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Full-frame digital cameras use a sensor that’s equivalent in size to 35mm film (36 x 24mm), and is the largest “consumer” format you can buy without moving up into the specialized realm of medium format

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs

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a lens of fixed focal length

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a lens allowing a camera to change smoothly from a long shot to a close-up or vice versa by varying the focal length

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You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace

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that allows you to adjust settings for each selected tool

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are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal

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located at the very top of the program. The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more

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where you would go to adjust settings for the currently active tool. This toolbar is context-sensitive, meaning that it changes according to which tool you have selected

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saturation (or 'chroma') defines the intensity of a hue. Vivid primary colours are highly saturated, while pastel colours are unsaturated

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in photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors)

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image

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Magnify tool menu. Shortcut: Z. The zoom tool is used for magnifying a selected part of the image. The first option is called Auto-resize window. By default it's disabled

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helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly. The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it

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the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos in Photoshop. The Crop tool is non-destructive, and you can choose to retain the cropped pixels to optimize the crop boundaries later

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fancy way of saying what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other. If the ratio is 1:1 it means that each side of the pixel is the same length as the other, in other words the pixel is a square

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Straighten using the Crop tool. In Photoshop CS6 and CC the Crop tool now has a Straighten tool built into it. So, to straighten a photo, click the Crop Tool (or press C) and click the Straighten icon on the toolbar. Now drag a line across the photo, along an element which should be horizontal or vertical

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paint bucket tool fills an area of an image based on color similarity. Click anywhere in the image and the paint bucket will fill an area around the pixel you clicked

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s an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color

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The Lasso Tool is another invaluable tool for making selections. For those with an unsteady hand or a hangover the Magnetic Lasso Tool will also save serious time in cutting out selections

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known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools inPhotoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color

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Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges. You can also hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key (Mac OS) to draw freehand sections

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Quick Selection tool to quickly “paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool . (If the tool isn't visible, hold down the Magic Wand tool .)

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This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse

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default healing tool inPhotoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint

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allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image. The healing brush tool is located in the Photoshop Toolbox, on the left side

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initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patch from or patch to. For example, you can hold down the Option/Alt key to temporarily convert the patch tool to become a polygonal lasso tool with which to draw straight line selection edges

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allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area. Select the Clone Stamp tool , then check the settings in the options bar

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move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image

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This is where light is blocked out to make portions of the image lighter.

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This is where light is blocked out to make portions of the image lighter.

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When you adjust saturation you adjust the strength of a colour. With the sponge tool you paint with a brush to either increase the saturation of decrease it

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is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred. The context-sensitive Options Bar, usually located at the top of your workspace, will display all relevant options related to the Blur Tool

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enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening

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simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag. Select the Smudge tool . Choose a brush tip and options for the blending mode in the options bar

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portraits is caused when the flash source is used too close to the lens axis and the pupils of the eye are wide open. One way to avoid this happening is to set your camera flash to red eye mode (if available). The camera will usually pop a single or short series of flashes just before firing the main camera flash exposure. Failing that, the red eye tool in Photoshop is an easy-to-use tool for removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source

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hitting G or by selecting the rectangular gradient icon located on the left hand toolbar in the program. Once the Gradient Tool (G) is activated, select the gradient of your choice in the top toolbar: linear, radial, angle, reflected, and diamond

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fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of different areas across a single layer

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Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustment layers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time

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macro lenses are often used to take photos of things close up, how they’re used isn’t actually what defines them. A macro lens has the ability to focus from infinity to 1:1 magnification, meaning that the size of the image in real life is the same size as it’s reproduced on the sensor. The magnification ratio tells you how the image projected on the camera’s sensor compares with the subject’s actual size, so a lens with a 1:2 ratio can project an image on its sensor up to half the size of the subject while a lens with a 5:1 ratio can project an image five times the size of the subject. Macro lenses also allow for closer focusing distances than normal lenses

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fisheye lens is a wide angle lens that takes in a wider than normal image that is hemispherical in shape. If you look at a photo taken with a fisheye lens there are varying degrees of distortion apparent in the picture but you will notice that they take on the illusion of being spherical instead of straight

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High Dynamic Range, and it is a technique in which many images – usually around 3 or 5 – are merged together, so that details from all the different images show up in the final HDR image

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a darkening in the corners of a photo, is a popular creative effect

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The type tool allows direct on-image text editing. The only difference between the horizontal and vertical type tools is that the horizontal type tool adds text horizontally and the vertical type tool adds text vertically.

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which uniformly reflects 18% of the light which falls upon it. Gray cards can be used as a reference to set the camera exposure or to calibrate a light meter (light meters are used to determine which exposure setting is required to produce a medium gray tone)

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where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot

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one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand

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mode is the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones. One of the key factors (in addition to color, distance, subjects, highlights, etc) that affects matrix metering, is where the camera focus point is set to

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Center-weighted Metering evaluates the light in the middle of the frame and its surroundings and ignores the corners