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Extruded feeds offer increased efficiency, profitability, and sustainability in any culture system or species. Profitability in aquaculture, whether it is for milkfish, tilapia, or even shrimp, is determined by the cost of feeding to produce one kilogram of fish, not the price per kilogram of feeds.

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It is evident that extruded feeds result in increased profitability and a cleaner aquatic environment, all of which contribute to the aquaculture industry's sustainability. Extrusion enables the efficient and expanded utilization of plant ingredients, hence lowering reliance on sea-sourced fishmeal. Waste and uneaten feeds are reduced by 27%–33%, hence reducing pollution in coastal and inland waters.

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Fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding management are key components of aquaculture's sustainable development. The selection of an appropriate feed is a critical undertaking for an aquaculturist. This feeding approach incorporates cost-effective, low-fish meal, and low-pollution aquafeeds into a supplemental feeding system will contribute to aquaculture's long-term sustainability. Additionally, it is the aquaculturist's obligation to execute sound feeding practices in order to maximize fish productivity, profitability, and to avoid degrading the culture environment.

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How volcanic eruption impacts biodiversity. (2020, February 21). The Haribon Foundation. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://haribon.org.ph/how-volcanic-eruption-impacts-biodiversity/

Mayuga, J. L. (2020, January 19). Taal Volcano’s protected area, unique biodiversity in peril | Jonathan L. Mayuga. BusinessMirror. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/01/20/taal-volcanos-protected-area-unique-biodiversity-in-peril/

Taal Volcano and Biodiversity. (n.d.). GOVPH. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/resources/news-and-events/95-taal-volcano-and-biodiversity

Taal Volcano eruption’s damage to agriculture reaches P3.06B. (2020, January 17). Philstar.Com. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/17/1985593/taal-volcano-eruptions-damage-agriculture-reaches-p306b

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Base, F. (2021, May 22). What is the Difference Between Horticulture and Agriculture -. Farming Base. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://farmingbase.com/what-is-the-difference-between-horticulture-and-agriculture/

CNN Philippines. (2021, April 30). 62% of households experienced having no food amid the COVID-19 pandemic — survey. Retrieved from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/4/30/households-experiencing-having-no-food-amid-the-COVID-19-pandemic.html

Department of Science and Technology: Food and Nutrition Research Institute.(2019). Food Security Status of Filipino households, Expanded National Nutrition Survey. DOST-FNRI. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://enutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2019%20ENNS%20Results%20Dissemination_Household%20Food%20Security%20%20Status.pdf

S. (2018, October 6). Why sustainable gardening? Sustainable Gardening Australia. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.sgaonline.org.au/why-sustainable-gardening/

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Through sustainable gardening, this imparts knowledge about the positive impact of gardening. It promotes an action-based approach as a means to address the heightening issue that is food insecurity through providing the communities with garden kits containing gardening materials, seeds, and organic fertilizers. This helps in placing food on the table through produce availability without the need to leave houses and spend too much money. In addition, it also promotes long-term food security and teaches about the importance of sustainability.

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Food insecurity hinders proper nutrition which is essential for our bodies during this pandemic. Having insufficient nutrients in the body can endanger proper body functioning which results in a weakened immune system or the manifestation of various nutrient-deficient illnesses or diseases. There me disadvantages but with sustainable gardening, this can serve as the means to overcome food insecurity. This process involves saving the seeds from the vegetables you eat, planting them in pots, and recycling left-over foods into fertilizers, avoiding excessive pesticides.

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It is probable that there will be less fertile areas in sustainable gardening, and it will be rather difficult to increase the fertility of soil just through crop rotation and without the use of fertilizers and other chemicals.

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In gardening, not everyone has a green thumb so with the use of machines is minimal or eliminated, it takes more time and people to successfully produce plants, which slows down the production.

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The primary downside of sustainable gardening is that it restricts land use, making it harder to grow vast quantities of food. As a result, mass production is unfeasible.

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By providing habitat for endangered species, sustainable gardening fosters biodiversity. As urbanization progresses, gardens are increasingly viewed as beneficial to biodiversity. They can serve as animal sanctuaries, specifically if they are near to or close to natural regions, allowing for the formation of interconnected networks. A study of the endangered Gouldian finch demonstrated that providing adequate nest boxes can increase offspring production. David Attenborough, a well-known naturalist, highlighted in 2014 that reserves and National Parks alone are insufficient to conserve biodiversity and that urban gardens, parkland, and roadside verges must now be viewed as locations where conservation should be applied. That is why, in sustainable gardening, it is recommended to produce indigenous plants rather than exotics in order to provide food and habitat for indigenous indigenous wildlife.

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Sustainable gardening practices help to keep weeds out of natural environments. Weed invasion in natural spaces is a significant and long-standing issue in gardening. According to a review of academic research and a survey of seed specialists in Australia, the native plants trade and vehicle movements are the primary vectors of weed propagation. Thus, the garden and nursery industries, as well as home gardeners, have a large portion of the guilt for a problem that results in the suffocation or even eradication of native plant species and habitat in natural regions.

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ADVANTAGES:

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It helps the environment by lowering energy usage and greenhouse emissions. While power tools are apparent consumers of electricity, less visible is the fact that garden pesticides and fertilizers require energy-intensive industrial operations. These items require more energy to manufacture than natural ingredients such as compost, manures (both animal and leguminous plant-based), and home-made worm castings.

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The intended audience will learn how to implement the techniques and cultivate high-value crops for which they will make an income through sales. With organic gardening as its foundation, the labor of two disadvantaged groups, and the environment, this strategy concurrently tackles food security, livelihoods, and ecological sustainability (reaction to global warming and pollution).

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Batangas Profile – PhilAtlas. (1903, March 2). PhilAtlas. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/batangas.html

Batangas Province. (2018, August 23). Batangas Province BaLinkBayan. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://batangas.balinkbayan.gov.ph/batangas-province/

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The pandemic and volcano eruption also affects the agricultural sector, public transportation, and the source of income for families. Recently, the DOST-Rapid Nutrition Assessment Survey released that out of 5,717 households, 62.1%  suffer from moderate to severe food insecurity in 2020. This further proves that currently, there are still several households that suffer from food insecurity due to all the disasters that happened in the country measures.

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Figure 9. Sardinella Tawilis (Endangered) of Taal Lake

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Tilapia is the most common fish species in the lake. Sardinella tawilis, often known as tawilis, is the most popular and economically significant. The tawilis is endemic to Taal Lake, which means that it can only be found there. It may be the only sardine species that can exclusively live in freshwater. Unfortunately, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature listed the tawilis as endangered in 2019 due to overfishing, water contamination of Taal Lake, and the presence of invasive alien species like the tilapia, which is popular among fish producers there.

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The Taal volcano's destruction (ash-covered soils, smoke clouds) is expected to endure for a long time and will have severe implications for agricultural land, aquaculture (several animals were killed), drinking water access, and air quality.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The influence of extrusion settings on protein quality is dependent on the amount of accessible lysine lost during the process. When the moisture of the raw material is less about 15% and the extrusion temperature is greater than 180°C, the higher the loss of lysine and the lesser the biological efficacy of the protein, which reduces Through lowering the sugar concentration of raw materials such as glucose and lactose and improving the moisture level, the Maillard reaction can be effectively avoided. As the raw material moisture content is 15%, the extrusion temperature is 150°C, and the rotational speeds is 100r/min, the biological activity of the final protein is greatly increased when compared to the raw material that has not been treated.

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Extruded feed is a more difficult manufacturing process than pellet feed, requires more equipment investment, consumes more energy, and produces less, hence the cost is higher, often approximately 20% higher than pellet feed.

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In an essence, extruded fish can aid in scientific feeding and management by saving significant time and increasing labor productivity. Extruded aqua feed is an excellent fodder for modern aquaculture due to its high market potential and broad application fields.

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Feeding management is simplified with floating extruded feed since aqua feed may float on water for an extended period of time and there is no need for a set feeding station; simply feed at a fixed place. Additionally, fish farmers can monitor their fish's food intake situation, modify feeding quantities appropriately, and manage fish development and health status on a timely basis.

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Extruded fish feed has the potential to eliminate a number of typical drawbacks, including poor water stability, feed disappearance and waste, and water quality pollution.

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With the continued development of the fish farming sector, extruded fish feeds have gained increasing popularity due to their unique benefits, which include high nutrient content, superior palatability, and high digestibility. Currently, the most extensively used extruded fish feed is floating feed, which has a relatively mature technology.

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Thousands of fish cages were damaged by Taal's eruption, as evidenced by radar photos taken after the eruption, as seen in the figures. More than 15,000 metric tons of fish, worth PhP 1.6 billion, were lost in Taal Lake. As the lake's acidity and temperature altered, Fishkill followed Taal's eruption. The high quantity of sulfur upwelling from the ground into the lake altered the acidity of the water to a dangerous level for aquatic life. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) designated Tawilis as an endangered species following the eruption of Taal.

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Figure 8. Aquaculture affected by Taal Volcano's Eruption

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Figure 7. Land covered affected by Taal Volcano's Eruption in 2020 

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The recent eruption of the Taal Volcano has caused significant damage to the people, towns, and businesses who live and thrive in the area. It is also harmful, if not catastrophic, to the many different plants, animals, and ecosystems found inside this wonderful protected environment. According to a 2018 study, Taal Lake is home to 52 migratory and unique marine faunal species including the Garman sea snake, the enormous trevally (maliputo), and the freshwater sardinella (locally known as tawilis).

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Sustainable gardening is the organic production of high-value crops using methods and materials that have a low environmental impact. It entails organic farming, vermiculture, and the usage of a crop house. In a crop house, optimal circumstances can be maintained: protection from excessive sun, even distribution of water, ease of application of fertilizer and alternatives, and control of weeds, diseases, and pests, among other things.

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With the recent data, it shows that it is difficult for them to attain and reduce food insecurity with their crops and water resources. Food insecurity makes it difficult to get the right nutrition that our bodies require during this pandemic. As we continue to face the hardships of the pandemic, several affected factors risk our health. These include the limited availability of nutritious food due to restricted lockdown measures.

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Figure 5. Percentage of Household by Food Insecurity items: Philippines 2019

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Figure 6. Summary of Damages of Taal Volcano's Eruption

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Due to the pandemic and Taal eruption that occurred last year, Batangas is one of the provinces that is most hit by food insecurity. The Department of Agriculture reports that the volcanic eruption has affected 15,790 hectares of land and 43,774 metric tons of land in Batangas and other cities, amounting to P3.06 billion.

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The Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) launched by DOST-FNRI includes questions about the food security of the sampled households due to the continuous rise of malnourished citizens. The data from ENNS show that there is a constant increase of individuals that suffer from food insecurity. In 2019, 60.7% of Filipino households answered that they are worried about food.

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Batangas is well-known for its great biodiversity, notably in the Anilao as well as Verde Island Passage dive sites, which are both protected marine reserves. Additionally, it is home to the renowned Taal Volcano and so its Taal Lake, as well as various beaches and diving/snorkeling locations. Mt. Maculot in Cuenca; Mt. Batulao and Mt. Talamitam in Nasugbo; and GulugodBaboy in Mabini, a beginner-friendly walk that can be topped off with a swim at adjacent Sombrero Island.

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Metro Batangas is distinguished by its economically diverse profile. It is already a significant industrial district, with numerous manufacturing firms residing in its several industrial zones. It accounts for a sizable portion of domestic tourism, since its popular spots (e.g., Matabungkay, Nasugbu, Jamilo Coast, and San Juan) are perfect weekend getaways for inhabitants of Metro Manila.

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According to the 2020 Census, the city's population was 2,908,494. This was 17.96 percent of the CALABARZON region's total population, 4.68 percent of the Luzon island group's total population, and 2.67 percent of the entire Philippine population. The demographic density is calculated at 934 people per square kilometer or 2,418 residents per square mile using these numbers.

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Batangas is 3,115.05 square kilometers (1,202.73 square miles) in size. It is a first-class province in the Philippines in the CALABARZON area on the southwestern section of Luzon. Its capital is Batangas City, and it is bounded on the north by the Cavite and Laguna, and on the east by the province of Quezon. To the south of the Verde Island Passages is Mindoro, while to the west is the South China Sea.