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From the Text: Children learn 1st language thru stimulus, response and reinforcement.
Ball example: associate the ball with the object, mimic the parent saying ball, then parent praises child.

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Children learn from the people they interact with by imitating them.

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We're a blank slate when we're born.

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Learning by imitation isn't consistent with the fact that younger children speak grammatically incorrectly.
Textbook example: Him don't say it right. Adults don't talk like that so they're doing more than imitating.

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From the text: Chomsky concluded language acquisition can only be accounted for by innate, biological language acquisition device (LAD) or system. Infants are prewired for linguistic analysis.

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Noam Chompsky is the main theorist

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Learn grammar through a series of hypothesis.
Textbook example: rule-all plural nouns end in S = mans, childs. eventually the revise their hypothesis to reconcile exceptions to the rule.

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Infants have natural ability to learn language.

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Howard Gardner argues that babies need adults to develop rich vocabulary, understand discourse and forms of expression.

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From the Text: Caregivers play a critical role in adjusting language to facilitate the use of innate capacities for language acquisition.

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Biological and social factors.
From the text "nature and nurture"

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conversational scaffolding supports this theory.

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scaffolding offers vocabulary development. grammar.

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Rudimentary understandings develop overtime and thru misunderstandings.

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Textbook concludes this theory is INADEQUATE

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But believes it fails to recognize the importance of the role of caregivers.

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Behaviorist theories still influence 2nd language teaching in classrooms.

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Believe the natural sequence of learning is to listen/speak then read/write.

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Audiolingual method: memorize recorded dialogues and drills to practice verbs & sentence structures.

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Text: Imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures.

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From the text: ELLs creatively construct rules of the second language in a manner similar to that observed in first language acquisition.

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We acquire second language almost in the same way we acquire our first language.

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Findings refute hypothesis that learner errors are predictable from contrastive analysis.

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From Wikipedia- Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities

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Research, Innatist. Developed hypotheses about 2nd language acquisition.

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Difference between acquiring and learning. Acquiring has focus is communication not accuracy of form. Language learning is formal study of forms and functions in classrooms

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Critics argue it is impossible to distinguish from learning and acquisiton.

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3 conditions to be met: sufficient time; focus on grammatical form; and explicit knowledge of the rules.

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Easier for writing than speaking

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Knowing rules helps polish language.

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From the text: learners acquire rather than learn the rules of language in a predictable sequence.

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Applies to both first and second language acquisitions.
-parentingpatch.com

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Variations of natural order exist.

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From the text: 2nd language acquisition is direct result of learners' understanding the target language in natural communication situations.
Comprehensible input is the causative variable in acquisition

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3 conditions must be met. Must be understandable.
Must contain grammatical structures that are beyond the learners current linguistic knowledge.
Language must be natural flowing and used for
purposeful communcation

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Hypothesis has been challenge on 2 things.
Ignores the rule of output (speaking and writing) in 2nd language acquisition.
No way to measure i + 1

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Addresses affective or social-emotional variables.

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Most affective variables for 2nd language acquisition: Low anxiety learning environment, motivation to learn, self-confidence and esteem.

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the learner can hinder the process and is affected by these filters

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filters must be low enough for input in to the language acquisition device

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communicative give and take of natural conversation between native and non-native speakers is the crucial element of acquisition.

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Idea of comprehensible input forms a basic tenet of the Interactionist perspective.

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focuses on the social interactions

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focus on how NATIVE speakers modify their speech to make themselves be understood by ELs

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study how non-native speakers use their new knowledge and language to get a point across

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From the Text: earner output plays an important role in 2nd language acquisition alongside comprehensible input.

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Researcher associated with this theory