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Rise of Nationalism:
Growth of nationalism or, a deep devotion to one's country. 20th century a rivalry developed in European Great Powers. (Including countries Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.) The rivalry from European countries stemmed from many sources. France never had gotten over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to the Germany in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)

Imperialism and Militarism:
Another force that helped set the stage for war in Europe was Imperialism. European countries continued to compete for overseas empires their sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened. Troubling developed in the 20th century was the rise of dangerous European arms race. Nations of Europe believed that to be truly great they needed a powerful military. All the Great Powers except Britain had large standing armies(1914).  Importance of being able to quickly mobilize. Generals in each country developed highly detailed.

Militarism: the policy of glorifying military power and keeping and army prepared

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Nations take Sides:
(1914 mid August) Battle lines were clearly drawn. Germany and Austria-Hungary were known as the central Powers. Great Britain, France, and Russia were known as the Allied Powers or The Allies. Japan and Italy were the Allies weeks later. (summer 1914) Millions of soldiers marched happily off to battle convinced that the war would be short.

Central Powers:  Germany and Austria-Hungary location is in the heart of Europe

Allies: Great Britain, France, and Russia along with other nations that fought on the side

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The Gallipoli Campaign:
Promising strategy for the Allies seemed to be to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles. By securing the Dardanelles the Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia. (February 1915) Effort to take the Dardanelles strait began. Was known as the Gallipoli campaign. British, Australian, New Zealand, and French troops mad repeated assaults on the Gallipoli Peninsula on the western side of the strait. (May) Gallipoli had turned into another bloody stalemate.

Battles in Africa and Asia:
Parts of Asia and Africa, Germany's colonial possessions came under assault. Japanese overran German outposts in China. Also captured Germany's pacific island colonies. Elsewhere in Asia and Africa the British and French recruited subjects in the colonies for the struggle. Many fought and died on the battlefield. Others volunteered in the hope that it would lead to their independence. Some colonial subjects wanted nothing to do with their European rulers' conflicts.

America Joins the Fight:
(1917) The war shifted to the high seas. Germans intensified the submarine warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean since shortly after the war began. (1917) February, Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain. It was called unrestricted submarine warfare. It wasn't the first attempt. 1915, May 7th was when a German submarine, U-boat, had sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania. The attack left 1,198 people dead, including 128 U.S. citizens. The American public was outranged; President Woodrow Wilson sent a strong protest to Germany. After two final attacks, Germans agreed to stop attacking neutral and passenger ships. Germans returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917

unrestricted submarine warfare: type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning as opposed to attacks per prize rules

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Woodrow Wilson: one of the major decision makers in the US out of the Big Four
Georges Clemenceau: one of the major decision makers in France out of the Big Four

Wilson's Plan for Peace:
January 1918 while the war was still raging, President Wilson had drawn up a series of peace proposals. These were known as the fourteen points. the first four points included an end to secret treaties, freedom from of the seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and navies. The fifth goal was the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples. The sixth through thirteen points were specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations. The fourteenth point proposed a "general association of nations" that would protect "great and small states a like." The main idea behind the points was self-determination.

Fourteen Points: outlined a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace
self-determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

The Versailles Treaty:
As the Paris Peace Conference opened, Britain and France showed a little sign of agreeing to Wilson's vision of peace. Both nations were worried about national security and wanted to strip Germany of its war making power. The treaty between Germany and the Allies powers was signed on June 28th, 1919, five years to the day after Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo.

Treaty of Versailles: a comprise between Germany and the Allies powers was signed on June 28, 1919
League of Nations: an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among the nations

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
(1864-1871) Prussia's blood and iron chancellor Otto von Bismarck used war freely to unify Germany. Bismarck said, "France poses no danger to us." Bismarck saw France as the greatest threat to peace. He declared Germany as satisfied power. His first goal was to isolate France. (1881) Bismarck took another possible ally from France and mad a treaty with Russia.

Triple Alliance: a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding WWI.

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
(1890) Germany's foreign policy changed. Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign. Wilhelm did not wish to share his power, but to show the world how mighty Germany had become. (1890) Germany's treaty relapsed with Russia. Great Britain was alarmed when Germany made an effort to make German navy equal to the mighty British fleet.

Kaiser Wilhelm II: ruled Germany and forced Bismarck to resign
Triple Entente: a military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding WWI.

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Western Front: became known as a deadlocked region in northern France.

The Conflict Grinds Along:
Schlieffen Plan was named after its designer Alfred Graf. The plan was called for attacking and defeating France. Germans felt that they could carry out with the plan since Russia lagged with the rest of Europe. Germans knew they needed a quick victory against France. (Sept. 5th) The Allies regrouped and attacked the Germans from northeast of Paris. It was only the first major clash on the Western Front.

Schlieffen Plan: facing a war on two fronts, Germany had developed a battle strategy.

War in the Trenches:
(1915) Opposing armies on western front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. Soldiers fought in trenches in tis kind of warfare. Staying put didn't ensure their safety. New tools of war didn't delivery a fast moving war as expected. (1916)Slaughter reached a peak.

Trench Warfare: became known when o pposing armies on western front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire

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Governments Wage Total War:
World War I became a total war; Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort. Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict. In each country, wartime government took control of the economy. Factories were told what to produce and how much. Many facilities were converted to mountains factories. Nearly every able-bodied civilian was put to work. Eventually, rationing covered a wide
range of goods, from butter to shoe leather. Governments also suppressed antiwar activity sometimes forcibly. They censored news about the war.

total war: conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources
rationing: limiting the amounts of goods people can buy, often imposed by governments by wartime, when goods are short on  supply
propoganda: information or material spread to advance the principles of reform

Women and the War:
Total war meant that governments
turned to help from women as never before. Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals. Women supplied troops with food, clothing, and weapons. Women left the work force when the war ended they changed many peoples views of what women were capable of doing. Women also saw the horrors of war firsthand working on or near the front lines as nurses.

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The Creation of New Nations:

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"

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A Restless Region:
(1900's) The Ottoman Empire was in rapid decline. Some Balkan groups struggled to free themselves from the Ottoman Turks, others succeeded in breaking away from the Turkish Rulers. nationalism was a powerful force in these countries. (1908) Austria annexed or took over Bosnia and Herzegovia. Austria- Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans.

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
The Black hand was a secret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian Rule. (July 23) Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands. Austria didn't want any negotiations. The leaders had already decided on war

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Eastern Front: The region along the German-Russia border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Early Fighting:
Beginning of the war Russian forces had launched an attack on Austria and Germany. Germany counter attacked Tannenberg.  More than 30,000 Russian soldiers were killed. Russian forces defeated the Austrians twice in September 1914 . Austria defeated the Russians and eventually pushed out of Austria-Hungary

Russia Struggles:
(1916) Russia's war effort was near collapse. Russian army was short on many resources. The Allied shipments to Russia were limited by German control of the Baltic sea. The Russian army had only one asset, its number. Russians suffered staggering numbers trough the war. Germany couldn't hurl its full fighting force towards the west. Germany and its allies were concerned for the western and eastern front.

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Russia Withdraws:
(March 1917) Civil unrest in Russia forced Czar Nicholas to step down. A provisional government was established in his place. The new government pledged to continue to fight the war. (1917) 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner. 8 months later into the new government a new revolution shook Russia. November 1917, communist Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power. Lenin insisted on ending his country's involvement in the war.

The Central Powers Collapse:
Russia's withdrawal from the year at last allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the Western Front. (March 1918) The Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France. By late May 1918, the Germans had again reached the Marine River. The effort to reach Marne had exhausted men and supplies alike. Sensing Germany's weakness, the Allies launched a counterattack. (July 1918) The Allies and Germans clashed at the second battle of Marne.

armistice: an agreement to stop fighting

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:
Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and submarines were developed during WWI. What these new technologies did was effectively increase the number of people killed. But, didn't move at the speed the soldiers wanted the war to go.

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General Notes:
WWI was a new kind of war in many ways. It involved new technology, ushered in the notion of war on a grand and global scale, and left behind a landscape of death and destruction like never before. Both sides of WWI paid a tremendous price in terms of human life. 8.5 million soldiers died, 21 million soldiers were wounded, and led to the death of countless civilians by way of starvation, disease, and slaughter. The war also had a very devastating impact on Europe. The war also destroyed acres of farmland, as well as homes, villages, and towns. Another significant legacy of the war lay in its peace agreement