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1.History and Origin of Dengue Virus, www.denguevirusnet.com/history-of-dengue.html.
2.“Dengue and Severe Dengue.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
3.Brathwaite Dick, Olivia et al. “The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas” American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene vol. 87,4 (2012): 584-93.
4.“Dengue.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Oct. 2013, www.cdc.gov/dengue/clinicallab/casedef.html.
5.“The Dengue Update.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/DengueUpdate.pdf.
6.“Description of the Current Epidemiological Trends of Dengue in the Americas.” Paho.org, Pan American Health Organization, www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4494:2010-descripcion-situacion-epidemiologica-actual-dengue-americas&Itemid=40370&lang=en.
7. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Dengue. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018
8.staff, Science X. “Global Consortium Rewrites the 'Cartography' of Dengue Virus.” Medical Xpress - Medical Research Advances and Health News, Medical Xpress, 17 Sept. 2015, medicalxpress.com/news/2015-09-global-consortium-rewrites-cartography-dengue.html.
9.“Dengue Fever Facts.” Douglas Shire Council, douglas.qld.gov.au/business/environmental-health/dengue-fever-facts/.
10.Ahmad, H, et al. “Outbreak Investigation Report of Dengue Fever during June-November 2014: A Case Study of District Swat, Pakistan.” JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29479091.
11.“Singapore Woman, 29, Talks about Nearly Dying from Dengue.” AsiaOne, www.asiaone.com/health/singapore-woman-29-talks-about-nearly-dying-dengue.

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[9]

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A 29 year old woman in Singapore started to experience chills and mild headaches which she attributed to a cold. Soon, her blood platelet level started dropping to a dangerously low point leaving her at risk of having bleeding complications or death. She experienced these symptoms for 11 1/2 weeks, then she got a blood clot in the back of her mouth. After going to the hospital, she was admitted for a low platelet count over fear that it might cause bleeding in the brain. She was in intensive care for four days receiving multiple blood transfusions. Thankfully, she survived but the woman, Mrs Sharan Kaur Sahdev, says that"I am on my way to recovery. I have bruising all over my legs and toes and even on my arms...I feel very worn out, like I've just fought a battle. When I walk to the corner mamak shop (provision shop) and back to the apartment, I feel like I have just run a marathon."

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Dengue virus has become a worldwide threat, becoming one of the most serious diseases affecting children in tropical areas. More than 40% of the world lives in dengue endemic areas. [5]

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An article titled 'The History of Dengue Outbreaks in the Americas' says that the first "suspected" dengue epidemic was reported in 1635 in Martinique and Guadeloupe. The first documented outbreak in the Americas was by Benjamin Rush in 1789 while all other recognized epidemics occurred simultaneously in Asia, Africa and North America. This simultaneousness is likely due to the trading that was going on between these continents at the time. Now, dengue fever is endemic in Puerto Rico and popular tourist destinations in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. [3]

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Disease Distributions, Determinants and Frequency 

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Disease Distributions, Determinants and Frequency 

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Dengue is a mosquito borne virus transmitted mainly by female aedes aegypti. There are 4 serotypes that are distinct but still closely related: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4.
Before 1970, 9 countries had experienced dengue epidemics. [2]
Now, there are endemics in more then 100 countries in regions of Africa, the Americas, South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific. The number of reported cases has increased over the years. There is an estimated 50 million infections each year while an estimated 500,000 people with severe dengue require hospitalization yearly. However there has been a 28% decline in case fatality due to improving case management at the country level. [3]

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The first confirmed case report is dated from 1789 by Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who coined the term "breakbone fever" because of the symptoms of myalgia(pain in a muscle) and arthralgia(pain in a joint) after studying an epidemic in Philadelphia. The virus is spread by a "yellow fever mosquito" aedes aegypti. [5]
The most recent (2009) case definition according to the CDC is:
"Fever and two of the following:
-nausea, vomiting
-rash
-aches and pains
-Leukopenia
-Positive tournique test [4]

Before the disease was formally figured out, there were hypotheses for what caused the virus. One of the theories came from the Jin Dynasty (266-420AD), first recorded in the Chinese medical encyclopedia.The case was described as a “water poison” associated with flying insects. [1]

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There was an outbreak of Dengue virus in Swat, Pakistan in 2014. Researchers had to determine the frequency distribution of the outbreak. They did a cross-sectional study between June and November of 2014 at Saidu Sharif Teaching hospital in Swat, Pakistan. Patients at the hospital were screened for dengue virus non-structural protein using Dengue Duo strips, data was obtained from patients' records, filled forms and questionnaires. What researchers found was that the Dengue virus affected males more than females and that the affected areas had poor drainage and water storage systems. [10]