can take some time for repair. It would be most helpful, however, if during that time, there was a simple, non-invasive method to hasten the healing and relieve the pain.

I decided to experiment using magnets to treat the problem. While I had previously heard of magnet therapy, basically that there was a difference therapeutically between the magnet's North and South polarities, I had no previous experience or further knowledge of their use. When I taped a small 1000 Gauss acuband magnet directly on the skin over the 'trigger' point or center of the pain in my arm. I was amazed to find that the pain almost completely disappeared within 5 minutes. I decided to experiment further, first by removing and reapplying the magnet a few times. Each time the pain returned when the magnet was removed and all but completely disappeared again when reapplied. I then experimented by turning the magnet over to change its polarity from North, which is cooling and dispersing, to South, which is heating and building. I discovered that when the South side of the magnet was against the skin, the pain intensified and by reversing the magnet to North, it was alleviated.

Since that time, I have been intrigued with the therapeutic possibilities of bio-magnetic therapy. However, I still had no idea whether the magnet treatment to my arm was only symptomatic or could eventually promote complete healing. Further, I found that there was discrepancies both in print and from various distributors concerning the importance and definition of the North and South sides of a magnet. Despite my confusion, I tentatively began to use magnets on my patients. Because, however, I had such an unsure grasp of any basic theoretical or practical methodology, my results were inconclusive.

I say all this because there may be others who, like myself, felt or presently feel unsure about the value and results of an experience of biomagnetic therapy. Through my example they may appreciate a further corroboration by another who has become fully convinced that biomagnetic therapy may well be one of the safest and most powerful natural healing methods, especially for the relief of pain ever discovered by humankind.

My interest in magnets was rekindled a few years later when I had a crippling soft tissue injury to the medial aspect of my right knee. It was particularly debilitating because there were few positions either standing, sitting or reclining that could provide relief. Having nearly all but forgotten about my previous experience with the magnets on my elbow, I began by using acupuncture, moxabustion (heat applied to specific acupuncture points) and herbal poultices, fomentations and liniments. Everything helped but I still could barely walk or find a comfortable position to either sit or recline.

I certainly was not looking forward to having to stand and be present at a forthcoming natural products trade show that included a promised diversion to my excited young son to a nearby entertainment park. In desperation I remembered the all-but-forgotten magnets that I stored in a cupboard near my bed. I systematically applied the North magnets to the trigger points located near the site of pain around my knee. Estimating what meridians were involved, I positioned the South magnets further up the femur and hip on the Gall Bladder and Bladder Meridians. I found, however, that it was the local application of the North magnets around the knee that was most effective. Within two hours after their application, the pain was 95% gone.

Again, I decided to conduct the same experiments on my knee that I had done a few years previous on my elbow pain, by removing and reapplying them, changing the magnets to irrelevant locations and reversing their polarity. My previous findings were absolutely corroborated. I eventually discovered that I needed to wear the magnets on the trigger points around my knee nearly continuously for about two months before the problem became sufficiently stabilized and resolved.

After this second powerful experience with bio-magnetic therapy, I decided to apply magnets on all my patients along with the acupuncture, dietary and herbal therapy that was part of my normal practice. I wanted to discover for myself the range of their effectiveness for a wide variety of complaints. Since that time, I have found biomagnetic therapy to be around 90% effective for the relief of pains and conditions caused by inflammation. For examples, a woman with diagnosed symptoms of colitis, had tried many forms of conventional and non-conventional treatment over the year previous but was relieved with the application of magnets to her lower abdomen within a week. Another man with arthritis in his hands and fingers with only minimal response from acupuncture and herbal therapy used magnetic balls to relieve and eventually remedy his condition completely. Similarly, another man had encroaching stiffness in his fingers that was threatening to impair his main love, playing the guitar. He also found the results he was seeking with the use of magnetic balls. As a pianist, I can only imagine the benefit these simply magnetic balls could be to the many who have suffered injury from repetitive use or wrong playing.

Everyone, who had acute or chronic lower back, elbow or knee problems found relief and in many cases, complete recovery from the local application of magnets. Patients with asthma, found that the application of magnets to their upper back or chest would provide them the relief they desperately needed without any further external medication. The list goes on to include patients with upper respiratory allergies, gastro-intestinal and digestive complaints, migraine headaches -- all were relieved with the use of magnets -- and the list of conditions continues to expand. Now with the expanded methods of application using magnetized water, magnetized oils, magnetic mattresses and mattress pads, jewelry and so forth, I am convinced that there is no condition that bio-magnetic therapy would not be at least helpful.

Because of my experience with traditional Eastern systems of medicine, including Traditional Chinese Medical (TCM) and East Indian Ayurvedic medicine, I was able to tangibly experience the fundamental energetic basis of healing with magnets described in various traditional healing systems around the world. I could tangibly understand that the North facing side of a magnet was equivalent in energy to the definition in TCM of Yin, or in Ayurveda of Shakti energy. The South facing side was equivalent to TCM Yang, or Ayurvedic Shiva energy. I also understood that the relative strength of a magnet determined whether it was to be used as an important energetic nutrient when in low strength (under 1000 gauss), or a high powered therapeutic tool in high strength (over 3000 gauss) that should be used with due respect. Essentially, like other forms of natural healing energy, if reasonably used, magnets are very forgiving. Except for the obvious contraindications noted, it is rare that anyone would experience anything more than a minor discomfort or aggravation usually caused by using magnetics that are too strong, applying the wrong North-South polarity for a given area or generally an overexposure to a strong magnetic field. If, for instance, one misapplies them over a wrong area, uses the wrong polarity or uses magnets that are inappropriately too strong, there may be a period of minor aggravation and discomfort that is easily remedied as soon as they are appropriately changed or removed. As with herbs, acupuncture and all other systems of natural healing, trial and error is a valid approach to biomagnetic therapy.

Science recognizes a close relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1820, Hans Oersted of Denmark discovered a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism by showing that an electric current flowing in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to be deflected. Following the discoveries of Oersted, Ampere, the 18th century physicist whose notable achievements were germinal to the harnessing of electrical energy, discovered a quantitative relationship between the strength of an electric current with the magnetic field it creates (Ampere's theorem). Noting the close relationship between electricity and magnetism, he described magnetism as "electricity thrown into curves".

Just as the stars and planets revolve in galactical orbits, each atom has a nucleus around which spins various positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons that in turn generate a magnetic field. To reiterate, health represents a balance of these positive and negative forces described in TCM as Yin and Yang, in Ayurvedic medicine as 'Shiva' and 'Shakti', and in Western physiology as the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

The current theory of 'free radicals' as the cause of degenerative diseases and aging, is based on the concept of a negatively charged electron spinning out of their orbit, invading another cell which in turn causes a cellular disruption that sends other subatomic particles off their respective orbits. This results in cellular chaos. Biomagnetic healing is able to passively provide a stimulus for the restoration of balance at a subatomic level and offset the devastating domino-effect of harmful free radicals.

Because every atom generates an electromagnetic (EM) field, we, along with all of nature, are imbued with the power of electromagnetism. It is also possible for us to channel our innate positive electromagnetic energy for healing both ourselves and others.

Stressing the importance of electromagnetism, Einstein said,

"we may therefore regard matter as being constituted by the regions of space in which the field is extremely intense .....There is no place in this new kind of physics both for the field and matter, for the field is the only reality."

It is said that what may be described as matter, the nucleus of an atom, is so infinitesimal that if we were to gather all the nuclei of a human body, it would be no larger than a period at the end of a sentence. Thus, modern physics theorizes that what we call matter may not be particles at all, but the presence of an impenetrable electro-magnetic field.

Life, comprised of a complex chain of bio-chemical and physiological processes is activated and animated by an invisible bio-magnetic force. Apropos of this, Dr. F.K. Bellokossy of Denver Colorado, described life as an "infinitely intelligent interaction of electro-magnetic energies carried by chemical substances."

Modern medicine has come to depend upon such high tech diagnostic procedures as the (ECG) electro-cardiogram, the (EEG) electroencephalogram, the (EMG) electromyogram to measure the electrical activity in the heart, the cerebral cortex and the skeletal muscles respectively. If there were no electrical energy in the body, such tests would not be possible.

From the perspective of bio-magnetics, health is based upon the individual cells of the body vibrating at a characteristic normal frequency. Disease, on the other hand, represents an abnormal change in cellular vibration. The therapeutic application of magnets and herbs, at the deepest level, is based on the principle of restoring normal cellular vibration.

This understanding should make magnetic therapy very accessible to those who have an energetic approach to treatment and it would include Traditional herbalism, TCM, Ayurveda and some Western 'holistically' oriented mind-body therapies.

MAGNETIC ENERGY: A FUNDAMENTAL EARTH NUTRIENT
The Earth's magnetic field strength is about a half gauss.(1) While seemingly small, the magnetic field strength of gauss as a measurement is in proportion to the total mass of the magnet. With that, a half gauss in proportion to the size of the Earth becomes very significant. As a matter of fact, it is essential to life.

With the exploration of space in the 1960's, there came increased awareness of the importance of magnetism in maintaining health, since it was found that astronauts, beyond the protective magnetic field of the Earth often returned with symptoms of psychiatric disturbances, calcium and mineral deficiencies along with other physiological disturbances. Conversely, companies who needed to conduct experiments or manufacture biological products outside of the magnetic field of the earth were, and continue to be major investors in the space program. Since that time, an integral aspect of space flight research involves studying the effects of magnetic fields on living organisms in space travel.

Part of the Earth's magnetic field is created by the 'ionosphere'-- a layer of air containing electrically-charged particles that extend from sixty to a hundred miles above the surface of the Earth. Extending some thousands of miles into space is the 'magnetosphere', sometimes called Van Allen Radiation Belt, after the scientist who discovered it. This is a huge swarm of radioactive particles that are threatening to life. If it were not for the fact that the harmful radiation particles are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field, life on Earth would be impossible.

The half gauss strength of the Earth seems to be in a state of cyclic change so that over time, the Earth's magnetic poles have repeatedly shifted and changed their location. Scientific research estimates that these reversals occur approximately every half to one million years. The most recent reversal occurred about 700,000 years ago. It has been documented that the Earth's magnetic field has diminished about 50% of what it was 500-1000 years ago, with a full 5% decline recorded in the last 100 years. From this we can appreciate the vital importance of geomagnetic energy to life.

Drs. Barnwell and Brown of the Department of Biological Sciences, North Western University, USA, conducted a number of experiments exposing magnetic fields on living organisms and reported that, "There remains no reasonable doubt that all living organisms are extraordinarily sensitive to magnetic fields." The effect of magnetic fields on living organisms continues in the USA and throughout the world but some of the most important medically is that done by the Japanese.

MAGNETIC FIELD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Dr. Kyoichi Nakagawa, MD, Director of Isuzu hospital, Tokyo, Japan, has described a pathological condition called Magnetic Deficiency Syndrome (MFDS) (2)that causes a variety of symptoms including stiff shoulders, back and neck, chest pains, habitual constipation and general fatigue.

He mailed questionnaires to 11,648 Japanese users of magnets 2.5 mm thick x 5 mm in diameter with external gauss strength of 590. Only the North magnetic side was in direct contact with the skin for treatment in these studies. Women represented 57% and men 43% of the total with a representative age group between 40 and 49 years.

Magnets were used for the following conditions: Stiff neck and shoulders 45.20 Lumbago 19.00% Neuralgia 13.90% Painful muscles 12.30% Rheumatism 1.30% Other 6.30% No reply 2.00%

Effects were usually noticed from the second to the fourth day. No adverse effects were reported, while over 90% of the users classified results as very efficacious, efficacious or fairly efficacious, and 105 as ineffective or not very effective.

A number of other studies were conducted with 400 subjects in 1976 by professors Akio Yamada and Shuwichi-Hirose of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo; professor Yamada, University, Juntendo, Tokyo; and Kyoshi Kurmskima, Kohnodai National hospital. Some tests were double-blind placebo using a variety of different magnetic devices. Symptoms addressed included pains in the back of the neck, shoulders, backs, arms, hands and legs. Effectiveness was in the range of 60 to 80% within a period of 7 to 14 days. No side effects were reported.

A double-blind study by Dr. Yoshio Oay treating 80 subjects with lumbar pain using strong magnetic belts containing magnets of 1,500 gauss. Fifty subjects were given the magnetic belts while 30 received placebos or less powerful belts of 200 gauss. All subjects using the full strength belts evidenced marked improvement while those using weaker magnets or placebos showed only slight or no marked improvement.

Some confuse the electro-magnetic energy generated by power lines, computer and TV monitors, electrical wiring in our homes and vehicles as equivalent. These, however, represent alternating current (AC) which is deranging to normal cellular metabolism. The earth and other metallic substances, in contrast represent a permanent magnetic field or direct current (DC) which when used appropriately can be integrative to the sub-atomic particles of cells.

Many factors, beside the natural cyclic waxing and waning of geomagnetic energy contribute to the diminishing of direct current (DC) magnetic energy to our body. Some of these are the result of interference from the AC current of man-made electromagnetic radiation which is incompatible with our bodies' biomagnetic emanations which include television, radio, radar, household appliances, computers, electrical wiring in buildings, nearby power lines and other sources.

The effects of working and living in concrete and steel structures further cut us off from the Earth's direct magnetic force. The automobile, train, jet plane, bus and other hi-tech modes of travel are other ways we are deprived of important natural magnetism from the Earth.

Shrinking open spaces, living high above sea level on ground covered with concrete and asphalt and the decreasing amount of ground water all contribute to lack of conductivity and Magnetic Field Deficiency Syndrome (MFDS).

The magnetic energy of our planet is responsible for the natural biorhythms of life. In Traditional Chinese Medicine these biorhythms describe how Qi or bio-magnetic energy is concentrated in certain areas of the body according to cycles of each day and season. It may also be concentrated in certain areas on the Earth that inexplicably have been able to retain their magnetic strength. These are recognized earth healing areas such as Lourdes, France and Sedona, Arizona.

Symptoms of MFDS may be similar to a variety of chronic conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, candida albicans and environmental allergies. MFDS typically is associated with a general malaise and low energy, frequent susceptibility to disease, tightness of the neck and shoulders, fibro-myalgic body pains, forgetfulness, headaches, digestive and circulatory problems and a general 'foggy' feeling.

At many healing retreats that I have both attended and conducted, we would hug a tree to experience the grounding of accumulated unnatural magnetic distortions. While this may be impossible to scientifically prove, anecdotally everyone who has ever hugged a tree will acknowledge a certain feeling of well-being afterwards, characterized by a lessening of mental and physical heaviness. Perhaps, this is another indication of an innate need for a certain type of natural energy that is lacking in our daily lives.

How do magnets work?
Magnetic energy has such all-encompassing, powerful effects that no one description of how they exert their positive therapeutic effects could adequately describe all the many complex ways it effects mind and body. However, one theory based on the concept of diseased cells losing their magnetic equilibrium, explains how topically applied magnets are able to support and encourage the normal functional relationship both within the molecular structure of each cell as well as positively influencing the relationships throughout the entire body-mind process.

Another theory is that magnets exert a powerful attraction to the iron content in the blood, penetrating the outer layers of skin, muscle and fatty tissue to the capillaries that feed directly into the bloodstream. By attracting iron and perhaps other inorganic molecules to a diseased area, circulation is increased. This is enhanced by the increase of oxygen and other vital nutrients to the affected site that assists in healing. The combined effect is regulating the pH of the cells and tissues, balancing, ionizing and oxygenating them and generally relieving congestion and pain by improving blood circulation.

Scientific research documents the following specific physiological effects of biomagnetic therapy:

It effects increasing blood and oxygen circulation along with the nutrient carrying potential of the blood.
It is able to effect pH balance (acid-alkaline) which is often imbalanced in disease tissues.
It positively speeds up the migration of calcium ions to facilitate the healing of nervous tissue and bones (usually at least in half the time). Because of this it can also help remove the pathological buildup of calcium associated with arthritic joints.
It can powerfully influence the production of certain hormones from the various endocrine glands.
It stimulates and fosters enzyme activity and other related physiological processes .
If we consider that all functions of the body are essentially biomagnetic, we can understand how each body cell down to the DNA has a positive and negative biomagnetic field and that cell division, itself, is fundamentally a magnetic process that occurs throughout the various tissues and organs of the body. Physiological biochemistry that utilizes various amino acids requires biomagnetic energy to occur.

It has been found that the pineal gland, a tiny pine-cone shaped gland located directly in the center of the brain, responsible for the production of melatonin, enzymes, immune function, oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism, pigmentation by melanin and the cyclic patterns of sleep and awakening is regulated, according to Robert Becker in his book on biomagnetics called Cross Currents, "by exposure to steady magnetic fields of the same strength as the geomagnetic field". Since the pineal gland and melatonin govern stress tolerance and the production of antioxidants that help control the harmful effects of free radicals that cause degenerative disease and aging, biomagnetics can have a very beneficial effect in helping to regulate the pineal gland to offset the natural and unnatural disruption of our exposure to natural geo-magnetic fields.

The following chart derived from Bengallineville's book, Magnet Therapy: Theory and Practice outlines the various factors that are responsible for cellular magnetic disturbances:

Extrinsic Factors Intrinsic Factors
Natural Artificial Emotional stress
Solar flares X-rays Hormonal imbalances
Sunspot activity Cobalt-60 Infectious or pathogenic microorganisms
Eclipses Radium implants Deficiencies (iodine deficiency produces thyroid imbalances)
Moon phases
new and full moon
Nuclear plants using radioactive substances like Strontium-90 and Plutonium Deficient or imbalanced diet
Thunderstorms Radiation from color televisions and computer monitors. Ovulation
Cosmic rays Radiations from microwave ovens. Injuries (serious)
X-rays Chemical additives in food Injurious habits like excessive intake of alcohol and drugs.
Subsoil radiations(geopathic zones) Radioactive fallout from nuclear tests. Pregnancy
Certain planetary configurations Irradiated wheat and other foods. Menopausal period
High tension cables Sound vibrations
Aluminum vessels used in cooking

The safety of Biomagnetic Therapy
According to my personal experience and the experience of biomagnetic therapists and patients from around the world, magnets are corrective and regulating and therefore have little risk of either dependency or negative interaction with drugs. Magnets under 2500 gauss seem to be safe regardless of their North, South polarity (nevertheless, as a kind of energetic nutrient when used or worn daily in a mattress or shoe insole, I prefer using magnets no stronger that 1000 gauss strength). Over 3000 gauss strength, prolonged exposure to the wrong magnetic field polarity can create an minor imbalance in a small few. Therefore, exposure to high strength magnetic fields should be limited to a period of no long than 30 minutes at a time once or twice daily. This is generally not true, however, of high powered acuband magnets which can be left on the affected site for days providing the correct North-South magnetic field is in use.

I once met a women who was treating herself for a year for candida albicans and attendant symptoms, using very high strength magnets on a daily basis. She became frightened when she discovered that her hair began to fall out. This, despite the fact that most of her other symptoms were alleviated. and she even claimed to feel more energetic and vital than ever. Because the thought of losing her hair was so frightening to her, she resolved never to get near a magnet again. One day I was gratefully surprised to find a varied collection of high grade industrial strength magnets deposited in the waiting room of my clinic. I later asked her what she felt about the use of magnetic mattresses. She asserted that there was no comparison with her unfortunate experience and that their relatively low gauss strength made them virtually impossible to cause any significant harmful reaction.

Given the fact that it is impossible to predict what is otherwise known as an idiosyncratic reaction that an individual may have to practically any substance or thing, overwhelmingly the potential benefits of biomagnetic therapy makes them well worth a try for a wide variety of conditions.

A few positive experiences from my own clinical experience may serve to offset any concerns or negative impressions one may have to magnetic therapy. One was the prolonged use of high gauss magnets to completely eliminate and control the pain of a man diagnosed with incurable liver cancer. Because of the use of strong North facing magnets applied over the site of pain, he was able to spend his last days with a minimum amount of discomfort without the use of morphine or any other deadening pain medication. Two women, one with lung and another with breast cancer were able to minimize or completely eradicate any attendant pains in a similar way. Finally, A man with a diagnosed brain tumor, fastened a strong neodymium magnet on a cap which he wore for half to one hour periods twice each day. He was reexamined after a period of several months and doctors were amazed to find that his tumor had shrunk.

I must add, that all these patients were given adjunctive dietary and herbal therapy which I am sure contributed greatly to their response.

I hope that if for no other purpose than for simply the relief of pain, magnets should become either an adjunctive with other modalities or first therapeutic option.

Contraindications:
Despite the safety of magnets, there are some contraindications to be aware of. First, do not use magnets during pregnancy, on those who have a history of epilepsy, those wearing a pacemaker or other metal implants that might be dislodged by exposure to magnets. Strong magnets should be used with care on small infants and children, on the eyes, the brain or over the heart.

Healing Crisis Reaction:
Because magnets have such a positive effect on vascular circulation, some individuals may experience a temporary aggravation as a consequence of the increased discharge of toxins. Some healing crisis reactions may include symptoms such as light headedness, itching, allergic reaction, headache, sleepiness or a sensation of heat. When this occurs it is best to gradually ease into their use over a period of time.

Magnets
Materials used for magnets are those whose atoms can be permanently or semi-permanently lined up. Of all magnetic materials, an alloy comprised of one-fifth cobalt and four fifths platinum makes the most powerful magnet. Other materials used for magnets are Alnico magnets comprised of an alloy of aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt and copper. These are about 10 times more powerful than steel magnets and 100 times more powerful than the Earth's magnetic field. Ferrite magnets are comprised of carbonates of barium and iron. They are very powerful and significantly cheaper than alnico magnets but have the disadvantage of being very fragile.

MAGNETIC FIELDS
The magnetic field is the area where magnets exert their force. This is easily determined by holding a compass near the magnet to determine if the strength of the magnet overrides the magnetic force of the poles.

Magnetic Poles
Up until recently, scientific technical study of magnets describe the nature and effects of the two poles of a magnet as being the same. The years of research by Dr. Albert Roy Davis Ph.D., based on isolating and measuring the effects of the two poles has confirmed the different reactions they produce on living systems.

Dr. Davis was able to measure the direction of electron spin given off and transmitted from the two ends of magnet's poles. From this, he was able to determine that the spin of the electrons were in reverse of each other. The electrons coming from the South pole of the magnet cycled and moved clockwise, to the right while those emanating from the North pole moved and cycled to the left or counterclockwise. (4)

This was confirmed from the use of complex technical magnetometers measuring the magnetic field of Earth from space. It was discovered that magnetic energy moves in an spiral forming the infinity pattern. Upon leaving either the North or South poles it travels halfway backward, clockwise or counterclockwise depending upon the exiting pole, to reenter and rephase itself inwards where it takes on the reverse spin in the opposite direction.

Dr. Davis was able to use a cathode ray vacuum to photograph in color the different North and South energies emitted from a long bar magnet. By a series of experiments first on animals and seeds and then on various fluids and foods, he was able to observe the physical effects on living systems. He confirmed the positive effects of the South pole energies in promoting rapid growth, fertility and a general metabolically heating effect as opposed to the inhibiting negative effects of the North pole that had a quieting, soothing and metabolically cooling effect.

Using untreated seeds as a comparison guide, Dr. Davis conducted a series of laboratory experiments on seeds and vegetables that were first exposed to the South pole magnet. An analysis of the end products of these plant products showed a noticeable increase in protein, sugars and oils as opposed to the control group. In contrast, those exposed to the North pole were lower in protein, sugars and oils than the control group.

He then studied the effect of South and North pole to the development and growth of Earthworms. Again, worms treated with South pole energy multiplied faster, grew more and larger than those treated with North pole energy. The protein of Earthworms is approximately 90% on the average but the effect of the South pole evidenced a marked increase of their protein content. He was also able to corroborate similar results on the growth of mice and rats.

As stated, the difference between magnetized and demagnetized material was that electrons in a magnetized object are aligned to go in a single rather than a seemingly randomized direction. The direction follows the magnetic poles of the Earth between the Southern and Northern hemispheres. (5)

Following the system described by Davis and Rawls, the bio-North (-) pole of a magnet has the same polarity as the true geographic North pole of the Earth. This bio-magnetic definition of North and South is in contradistinction to that of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).

To determine the North-South direction of a magnet, tie a thread to the center of the magnet bar and the other end to a high place such as a ceiling or door frame. The suspended magnet will tend to spin and eventually position itself in the direction of geographical North and South as is determined by a compass. Permanently mark as South the side facing the South pole of the magnet with red paint or fingernail polish. With one marked magnet, it can be lined up and used to indicate the polarity of all other magnets.

Another method is to align the needle of a compass to point North. Bring one side or end of the magnet near the compass. The side of the magnet that is able to attract the North end of the compass needle is to be marked as North. All other magnets can be so marked and aligned to conform to one predetermined indicator magnet.

The gauss level employed is dependent upon the severity and duration of a complaint, together with the age and condition of the patient. It is always best to begin treatment with a low to medium gauss range and then increase to higher strength as necessary. On infants, young children, the frail and elderly, use only low strength magnets.

Finally, many biomagnetic therapists believe that magnets whose gauss measure less than 2500 can be used irrespective of their North or South polarity. It is my experience that the quickest and most dramatic results is when the North and South are appropriately applied according to an evaluation of the condition to be treated.

THE CARE AND HANDLING OF MAGNETS
To prevent them from losing their power or becoming totally broken and destroyed, magnets must be carefully handled. Dropping a magnet or subjecting it to a sharp blow may cause it to lose much of its strength. Furthermore, magnets subjected to temperatures in excess of 400 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit will lose all of their energy.

U-shaped magnets need to be placed on a flat bar or cylinder so that both ends of the magnet make contact with the metal. This is called a "Keeper" and prevents the dissipation of their magnetic power. For long, flat, wide surface magnets, bend a piece of iron, a tin can or a metal bar that can be fastened to both ends to provide a passage of energy between both poles and again prevent its lose into space. Try to keep different sizes and strengths of magnets away from each other to prevent them from bleeding off their charges.

All magnets can be stuck together but they should be positioned so that they are symmetrical in a single row and not balled up in any way with magnets of various sizes hanging off the ends. This is especially true of inferior quality magnets while with higher quality industrial strength magnets this is not a consideration.

Finally, magnets can be dangerous. The attractive force of even two 25 pound magnets is capable of inflicting serious injury to pinched fingers or other bodily parts that may get caught in their way. It is easier to handle strong magnets if they are wrapped in some kind of thin soft fiber such as a cotton wash towel.

Summary of Precautions in the Handling and Use of Magnets

a. Remove battery powered wristwatches and any other magnetic objects whose field can be altered by the presence of an externally applied magnet.

b. Avoid dropping, banging or heating magnets above 700 degrees Fahrenheit as this may dissipate their strength.

c. For U shaped magnets, use a "keeper" to connect the two ends when it is not in use.

d. Be careful in handling large heavy magnets as one can injure a body part if they were to suddenly slam together from a distance.

e. If possible, do not allow different sized magnets to remain together.

f. Keep magnets away from homeopathic remedies, computer hard drives, recording tape, credit cards, videos and CD's to prevent their being damaged or erased. Magnets should also be kept away from battery operated watches, hearing aids and from individuals who have a pacemaker or any metallic parts placed in their body.

MAGNET THERAPY
Biomagnetic therapy is used for the control of pain, to stop infections, heal bones and scar tissue, rejuvenation of cells and balancing the body's energy levels. It can also be effectively combined with most other therapeutic modalities. The strength of the magnetic field chosen is based on the magnetic strength, shape and size of the magnet selected based on the following considerations:

duration of the ailment
severity of the condition
total area to be treated
whether the diseased tissue is superficial or deep
the patient's sensitivity
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF THE South and North poles

Understanding and utilizing the unique application of the North and South poles of a magnet is fundamental to any biomagnetic therapeutic application.

The North pole of the magnet is cooling, sedating and dispersing. This corresponds to Traditional Chinese medicine definition of Yin or negative polarity.

The South polarity is heating, stimulating and accumulating. This corresponds to the TCM Yang or positive polarity.

All descriptions of positive and negative are not qualitative definitions but express the relationship between the opposite poles to each other and outer phenomena.

Indications Contraindications
SOUTH Tonifying, strengthening, building, heating, Yang in nature. Can be used for pains caused by weakness, coldness and deficiency (usually of a more chronic and 'achy' nature), also for hypometabolic conditions associated with low energy, weak digestion and weak immune system. Not for acute inflammatory conditions, bacterial infections, cancers and tumors, excess and stagnation conditions, excess Yang
NORTH Clearing, eliminative, detoxifying, dispersing, cooling, Yin in nature. Can be used for acute pains (sharp or burning) caused by heat, inflammation, hyper metabolic conditions, hypertensive conditions, insomnia, nervousness, infections and inflammations. Not for deficiency conditions, coldness, low metabolism, weakness
SOUTH AND NORTH COMBINED When pain, infection or another condition has gotten to a point where the body apparently lacks both the positive and negative energies to fully recover, both poles should be applied. This can be done either by alternating the application of North and South every 15 minutes or by applying a number of both North and South acu-magnets simultaneously over an area. This approach can also be used if the site of pain encompasses a large area. This is equivalent to a deficiency of both Yin and Yang. This harmonizing approach is one of the most commonly used because conditions are seldom either/or. It is especially useful when a single center of the pain or disease extends over a larger area or cannot be discerned. The disadvantage is that if the particular site can be found and appropriately treated, positive results are quicker.

Therapeutic application of North
The North magnetic pole is inhibiting and sedating. It slows down cellular metabolism. Because of this, it is cooling, soothing and retarding and useful for painful or inflammatory conditions such as:

Arthritis, spondylitis, prostatitis, lumbago, chronic and acute headaches, bruises, injuries, and sharp pains, bacterial infections, dysentery, skin ailments such as eczema, psoriasis and ringworm, tumors, mental retardation, epilepsy, cataract, glaucoma, neuralgia, nervousness, insomnia and initially on hernias.

It can be applied for the initial inflammatory response to any injury. When a condition assumes a more chronic state, however, one may need to switch to the more tonifying South pole to relieve symptoms.

North energies over 7000 gauss retard bacterial growth as well as cell and tissue regeneration. In the September 1990 "Journal of the National Medical Association", it is clearly shown how the North magnetic pole inhibits the growth of lung carcinoma cells. In general, the North polarity tends to have a normalizing effect regardless of the length of exposure.

Therapeutic Application of the South
The South magnetic pole is heating, tonifying and augmenting and increases cellular metabolism. It can be used for the following conditions:

Paralysis, leucoderma, alopecia, hernia (later), asthma, tingling and numbness, to strengthen weak muscles and tissues, comatose conditions, after debilitating illness such as tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, scars, etc.

Because South promotes growth, it should never be directly applied on cancerous tumors, bacterial or viral infections or parasites. For regeneration of cells and tissues, magnets over 7000 gauss are extremely effective.

Applying Complete North and South Pole Magnetic Therapy
The bioelectrical force of the right side of the body is more Yin and inhibitory. If there is a lack of the Yin-inhibitory force, the left sided Yang-stimulating bioelectrical activity will appear to be in excess. This represents False Yang or Yin Deficiency. It can manifests as apparent hyperactivity with symptoms such as high blood pressure, hyperthyroidism, palpitations, hyperacidity, etc., all within the overall context of Deficiency and wasting. For these conditions, apply a Yang South magnet to the inside of the right wrist to restore equilibrium and harmony.

If the Yang left-sided energies of the body are weaker than the right-sided Yin, there will be hypoactive or apparent excess Yin symptoms. These can include low blood pressure, hypothyroidism, sluggish bowel movements, general lethargy, fluid retention and edema and hypoglycemia. These conditions are treated by applying the South pole to the inside of the left wrist.

Chronic pains, including chronic arthritic and rheumatic pains may also require bipolar treatment. Treating large organs systems such as the Liver and Kidneys also seem to respond better to the use of bipolar treatment.

To speed the mending of fractures by at least half, dual poles are used. South should be applied to the upper side of the break and North applied to the lower side.

Magnets come in many shapes and forms. Following are some of the more common ones that are used therapeutically used:

BI-POLAR MAGNETS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
In an attempt to utilize the combined North-South poles various bipolar magnets have been used. In 1981, a Swiss scientist Arno Latske introduced an alternating polarity magnet. He observed that when these bipolar magnets were applied over areas of pain, relief and healing occurred as a result of charged articles (i.e. electrolytes in the blood) that passed perpendicular to the magnetic field as a result of what in physics is called the Hall Effect. The North-South poles of the magnet were arranged in perpendicular strips so that the optimal response occurred with blood vessels that directly crossed the bipolar North-South magnetic strips. However, those vessels did not cross the bipolar arrangement sufficiently had the least therapeutic effect.

Next, a German scientist Horst Baermann, in an attempt to improve the Hall Effect, developed a magnet with concentric North-South strips The problem is that if the blood vessels did not cross near the center of the circle, there was little benefit from the alternating current.

In an attempt to circumvent the shortcoming of the previous two designs, an American engineer, Vincent Ardizzone, of Nu-Magnetics, Inc., NY, developed a checkerboard design that accommodate the random design of blood vessels. While the previous two designs had only two sides per pole adjacent to opposite poles, the four-sided checkerboard pattern significantly increased the possibility of a blood vessel being exposed to cross alternating poles. This design also allowed for the magnet to be cut into various shapes and sized without intervening gaps.

Acu Band Magnets
These are usually 0.16' dia x 0.06' thick and come with 0.8" dia Band-Aids. They are available in varying Gauss strengths and different alloys, usually in packets of 12. The most effective in my experience are acuband magnets that range from 3000 to 9000 gauss. Some are marked with a grove to indicate the North side, while others have a tiny protrusion, indicating the South.

One or more are taped directly over or near the affected site or acupuncture points, using either the North or South polarity as appropriate. Magnets with opposite polarity can be applied directly opposite or distally along a line or acupuncture meridian located nearest the affected area. North or South polarity can be used over acupuncture points and/or centers diagnostically related to the primary symptom.

For instance:

For acute colds and flu tape North facing magnets to Large Intestine 4, Large Intestine 11, Triple Warmer 5 and Governor 14.

For chronic back ache that is not inflamed, tape South facing magnets over Bladder 23 and Kidney 3. One can apply a North directly over the acute 'trigger' points of pain and further down the Bladder meridian over Bladder 40 (aka 54) behind the knee.

For insomnia apply a North magnet to Yin Tang point between the eyebrows and two North magnets to one of the two Anmien points behind the ear.

For fatigue and low energy apply South magnets to stomach 36, conception vessel 6 or 4 and bladder 23 on the lower back. In addition, one can also apply a North magnet to large intestine four on the hand to help clear any Heat and toxicity.

For promoting the healing of fractures apply alternating South and North magnets directly along the affected area. These can be simultaneously used with North to reduce any inflammation in the area.

These are only a few of many possibilities based on a knowledge of acupuncture meridians and points. It is a good idea to have a razor available to shave off any hair that may prevent the Band-Aid from sticking. Acu-magnets can be left on for a week, taken off briefly and reapplied if they are still needed. If there is any prolonged aggravation or discomfort, they should be removed or reverse the North-South polarity.

Large Block Magnets
These are iron ferrite magnets which can be purchased from industrial magnet manufacturers and come in various sizes and very high Gauss. Since these are made of fragile ceramic, they are not easy to handle. In general one should learn the technique of sliding them apart or together when needed and keep delicate fingers out of the way in case they inevitably snap together.

Smaller ones can be ordered in various sizes and dimensions and are available in dual color to easily distinguish between the North and South polarity. The strength of these magnets may be deceptive. They are usually available from 1000 to 3600 gauss or higher. Because they cover a larger area, even a lower strength magnet can exert a powerful therapeutic effect. Two magnets can be used to attach to clothing, North or South as needed.

The highest Gauss magnets are Neodymium (NeoMax) magnets. They are composed of iron, boron and neodymium, one of the rarest metals on Earth and their strength range from 2000 to 3600 gauss. Their use was first promoted by the International Medical Research Center based on the discovery and work of Professor Goesta Wollin's development of a Universal Cancer Spiral Theory. Professor Wollin discovered that spirals are found throughout nature, down to the basic shape and structure of DNA. In 1987, the Swedish press widely reported Professor Wollin's discovery of the Universal Cancer Spiral. He claimed that when supermagnets are applied to cancerous tumors, the magnetic spirals, which are larger, would superimpose themselves and destroy the smaller cancerous cell spirals.

Professor Wollin's round neodymium magnets were specifically developed to treat cancer. Usually they are sold in pairs. The North sided magnet is intended to be placed directly over the cancer or tumor while the South is worn over the thymus located on the sternum between the breasts. This is used to help stimulate the body's immune system. While the North magnet directly over the site of the cancer can be left on for a prolonged period, the South over the thymus should only be applied twice daily for no longer than 30 minutes.

These larger magnets are available encased in plastic and color coded so the two polarities are easily determined. The large neodymium magnets or stronger ferrite magnets are indicated in prescriptions for treating most acute and chronic conditions.

Bio-magnetic therapy also consists of systematically laying strong magnetic bars over affected areas for a duration of approximately 30 minutes to an hour two or three times daily. For many conditions the application of several acu-magnets will be more convenient and often as effective, especially for less serious conditions.

Magnetic Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Magnetic mattresses, mattress pads and pillows are designed to provide a sound and restful sleep. The result is that we awaken with more energy, alertness and fewer aches and pains. For those who are bedridden, they powerfully help to prevent bedsores. The best utilize 800 gauss which is safe for ongoing nightly use. They are firm and made with the finest quality patented rubberthane with a grid of nub-like protrusions that stimulate vital energy centers and aid in promoting better circulation and lymphatic flow while sleeping.

The pillow is firm and in addition to the magnets, has a strip of ceramic tiles that help to redistribute heat away from the head. This is because of the belief that it is best to have the head cool and the feet warm when sleeping. Many with chronic neck and shoulder aches and those who snore excessively or suffer from sleep apnea (stopped breathing while sleeping) have received significant benefit from the magnetic pillow.

Because the Japanese have had a long history of appreciation for natural health products it is estimated that one out of eight Japanese use a magnetic mattress sleep system.. This is further reflected in the lead the Japanese have taken in researching magnetic and other natural magnetic products.

A few individuals may experience temporary discomfort when first sleeping on a magnetic sleep system. This is because with greater circulation, more toxins are being flushed out at an increased rate. For these, it may take gradual periodic use over several days or weeks. The time spent acclimatizing to it is worth the investment to one's personal health and wellness and provides a significant passive contribution long term health and wellness. In the resources section at the end of the book there is a list of distributors and suppliers of these and other magnet products.

Magnetized Water
The proclaimed healing powers of various naturally occurring baths at places such as Lourdes, France, Sedona, Arizona and Jesus Chahin's well in Tlacote, Mexico, occurs in areas where there is reportedly higher naturally occurring magnetic energy. One way to naturally magnetize water is to run it through 30 feet of sand where it will emerge negatively poled because of the effect of minute quartz sand crystals. This water emerges saturated with oxygen that is able to kill germs, b

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MAGNETS CURE CANCER ! UNBELIEVABLE BUT TRUE | NATURAL PHARMA INTERNATIONAL

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Biomagnetic Therapy Dr. Michael Tierra L.AC., O.M.D. Magnetic energy is a structuring force of the universe. As such, it is a reflection of the order that causes the infinite stars and planets throughout the galaxies to revolve and spin at incredible velocities while remaining in their respective orbits.

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The magnetic fields can reverse, and has, but how? In the depths of the ocean lies the answer. Read more here:
https://divediscover.whoi.edu/mid-ocean-ridges/magnetics-polarity/

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3) Article - Birds ability to sense the magnetic field 

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3) Article - Birds ability to sense the magnetic field 

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Scientists know that birds can sense the magnetic field, but how?
Learn in this article:

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Earth's magnetic field plays a vital role in everything from animal migration to protecting the Earth from the Sun's harsh solar wind. Now, a recent study finally sheds light on how some birds visually see Earth's magnetic field. Birds use Earth's magnetic field as sort of a heads-up display to help them navigate the globe.

The Earth's magnetic field is a result of the movement or convection of liquid iron in the outer core. As the liquid metal in the outer core moves, it generates electric currents, which lead to a magnetic field. The continual movement of liquid metal through this magnetic field creates stronger electrical currents and thus a stronger magnetic field. This positive feedback loop is called the geomagnetic dynamo.

While scientists have known for quite some time that birds can see Earth's magnetic field, it was unclear exactly how birds are able to visualize the magnetic field. Two recent studies from researchers at Lund University in Sweden and Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg in Germany discovered that the ability is a result of a special protein in bird's eyes. The two papers studied European robins and zebra finches and found evidence for an unusual eye protein called Cry4.

The Cry4 protein is part of a class of protein called a cryptochrome that is sensitive to blue light. Cryptochromes are found in both plants and animals and are responsible for circadian rhythms in various species. In the two bird species above, it appears that the presence of cryptochromes, specifically the Cry4 protein, is responsible for the ability of birds to visually detect Earth's magnetic field.

The ability to see Earth's magnetic field, known as magnetoreception, relies on the presence of specifically the blue wavelength of light. The complex process involves "radical" intermediate molecules which are sensitive to Earth's magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic field, as it relates to the direction the bird is facing, could alter the intermediate radical molecules differently, giving the bird a sense for where it is facing in relation to the Earth's magnetic field.

The research team also found that the Cry4 protein was produced in much higher amounts in European robins during migration season. Perhaps this would give the robin a more precise picture of Earth's magnetic field throughout its migration.

While the exact way birds visualize Earth's magnetic field is part of further investigation, scientists believe the Cry4 protein acts as sort of a filter over the bird's vision. This filter would allow birds to see a sort of compass of the Earth and direct their migratory flights accordingly.

Scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign believe birds see Earth's magnetic field through a filter similar to the figure above. This would act to guide birds in the right direction through migration.

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We Finally Know How Birds Can See Earth's Magnetic Field

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Earth's magnetic field plays a vital role in everything from animal migration to protecting the Earth from the Sun's harsh solar wind. Now, a recent study finally sheds light on how some birds visually see Earth's magnetic field. Birds use Earth's magnetic field as sort of a heads-up display to help them navigate the globe.

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2) Article - Magnetic fields controlling heat and sound

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2) Article - Magnetic fields controlling heat and sound

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Scientists have known for a long time that heat and sound are related, and that there are certain factors that can change each. But did you ever think that heat and sound could be changed through magnetic fields?
Read more here:

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Sound is carried by periodic vibrations of atoms in gases, liquids and solids. When we talk to each other, the vocal chords of the speaker vibrate, causing the air coming from his lungs to vibrate as well. This creates sound waves, which then propagate through the air until they hit a listener's eardrums and make them vibrate as well. From these vibrations, the listener can then reconstruct the speaker's words.

Sound is affected by the surroundings in which it travels and by the frequency of the sound waves. We design musical instruments to manipulate the sound waves they produce. Further, we know that there are sound waves that are outside the range of human hearing, such as those produced by a dog whistle. As physicists have researched sound both inside and outside the range of human hearing, interesting properties have been discovered.

More than a hundred years ago, physicists understood that heat is simply the energy stored in the vibrations of atoms, and therefore realized that heat and sound are related. Now my lab showed experimentally for the first time that these atomic vibrations have magnetic properties too.
Building Our Knowledge Of Sound
In the 1930s, physicists started modeling atomic vibrations as particles. This is similar to the concept of light as both a wave and a particle we call a photon. Physicists called the sound wave particles "phonons," derived from the Greek word for sound.

Today, physicists treat phonons as quasi-particles, having both wave and particle properties. Phonons carry both sound and heat. In metals, heat is carried primarily by the movement of electrons in the atoms. However, in all other materials, heat is carried almost exclusively by the phonons.

So the mechanical, acoustic and thermal properties of sound waves have long been established. Yet, before now, nobody ever imagined that sound waves might also have magnetic properties.

A lopsided tuning fork, made of the semiconductor indium antimonide, used in the experiment. Kevin Fitzsimons, The Ohio State University, CC BY-NC-ND

Heat, Sound... And Magnetism?
In the March 23 issue of Nature Materials, we offer experimental proof that sound waves do interact with external magnetic fields.

The experiment was carried out on a large, single crystal of a very pure semiconductor, indium antimonide, which had been cut into two unequal sections and then cooled to about -445F (-265C). A controlled amount of heat was made to flow in each section separately. At these temperatures, the phonons can be thought of as individual particles, like runners on a racetrack each carrying a little bucket of heat.

Artist's rendering of a phonon heating solid material. The phonon hits the center orange atom, which is attached to other atoms via spring-like bonds. The trail of the passing phonon is marked with increased magnetic field intensity, shown in green. Renee Ripley, The Ohio State University, CC BY-NC-ND

In the small section, the phonons often run into the walls, which slows them down. The small section is used as a reference, to make the experiment independent of the other properties of the solid that might interfere. In the large section, the phonons can go faster, and they don't run into the walls as much as into each other. When we apply a magnetic field, they tend to run into each other more frequently. Because the magnetic field increases the number of collisions, it also slows the phonons down and lowers the amount of heat they carry by 12%.

We think this is due to the electrons that rotate in orbits around each atom in the solid. The orbital motion of these electrons emits a very small intrinsic magnetic field that interacts with the externally applied field - an effect called "diamagnetism." This property exists even in substances we don't traditionally think of as magnetic, such as glass, stone or plastic. When the atoms vibrate due to the passing of the phonons, this interaction creates a force on the atoms that makes the phonons collide with each other more often.
What Can We Do With These Results?
At this point, we've just described a new concept, something that had never been thought of before. Engineers can perhaps use this concept to control heat and sound waves magnetically. Sound waves can be effectively steered already by using multiple sources of sound, as is done in ultrasound imaging systems, but controlling heat conduction is much harder.

Conversion of heat into electrical or mechanical power, as is done in engines and in power stations, supplies over 90% of the energy humanity uses. Therefore, being able to control heat conduction at will could have an enormous impact on energy production, though, obviously, applications of this emergent concept are still quite a way in the future.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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Magnetic Fields Can Control Heat And Sound

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Sound is carried by periodic vibrations of atoms in gases, liquids and solids. When we talk to each other, the vocal chords of the speaker vibrate, causing the air coming from his lungs to vibrate as well. This creates sound waves, which then propagate through the air until they hit a listener's eardrums and make them vibrate as well.

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Can have health benefits, and is usually used for medical treatment. Used for reducing the effects of hard water by passing it through a magnetic field as a non-chemical alternative to water softening. However, a magnetic water treatment is unproven and unscientific. The magnitude depends on the pipe conductivity.

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Vendors of magnetic water treatment devices frequently use pictures and testimonials to support their claims, but omit quantitative detail and well-controlled studies. Advertisements and promotions generally omit system variables, such as corrosion or system mass balance analyticals, as well as measurements of post-treatment water such as concentration of hardness ions or the distribution, structure, and morphology of suspended particles.

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The sun's magnetic field flips every 11 years, similar to earth as the sun also has a north and south pole like earth.
The sun has differential rotation, so the surface moves at different speeds at different latitudes. This causes the magnetic fields to get wound up. When this becomes extreme, the magnetic fields "snap", which causes the magnetic field to 🤬.

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The sun's magnetic field drives changes on its surface and beyond.

Credit: by Karl Tate, Infographics Artist

Electric currents inside the sun generate a magnetic field that spreads throughout the solar system. The field causes activity at the surface of the sun, surging and ebbing in a regular cycle. At the peak of the cycle, the polarity of the field flips, during a time of maximum sunspot activity.

The sun's magnetic field has two poles, like a bar magnet. The poles flip at the peak of the solar activity cycle, every 11 years. A solar wind composed of charged particles carries the magnetic field away from the sun's surface and through the solar system.

Solar Magnetic Field Will Soon Flip (Video)

The sun is not a solid ball, but rather like a fluid. It exhibits differential rotation, meaning the surface moves at different speeds depending on latitude. This results in the magnetic field lines getting wound up. When the winding gets extreme, the magnetic field lines "snap," causing solar flares at those locations on the surface.

The sun's magnetic influence extends well past the planets and into interstellar space. This region, called the heliosphere, acts as a magnetic shield against charged particles from deep space called cosmic rays.

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How the Sun's Magnetic Field Works (Infographic)

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Electric currents inside the sun generate a magnetic field that spreads throughout the solar system. The field causes activity at the surface of the sun, surging and ebbing in a regular cycle. At the peak of the cycle, the polarity of the field flips, during a time of maximum sunspot activity.

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Have you ever thought of having a check up or surgery that had magnets involved? this article talks about how magnetism is used in medicine, and how they use it to help people, such as using magnets to remove swallowed safety pins sharp side backward. read more here:
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1657801

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Animals know where to go not only because of memory, but also because of magnetism. Learn more about how animals use magnetism here:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/animal-navigation/

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1) Article - 6 ways magnets are about to change our lives

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1) Article - 6 ways magnets are about to change our lives

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These are 6 ways magnetic force is able to be used that will have/already has an impact on everyday life.
Read more here:

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Magnets. You already know what they are and everything about them. Or do you? Magnets are crucial to many more emerging technologies than you might expect. The tried-and-true magnet is about to change everything-from how we drive and treat cancer to how we play sports.

1. Maglev Trains
Lightning-fast trains that hover using magnets, like this one in Japan seen in 2010, are positioned to be the next major transportation breakthrough. Credit: Getty
Earlier this year, Japan broke a world speed record for a train: 366 miles an hour. How'd they do it? Magnets, of course.

Japan used a maglev train: a special type of high-speed train that nixes wheels for magnets. How do magnets help trains go faster? It's pretty simple: Friction is totally eliminated. The trains hover above the rails, wheel-free, and are pulled along at nutso speeds using electromagnets.

Here's how Japan's Guinness-worthy using the classic principle of magnetic repulsion. The forces being repelled from one another are the train's onboard superconducting magnets and magnetic coils in the sides of the surrounding guide rails. These opposing forces with alternating north and south poles create a push-and-pull effect that propel it forward.

Also built into the guide rails are more coils that become electromagnets as those superconducting magnets aboard the train pass through. This creates a second push-and-pull force that lifts the train a few inches off the ground. (Those guide rails that cradle Japan's maglev are U-shaped to prevent derailments.)

Thanks to this simple notion in magnets and physics, maglev trains are greener, faster, quieter, and deliver smoother rides than traditional trains.

High-speed rail has existed in developed countries the world over for decades, but these blink-and-you'll-miss-'em maglev models mark the next stage of train evolution. In fact, when Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited the US earlier this year on a diplomatic trip, he said he wants the Japanese government to help build a maglev train linking Baltimore and Washington, DC. Since magnets mean big infrastructural projects, they mean big business, too.

Countries 'round the globe have all started pursuing this new transportation tech, as well. Shanghai's been running a maglev in China for over a decade, and Seoul's Incheon Airport will sport a smaller scale maglev train starting this summer.

2. Hoverboards
The Hendo Hoverboard by Arx Pax is shown here in 2014. It's a commercial hoverboard that uses magnets to float about an inch from terra firma. Credit: AP
As 2015 drew nearer, people started demanding a Back to the Future 2-style hoverboard-and now, companies are actually attempting to deliver. Will they bring a McFly-approved mode of futuristic transport to consumers? They've actually taken big steps toward doing so, with the help of magnets.

Earlier this month, debuted its hoverboard Slide (which tested), achieving what was thought to be unachievable: Though heavy and unwieldy, it was a ridable, skateboard-like object that actually floated an inch off the ground. Lexus the board as "assembling maglev technology onto a board." Gizmodo tested another hoverboard using similar maglev technology called .

The body of Lexus's board contains superconductors surrounded by liquid hydrogen reservoirs that plummet the superconductors to -322 degrees Fahrenheit, plus two magnets on each end of the board. The board is placed on a floor with magnets built into it, and lifts the board in a similar way to a maglev train.

Don't get us wrong; there's still plenty to be skeptical of. These boards are hard to navigate, can only hover under certain conditions, and the battery in the one we tried died lickety split. But, as is the case with those supertrains popping up across the planet, magnets mean big things for tomorrow's transportation-not to mention tomorrow's toys.

3. Cancer-detecting Pills
Pathologists, like this one examining biopsy samples, might one day be able to harness the power of magnetic fields to help fight cancer cells in humans. Credit: Shutterstock
Emerging technologies often seem like moonshots at first, and Google X's arsenal of out-there projects is no exception. One in particular uses magnets in a really cool, surprising way: Stick 'em in small to sniff out deadly diseases in the human body.

How does it work? The answer lies in magnetic nanoparticles-ridiculously small particles containing a harmless magnetic material that would attach themselves to circulating cancer cells in a patient's bloodstream. Google wants to develop a swallowable tablet filled with these nanoparticles that would, upon consumption, cruise the user's bloodstream in search for cancerous cells. Those findings would be relayed back to a wearable sensor on the wrist, where the magnetized, cancer-detecting nanoparticles would gather. This would help doctors find cancer early in patients.

Other folks have pursued magnets as cancer-busting super weapons, as well. In , South Korean researchers said they came up with a way to use a magnetic field to actually destroy cancerous cells. That's advantageous to chemo, they said, since chemotherapy can also inadvertently harm noncancerous cells in the body.

4. Concussion-proof Football Helmets
Denver Broncos strong safety David Bruton being treated for suspected concussion late last year in a match against the Oakland Raiders. Credit: Getty
Magnet technology is even sneaking its way into sports. By using magnets in protective gear in American football, the industry could better prevent concussions and other serious head injuries among its players.

Football used to be straight up deadly, as Science last November. When those soft, leather helmets of yore were swapped for polycarbonate helmet shells, the number of fatalities went way down. Still, America's most-watched sport has been under intense fire recently, and rightfully so: Last year, 123 concussions were in the NFL, most of them incurred by defensive players. Now, football helmets might be on the verge of another design revolution.

Hard helmets protect skulls, but still leave brains vulnerable to injury since they just float in cerebral spinal fluid. But Raymond Colello, a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, asserts that adding lightweight magnets to the front and sides of all football helmets could act as "brakes" in head-to-head collisions, Science reports. As two players approach either mid-tackle, the magnetized helmets slightly repel each other, decreasing the g-forces that would hit each player's head in the collision.

Of course, this only safeguards against noggin-to-noggin traumas, not noggin-to-knee, say. But Colello's plan could provide technology that might significantly reduce the overall number of concussions sustained among players in an incredibly dangerous sport.

5. Controlling Heat and Sound
This year, scientists proved magnets can manipulate the amount of heat traveling through a semiconductor. Credit: The Ohio State University
It sounds like an X-Men subplot, but scientists recently showed that magnetic fields can be used manipulate heat and sound.

Researchers at the Ohio State University earlier this year that they can control heat with magnetic fields. But their discovery affects sound, too. They examined the magnetic properties of phonons, which are particles that transmit both sound and heat. Using an MRI-sized magnetic field, they controlled the behavior of phonons and lowered the amount of heat that flowed through a semiconductor by 12 percent. Their work is a big deal because it shows that magnetic fields can manipulate heat in materials that aren't traditionally magnetic, like glass, plastic, or stone. Currently, however, doing so requires a big-ass magnet.

The team also said they could direct sound waves magnetically-again, if the magnetic field was sizable enough.

Until now, phonons weren't as extensively studied as say, photons. But their heat and sound both involve atoms vibrating-expressions of the same form of quantum mechanic energy, the university says. The university admits that this discovery is still largely bound to labs. The experiment used a 7-tesla magnet, which aren't exactly growing on trees out in the real world, and also involved chilling the phonons to near absolute zero in order to slow their movement for study. (Hoverboard and maglev trains need wicked cold temperatures to activate magnets' potential, as well.)

Still, it's a big discovery that could make scientists seriously reevaluate the way they look at and study phonons. Using magnetic fields to steer heat and sound could open a lot of doors in energy production down the road.

6. Roads for Self-Driving Cars
Volvo announced last year plans to use magnets that can help align self-driving cars on the road. Credit: Volvo
Driverless vehicles are currently the hottest race among tech companies, auto companies, and startups of all stripes. And it's becoming a more crowded arena all the time. But given how accident-prone these human-free chariots might be, we need to make sure our highways are ready for their widespread arrival. Again: cue the magnets.

Volvo last year that it had completed a research project that showed the advantages of implanting magnetic sensors in streets. These could serve as "tracks" to help guide the company's self-driving cars. These magnets have an edge over other technologies, like GPS, which might fuzz out in certain conditions and can sometimes be unreliable.

Plus, we've still yet to fully understand how self-driving cars perform in adverse conditions like rain or snow. But Volvo says these magnets can help driverless cars navigate that kind of gross weather, too. While self-driving cars can function without these magnet-embedded super streets, they would provide a nice complement.

Of course, they also present a colossal infrastructural challenge: Like the Slide hoverboard, Volvo's plan involves specially designed tracks that would be ready for the vehicle ahead of time. Having to totally revamp the roads-and build some from scratch-might make the technology way more trouble than it's worth.

You can see the challenges that many of these magnet-oriented technologies face going forward: Idiosyncratic infrastructure, monstrously low temperatures, and other tricky requirements must be met in order for magnets to work this kind of magic.

But, like all emerging technologies, once these projects gradually start to leave the lab and approach commercialization, we'll see humans unlocking magnets' potential in a ton of sectors, from sports to medicine and, especially, to transportation.

The most familiar tools can sometimes yield the most astonishing results. The future has big plans for magnets, and they go way beyond your fridge door.
Image by Jim Cooke

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6 Ways That Magnets Are About to Change Our Lives

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Magnets. You already know what they are and everything about them. Or do you? Magnets are crucial to many more emerging technologies than you might expect. The tried-and-true magnet is about to change everything-from how we drive and treat cancer to how we play sports.

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2. Electromagnetism - Magnetic Force: The Four Fundamental Forces of Physics

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2. Electromagnetism - Magnetic Force: The Four Fundamental Forces of Physics

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This video talks about the fourth fundamental law of the universe, electromagnetism. It explains the properties of this force and how we experience it.

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Electromagnetism - Magnetic Force: The Four Fundamental Forces of Physics #4b

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1.  Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum video

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1.  Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum video

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This article talks about how electric fields are magnetic fields can be made. it also shows how they can work in unison to make electromagnetic waves by the constant creation of new fields. It also talks about the electromagnetic spectrum (light spectrum),

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Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum | Physics | Khan Academy

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Geomagnetic storms are large disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field. They are caused by solar winds that produce changes in currents, plasmas, and fields in the magnetosphere. Large storms are associated with Coronal Mass Ejections where large amounts of plasma releases from the sun and arrives on earth, still carrying its magnetic field. Although Geomagnetic storms are associated with mostly negative impacts, they do create spectacular aurorae.

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Geomagnetic Storms | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center

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Storms also result in intense currents in the magnetosphere, changes in the radiation belts, and changes in the ionosphere, including heating the ionosphere and upper atmosphere region called the thermosphere. In space, a ring of westward current around Earth produces magnetic disturbances on the ground.

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Comic - JJ's Science Adventures (Post 2)

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Comic - JJ's Science Adventures (Post 2)

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Magnetic fields and attracting magnets, cool reactors and other fun stuff is explained. Find basic level magnetism  and higher level science in these comics. They humor is a bit lacking, but the content comes across.

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JJ's Science Adventure is a series of educational comic books designed to help readers to master key learning objectives stated in the Singapore Ministry of Education's Primary School Science syllabus. After receiving their birthday presents from their grandfather, Joyce and Jonathon find themselves in possession of two bags which transform into a talking robot (Robo) and a teleportation portal.

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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/science/neutron-star-fast-radio-bursts.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FMagnets%20and%20Magnetism&action=click&contentCollection=science&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=7&pgtype=collection

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This Comic shows a brief explanation on magnets and electromagnetism.

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Here are seventeen of our favorite magnet tricks, projects and demos.

Extract batteries from stubborn holders
We've all got things that take batteries. Some of them are well designed, and some of them are not. The worst offenders are electronic toys that take (say) half a dozen AA batteries, all of which must be inserted with the correct orientation- spring side first- and pried out, well, somehow. Rather than risk puncturing your batteries by prying them out with something pointy, just use a magnet to lift them out.

Find studs in your walls

Move a magnet over the wall until it finds a screw or nail head under the paint. You don't even need to mark the wall- you can just leave the magnet there until you've drilled your holes.
Make a homopolar motor
One of our favorite demos of all time is a homopolar motor. A magnet, a wire, a battery and a screw are all you need to make a motor spin up to 10,000 rpm.

Make LED Throwies
LED throwies are useful for many more things than graffiti. We've made variations from garden lights to origami to greeting cards, but it's not a real throwie without a magnet.

Demonstrate magnetohydrodynamic propulsion

You can make your very own caterpillar drive like the one in The Hunt for Red October with this magnetohydrodynamic demonstration.

Play with the coolest toy ever: 512 1/8″ cube magnets
Available from K&J Magnetics, this is enough magnets to really have some fun. More magnet sources are in our links section.
Make a simple compass Make almost anything (ferromagnetic) into a building set
We've previously shown how to make stupidly simple compasses that float on water or spin on a smooth surface. Here's another method: sandwich a thread between two very strong magnets and hang it down for an instant compass.

Experiment with self assembly
In a process that is a lot like assembly of biological molecules or crystal formation, randomly ordered magnets can almost automagically form themselves into neat chains. Here are some magnetic self assembly videos.

With magnets as connectors, you can build tins into anything you like. (Just be sure to get Bawls Mints, not Bawls Buzz).

Make a Curie motor
A Curie motor uses heat to demagnetize an area of a magnet, causing it to move away from the heat where the cycle starts again. On BoingBoingTV, Mark Frauenfelder shows you how to build one with a candle, a wire and a couple of magnets.

Freaking awesome chip clips
Make a fridge pen
Fold over the open top of the bag and put magnets on either side to hold it closed.

Play with eddy current damping
Drop a magnet down an aluminum or copper tube, and you'll see a hovering slow fall caused by eddy current damping. Here's a quick video.

Slip a small magnet underneath the metal clip on a pen (these uniballs are our favorite) and you can keep a pen handy on the fridge for your shopping list and phone messages.

Defeat magnetic safety interlocks
All kinds of cool industrial machines from photocopiers to deep fat fryers have magnetic safety interlocks to prevent the machine from working with the cover open. Whenever you see a magnet attached to a hinge, it's there to protect you. So if you ever want to do something ridiculously dangerous like laser engrave your fingernails, you'll need magnets to disable the magnetic interlocks.

Make anything into a fridge magnet
We like to make unusual things into fridge magnets. And this trick has occasionally fooled folks into trying to open our fridge magnets to look for candy.

Demonstrate diamagnetic levitation
By placing diamagnetic material (such as bismuth or graphite) between a large magnet and a small one, you can levitate the small one. Detailed instructions and links to kits for this are on Bill Beaty's site, amasci.com.

Wake up your laptop or put it to sleep
Many laptops have a magnetic switch that tells the computer to go to sleep when the lid closes. Older Macs could be fooled into going to sleep with their lids up by waving a magnet by the upper right hand corner of the lid. Newer Macs can be fooled by resting a magnet on the switch on the right hand side of the keyboard. Caution: don't put a magnet near your hard drive!

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Here are seventeen of our favorite magnet tricks, projects and demos. Extract batteries from stubborn holders We've all got things that take batteries. Some of them are well designed, and some of them are not.

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Magnetism and how it is used it hospitals  - Post 3

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Magnetism and how it is used it hospitals  - Post 3

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In hospitals, you can find magnetism everywhere. Most common, you can find them in MRI's, which sends magnetic waves through the patient's brain and body to give the doctors a glimpse of the inside of the body. Surprisingly, the magnetic strength of an MRI is 20000 times stronger than the magnetic force of the earth's magnetic field.

https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-are-magnets-used

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The suns magnetic fields stretches well beyond the planets and into interstellar space. Because the sun is not a solid ball, but rather a fluid, so the solar winds hit the surface of the earth causing there to be solar flares.  Electric currents inside the sun generate a magnetic field that spreads throughout the solar system. The field causes activity at the surface of the sun, surging and ebbing in a regular cycle. At the peak of the cycle, the polarity of the field flips, during a time of maximum sunspot activity.
https://www.space.com/22393-sun-magnetic-field-explained-infographic.html

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Implanted Magnetic Probes Measure Brain Activity (Post 3)

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Implanted Magnetic Probes Measure Brain Activity (Post 3)

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Micrometer-size magnetrodes detect activity-generated magnetic fields within living brains. If you want to learn more click link below. Make sure to like follow and comment!
https://www.the-scientist.com/modus-operandi/implanted-magnetic-probes-measure-brain-activity-30195

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I wireless charging really helpful click on this link and find out more.

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I wireless charging really helpful click on this link and find out more.

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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/03/technology/personaltech/wireless-charging-pros-cons.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FMagnets%20and%20Magnetism&action=click&contentCollection=science&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=2&pgtype=collection

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When we think about what is magnetic, we usually don't think about food. Foods high in iron tend to be magnetic. The iron in grape reacts to this rare earth magnet, Neodymium, in a way where it starts to turn.

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Try mounting other objects such as aluminum, wood, prunes-yes, even prunes!-on your torsional pendulum. What are their respective magnetic properties?

There are three types of magnetism: diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, and paramagnetism. Iron is ferromagnetic, which means it's attracted to both poles of a magnet. In atoms of iron, cobalt, and nickel, the spins of electrons in one atom will align with electrons in neighboring atoms, making regions called domains that have very strong magnetization.

The third type of magnetism is paramagnetism. Atoms and molecules that have single, unpaired electrons-such as aluminum, hydrogen, lithium, and liquid oxygen-are paramagnetic. Their electrons orient in a magnetic field, causing them to be weakly attracted to both magnetic poles.

Every electron is a magnet because electrons carry charge and spin. In addition, an electron in orbit can be an electric current, turning the electron into an electromagnet.

To accurately model the behavior of ferromagnetic, diamagnetic, and paramagnetic materials requires quantum mechanics. We encourage you to research this!

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Try mounting other objects such as aluminum, wood, prunes-yes, even prunes!-on your torsional pendulum. What are their respective magnetic properties? There are three types of magnetism: diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, and paramagnetism. Iron is ferromagnetic, which means it's attracted to both poles of a magnet.

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Inside a particle accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by electro magnets.

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2. article- what is electromagnetic radiation

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2. article- what is electromagnetic radiation

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electromagnetic radiation is formed by electric and magnetic fields. this radiation most commonly known as light but depending on the intensity can also be known under other names like ultraviolet and infrared. electromagnetic radiation travel in packets called photons which controls the electromagnetic force.
https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html

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1. Article - Do you need to protect your computer from magnets?

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1. Article - Do you need to protect your computer from magnets?

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Most magnets are not harmful to computers. However, a strong enough magnet can induce a charge in your computer and fry the electronics. Usually though, weak magnets are not strong enough to affect many electronics.

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Do You Need To Protect Your Computer From Magnets?

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Magnets are kind of magic. Okay, not really - but to the layman they a bit bewildering. The magnetic field they emit is entirely undetectable by human senses. One can only imagine the confusion our ancestors must have felt when they first discovered them.

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The Earth is magnetic, but that also affects rocks, too. All of the magnetic materials, such as iron, affect the different rocks of Earth. Rocks are formed by a volcano erupting, and the lava contains iron. When the lava is hot, the iron points North. Once the rock cools, the iron is stuck pointing North. It's a compass! read more here:

http://www.utdallas.edu/~pujana/oceans/mag.html

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How to find an ocean of aliens, be one of the first to find out.

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How to find an ocean of aliens, be one of the first to find out.

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like,subscribe and comment below
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/science/margaret-kivelson-europa.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FMagnets%20and%20Magnetism&action=click&contentCollection=science&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=collection

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Researchers succeed in magnetizing yeast cells, providing insight into how magnetism could be genetically induced in other organisms. Make sure to follow, comment, and Like!! XD

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/magnetic-yeast-41321

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1. video - Magnetism and Electric charges 

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1. video - Magnetism and Electric charges 

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Fundamental Principle of electromagnetism: An electric current produces a magnetic field. When a current runs through a wire, the magnetic field it produces surrounds the wire. The direction of the force from a magnetic field on a current running through a wire will be perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the current

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The most powerful magnet is actually a star called magnetar
There are magnetic hills that can pull cars up
some rare earth magnets can turn other metals into magnets
Magnetic resonance imaging machines generate magnetic fields that are 60,000 times stronger than Earth's
Some animals are affected by magnetism (look at Ana's Mesmerism post)

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8 Strange Facts About Magnets and Magnetism

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Magnets are interesting and strange materials. There are still some mysteries that scientists and researchers have yet to solve when it comes to magnets. However, some mysteries have been solved. In this blog, we have compiled a list of some of the strangest facts about magnets and magnetism.

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A population of neurons in pigeon brains encodes direction, intensity, and polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field. For more click link below. Make sure to like, follow, and comment!

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FLICKR, JEAN-DANIEL ECHENARD

Pigeons, sea turtles, spiny lobsters, and mole rats don't need Google Maps or MapQuest to find their way home-they have built-in GPS. These animals and others rely on Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. But how their brains process magnetic information has been unclear.

Now, researchers have identified the neural source of magnetic sense in pigeons-single cells that encode three key positioning factors: the direction of a magnetic field, its intensity, and its polarity (north or south). The research, published today (April 26) in Science, is a first step toward understanding how animals, including humans, compute maps in their heads and could someday help clinicians treat individuals afflicted with spatial disorientation.

"The authors did a beautiful job" recording the neuronal activity, said Wolfgang Wiltschko of Goethe University in Frankfurt, the first scientist to demonstrate magnetic orientation in birds in the late 1960s, who was not involved in the research. "It's a very stimulating paper."

Last year, J. David Dickman and Le-Qing Wu at Baylor College of Medicine in Texas found that four major areas of the brain become active when pigeons respond to magnetic field changes: the vestibular region of the brainstem, the dorsal thalamus, visual regions in the cortex, and the hippocampus, known to be the site of spatial memory. Behavioral observations suggest that birds' visual, vestibular, and auditory systems are all involved in magnetoreception, "so you would expect exactly these parts of the brain to be activated," said Wiltschko. "If I were to construct a magnetic compass, I'd use these systems."

Next, Dickman and Wu delved deeper into the brain to record the responses of individual neurons in these regions. Using seven awake pigeons, they recorded from 329 neurons in the vestibular area of the brainstem, while exposing the birds to an artificial magnetic field created by an open metal cube wrapped in wires and connected to a generator. The birds were also in the dark, so that there was no chance that the magnetic sense was being activated by the visual system, as has been proposed in the past.

When Dickman and Wu varied the direction of the magnetic field, its intensity, or its polarity, they recorded significant responses from 53 of the neurons tested. Different neurons responded to magnetic fields from specific directions, firing more frequently the more intense the field. "For the first time, we were able to quantify [magnetoreceptive] brain cells," said Dickman. "Each cell is tuned to a different direction of the magnetic field in space-each has a maximum and minimum direction that it likes." The cells also responded to field intensities from 20 microtesla (µT) up to 70 to 120 µT, a range that spans the Earth's geomagnetic field of 25 to 65 µT.

But even with the cells underlying magnetoreception identified in pigeons, another question looms: what part of the body receives the magnetic cues and transmits them to the neurons? "We're going after the receptor next," said Dickman.

Scientists have proposed the retina, nose, and inner ear as the site of a receptor in birds. From ablation studies in which he lesioned the inner ear, Dickman believes that is the site of the magnetoreceptor, but Wiltschko said behavioral studies point to the visual system. The visual center of the brain is very close to the vestibular center, where Dickman's team identified the magnetoreceptive neurons, so it's possible that both are involved, said Wiltschko. "I'm really looking forward to what's happening in the field," he said.

L. Wu and J.D. Dickman. "Neural correlates of a magnetic sense," Science, doi:10.1126/science.1216567, 2012.

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FLICKR, JEAN-DANIEL ECHENARD Pigeons, sea turtles, spiny lobsters, and mole rats don't need Google Maps or MapQuest to find their way home-they have built-in GPS. These animals and others rely on Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. But how their brains process magnetic information has been unclear.

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Animal Magnetism, is believed to be a natural invisible force possessed by all living organisms, including vegetables. Mesmerism, otherwise called, helps the organisms keep their 5 senses in order. Studies have shown, that without magnetism, the animals would have strange effects on their body, ranging from consistent vomiting and death. Mesmerism has also been known to cure illness and used for spiritual healing practices.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_magnetism

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This website explains more about different types of items that attract to each other and it explains about attracting and repelling of magnets.

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Fun Magnet Facts for Kids

Check out our fun magnet facts for kids and enjoy learning some truly magnetic information about the world of magnetism.

Find out what a magnet is, how magnetic fields work, which metals are magnetic and which aren't, how the Earth's core relates to magnetism and much more. Read on and have fun learning about magnets!

Magnets are objects that produce an area of magnetic force called a magnetic field.

Magnetic fields by themselves are invisible to the human eye.

Iron filings can be used to show magnetic fields created by magnets (such as in the picture to the right).

Magnets only attract certain types of metals, other materials such as glass, plastic and wood aren't attracted.

Metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt are attracted to magnets.

Most metals however are not attracted to magnets, these include copper, silver, gold, magnesium, platinum, aluminium and more. They may however magnetize a small amount while placed in a magnetic field.

Magnetism can attract magnetic objects or push them away.

Magnets have a magnetic north pole and a magnetic south pole. If the same pole of two magnets are placed near each other they will push away (repel), while if different poles are placed near each other they will pull together (attract).

Magnetic objects must be inside the magnetic field to respond, which is why you may have to move a magnet closer for it to have an effect.

The Earth's core is believed to be a mix (alloy) of iron and nickel, giving the Earth its own magnetic field.

The Earth's magnetic field is responsible for deflecting the solar wind, charged particles that come from the Sun.

Magnetic compasses use the Earth's magnetic field to help navigate in north, south, east and west directions.

Electromagnets are created by an electric current running through a surrounding coil. They have many uses including the generation of electricity in hydroelectric dams.

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Fun Magnet Facts for Kids - Magnetic Information about Magnetism

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Fun Magnet Facts for Kids Check out our fun magnet facts for kids and enjoy learning some truly magnetic information about the world of magnetism. Find out what a magnet is, how magnetic fields work, which metals are magnetic and which aren't, how the Earth's core relates to magnetism and much more.

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Welcome to the tutorial on how to magnetize. Have fun and remember to stay safe children.
Keep a strong magnet around, and you can magnetize some types of steel with a couple minutes of work. This turns the steel into a weak magnet that loses its magnetism over time. This method is ideal for magnetizing a screwdriver, nail, or needle just before use so they are attracted to metal and won’t easily get lost. You can also use it to restore magnetism to an old compass needle or another weakened magnet.
For more info on how to magnetize different objects click the link below.
https://www.wikihow.com/Magnetize-Steel

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1. article- is there a speed for electric fields?

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1. article- is there a speed for electric fields?

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light or electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of causality or c. magnets also travel at this speed  which is the fastest information can travel. this happens because electric and magnetic fields are mediated by photons which are packets of electromagnetic radiation
https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html

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News Article - Turtle Magnetism (Post 1)

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News Article - Turtle Magnetism (Post 1)

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Turtles may have a magnetic sense that enables them to find their way back into the ocean. This sense had not previously been an explanation for their homing ability, but with recent discoveries it is a very plausible theory. There is also a relationship between the magnetic fields and where female turtles lay their nests. Magnetism is what guides female turtles back to their home.
Make sure to like and comment below!
Check out the rest of this article:

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Loggerhead sea turtles use the Earth's magnetic fields to find their way home.

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Welcome to our magnetism padlet!  Please be sure to stay appropriate on our page 😊.