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my place of residence is San Diego California. yes it is an active earthquake zone. Earthquakes in California are common occurrences since the state is located on the San Andreas Fault, which cuts across California and forms the tectonic plate boundary between the Pacific and the North American Plate. There are many thousands of small earthquakes per year, most of them so small that they are not felt. California's complex landscape can be attributed to the network of faults that run through the state. The earliest reported earthquake in California was felt in 1769 by the Portola expedition about 30 miles southeast of Los Angeles, probably near the San Andreas Fault.[
California has numerous active faults throughout the state which are known to produce large earthquakes. The most active of these is the San Jacinto Fault Zone in Southern California, which has produced large events on a regular basis throughout recent history. The Mendocino Triple Junction located offshore of Northern California is also very active, producing many earthquakes above M6 throughout history.[3] Northern California is also subject to megathrust earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone (extending north from Mendocino), such as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, magnitude of approximately 9. The town of Parkfield in central California is located on a section of the San Andreas Fault that produces an earthquake of about M6 every 20–30 years on average in 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, 1966 and 2004.[4]

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Two  plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary. Natural or  human-made structures that cross a transform boundary are offset—split into  pieces and carried in opposite directions. Rocks that line the boundary are  pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a linear fault valley or  undersea canyon. As the plates alternately jam and jump against each other,  earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone. In contrast to convergent and  divergent boundaries, no magma is formed. Thus, crust is cracked and broken at  transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.

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When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the two colliding plates buckles the edge of one or both plates up into a rugged mountain range, and sometimes bends the other down into a deep seafloor trench. A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to the boundary, to the mountain range, and to the trench. Powerful earthquakes shake a wide area on both sides of the boundary.

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A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries, lava spews from long fissures and geysers spurt superheated water. Frequent earthquakes strike along the rift. Beneath the rift, magma—molten rock—rises from the mantle. It oozes up into the gap and hardens into solid rock, forming new crust on the torn edges of the plates. Magma from the mantle solidifies into basalt, a dark, dense rock that underlies the ocean floor. Thus at divergent boundaries, oceanic crust, made of basalt, is created.

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Introduction to Plate Boundaries

I hope you have never been in a car accident, but I know we all have seen one in our lives. If you have watched many movies, you almost certainly have. Have you noticed how even when the car is no longer at the accident site, you can tell what happened to it - like where it was impacted, how fast it was going (or the other car was going), and what part was hit first? Even without impacts, perhaps you can piece together what happened when a scratch shows up on the side of the car. As tectonic plates of the earth, or giant pieces of the earth's crust, move and crash into each other, similar tell-tale signs show up to give us some ideas about how they move with relation to each other.

The theory of plate tectonics states that the crust of the earth is broken up into large pieces, or plates, that move around by floating on top of the liquid layer of the earth known as the mantle. This process is driven by convection currents within the mantle. Convection currents are formed by hot magma near the core rising towards the surface, while cooler magma near the crust sinks, setting up a current that causes the plates to move. These currents are the primary driving force behind plate movement. This theory was the result of decades of work and observations made of the earth's surface. It is still the first model to neatly explain all the pieces of data scientists couldn't explain when they thought the surface of the earth was stationary.

The map above may seem confusing at first, but the main thing is that the colored lines show the lines where the crust is broken up into many different plates. Most are named after the continents that are contained on them.

Some plates are entirely oceanic crust, or crust under the ocean, while others are a combination of oceanic and continental crust, which is crust of the continents. The boundary where two separate plates meet is where all the action occurs and is called a fault. A fault is a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the movement of the two plates.

Getting back to the example of cars, when two cars are next to each other, there are three possible ways for the cars to move with relation to each other. Plates act in a similar manner.

Divergent Boundary

The first way two cars can move relative to each other is in divergent directions, like passing a car going the other way. Plates also can pull apart from each other. This is known as a divergent boundary. A divergent boundary is a fault where the two plates are moving away from each other.

Now, as plates pull apart, several things may occur. First of all, volcanic activity is common in these areas since mantle easily moves to the surface through the thin, fractured rock as it separates. Volcanoes are a sign of a divergent boundary. This happens all along the mid-ocean ridge where magma is constantly streaming to the surface, creating new ocean floor as the plates separate.

If a continent happens to be a place where a divergent boundary occurs, then the continent will begin to be torn apart as the sides of the plates separate, creating a rift valley. The African Rift Valley in East Africa is an example of this occurrence. Eventually, the ocean will separate East Africa from the rest, making a large island.

Convergent Boundary

A second way cars interact (unfortunately) is by colliding. When cars impact each other or another solid object, the energy is transferred to the cars themselves, showing up as dents, ripples, or cracks. Plates also show tell-tale signs of colliding, too, depending on the kind of crust colliding.

Remember that at divergent boundaries, new crust is being made, but the earth is not getting larger. Why not? Well, at the opposite ends, crust is being pushed into the earth's interior by colliding plates and being re-melted at the same rate new crust is formed. This happens at a convergent boundary. A convergent boundary is a boundary where two separate plates are pushing into each other.

There are two kinds of surface features that are associated with a convergent boundary. The first is a deep ocean trench that forms a line of the two colliding plates. One plate made of oceanic crust can slide down underneath another plate, forming this narrow, deep trench. This happens because oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust, making it more likely to be pushed back into the mantle. These trenches are the deepest places on the face of the earth, extending over 30,000 feet below the ocean surface. You could take Mount Everest and sink it in the Mariana Trench, the deepest point in the ocean, and still have a mile to the surface of the ocean. That's deep!

As one plate is forced under the other one, it begins to melt, and a line of volcanoes forms in a parallel line to the trench. If the other plate is oceanic crust, the line of volcanoes will become islands, like the Philippines, and if it is continental crust, then it will become a line of volcanic mountains, like the Cascade Range in the western U.S. or the Andes Mountains in South America.

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and transform boundaries - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Plate Boundaries: Convergent, Divergent, and Transform Boundaries - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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I hope you have never been in a car accident, but I know we all have seen one in our lives. If you have watched many movies, you almost certainly have.

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transform fault

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Fault Line

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Earthquake

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=45NB35w3Jw8

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aftershock-a smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake.

fault- an unattractive or unsatisfactory feature, especially in a piece of work or in a person's character.

primary waves-Primary waves are alternatingly compressional and extensional, and cause the rocks they pass through to change in volume.

seismic waves-an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means.

earthquake-a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

compression-the action of compressing or being compressed.

epicenter-the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.

fault zone-Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults.

secondary wave-Secondary waves cause the rocks they pass through to change in shape.

magnitude-the great size or extent of something.

Strike-slip fault: a type of fault where rocks slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions, with little up or down motion. The San Andreas fault in California and the North Anatolian fault in Turkey are examples of strike-slip faults.

Surface waves: seismic waves that move along Earth's surface. They can have an up-and-down motion or a horizontal motion. Surface waves travel slower than P or S waves and usually cause the most damage.

Tension: a type of stress that stretches rock and makes it thinner.

Tsunami: a giant, fast-moving wave that is caused by an undersea earthquake. Also known as a seismic sea wave.

Richter scale: a measurement of the magnitude of an earthquake based on the readings of a seismograph. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 9, with each number representing a 10-fold increase in ground motion, and a 30-fold increase in energy released.

Seismograph: an instrument that records seismic waves.

Stress: a force that causes rock to change shape.

Reverse fault: a type of fault where compression pushes rock together. Also known as a thrust fault.

Normal fault: a type of fault where forces of tension are pulling rock apart.

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Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates. The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates. The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest are continental plates.

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Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates. The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates. The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest are continental plates.

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This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.

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Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault.