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[Describe, by giving an illustration, how each of the requirements may influence the cost of a building]

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Every type of building has own purpose and function. A house to live, a hospital to treat patient, a school for teaching, a factory to manufacture product. Different function have different design, planning, concept, space, material, size, element, services, component, fittings and requirement. Normally, the building's physical almost the same to one another with the same functional.

For example a hospital. The main function is to serve and treat patients. So the design must be appropriate and well organised for any emergencies that may occur especially the size of doors, alternative power generator.
The material used during construction are high quality so the building can withstand strong after decades and remain still after natural disaster.

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[Describe, by giving an illustration, how each of the requirements may influence the cost of a building]

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-Technical requirements means the building have comply with technical legislation to meet client's requirement.

-It offers an essential body of data for bidders to assess the technical risks the private partner will be exposed to, as well as to price the service.

- For first example, when client intents to built a building in flammable area, it will affect design and finishes of building because need to consider mainly on fire resistance function. Hence, the building is required to enhance the fire fighting system such as installation of fire rated door, sprinkler system, hose reel system.

-For second example, buildings in Japan need to be design in Earthquake-proof to withstand collapse. Therefore, The technical requirement is to create a flexible foundation, counter forces with damping, shield buildings from vibrations apply earthquake-resistance materials such as wood and structural steel.

- Hence, the technical requirement will require specific material and specific technology that will cost additional value of money.

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[Describe, by giving an illustration, how each of the requirements may influence the cost of a building]

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[Describe, by giving an illustration, how each of the requirements may influence the cost of a building]

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Aesthetic requirement can influence the cost by changing the appearance and design of the building. Different aesthetic requirement will have different cost due to the different materials used. For example, a shopping complex using the curtain wall will have a higher cost rather than using concrete wall. The type of tiles is also affecting the cost. Besides, the complex aesthetic requirement will indirectly influence the technical requirement. Thus, the cost will increase the cost. However, people also often ignore that the special design or high aesthetic building always required expert architect, consultant and designer and the cost a lot too.

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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[Describe, by giving an illustration, how each of the requirements may influence the cost of a building]

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-The requirement is based on what the owner want, either they want to focus for themselves or users.
-If the building is built for own used, then it must have good design. The quality for fixtures and fittings must high as we live ourselves. The maintenance must  minimum and has long working life. For example, our house.
-If the building is built to be leased out, the building must give emphasis on the function of the building as the other people will live there. We must take care of their safety. It must incorporate hardwearing materials and
can last long time. For example, homestay.

-Therefore, if the building is used for ourselves, we will included more aesthetic value and design, the cost will be high. If we want the buildings last for long time, good materials will be chosen and thus the cost will increases

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Purpose of the building, component and fitting that must serve.

Eg. Condominium
-Provide swimming pools, gym etc. for the residents
-More function of the condominium increases cost of the building

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How a function of building can increase the cost?
Example: Gymnasium
1. Fitness equipment - By different type of fitness equipment it can has a different price.
2. Bathroom- Place to take a bath after exercise. It may need a larger water tank to ensure the water supply enough especially during water supply is stop due to some maintenance activity.
3.Storage cabinet- A place for customer kept their property.  It request a safety area to ensure the property are under protect so it may need some of the lock or CCTV
4. Rest area- Take a rest and it can also as a food area. Table and chair is needed.

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Aesthetic considerations might include line, shape/ form, size, texture and colour

The complex the shape of a building, the more expensive its cost will be.  Square building will be the most economical to construct compared with circular or other shapes building. For example, roof work such as shell roof and Tensile Beam-Cable Dome of a stadium.

Next, buildings with irregular outlines caused an increased floor area ratio which results in a higher cost because there will need more external walls to enclose the same floor area
Irregular shaped building is costly because setting out, groundwork, design work and drainage work may be more complicated.

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Apartments and commercial projects have vastly distinct price ranges than housing. Similarly, the cost of providing public facilities like conference centers, theatres, and sports stadiums is unrelated to the cost of providing public infrastructure like hospitals and schools. Each building's cost must be linked to its unique design, which can be compared to similar national and international projects.

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Related to the quality of finish and final appearance of building
Eg：Bungalow
-Use expensive aesthetic material
-High renovation fee is needed for the aesthetic requirements

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To fullfill different purpose will require different specification which will have diff cost implication

Eg. High-rise building
-Fire fighting system
-Installing system increases the cost

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Functional requirements and cost implications of alternative constructional techniques for different types of building and of building elements. If the building has more functional  requirements and specificcation, it may affect the cost of implementation of that building.

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Example : Shopping mall
- ACMV System > need to install ducting, grille and others.
- escalator and lift.
- plumbing system > piping system
- fire protection > fire damper, fire extinguisher
- Emergency light system > emergency light
- security system > cctv
- electrical system > trunking
to fulfill the technical requirement will increase the cost. Because those system need specialist to install it.

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User's requirement vary with different types of buildings and their desires, eg:
-More elaborate & pleasing design
-Functional rather than elaborate finishes
-High quality fixtures & fittings
-Good hardwearing surfaces
-Minimum maintenance & give long working life
-Comfortable conditions within the enclosure

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Expectations on how it will be used and operated according to the purpose by owners

Eg. Own use building
-pleasing design
-increases the cost based on the requirements
-maybe adding own garden

Eg. For leash/renting cost might increase due to
-Dividing bigger rooms into smaller ones so have more rooms
-the repair & maintenance after tenant leaves

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Buildings need to comply with technical legislation including health and safety to fulfill functional requirement
-serviceability
-maintainability
-accessibility

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building technical effect the cost of building when the services that they provide must have a safety requirements towards the  building. the construct of building for technicals work must follow their safety requirements to avoid any of accident will happen once the project is done.

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Capitalize on the minimalist trend. Modern minimalist designs for new builds, particularly interior designs, are cost effective.

Re-skin the exterior. Old trends aren’t attractive. New buildings aren’t cheap. Re-skinning a building will not only give it a modern look, it could help save on energy costs as well.

Invest in the core. Exterior and interior finishes on a 4-7 story hotel only accounts for about 18% of the overall cost of the materials. Smart money would invest heavily in creating a long standing, energy efficient building while utilizing modern, updatable, finishes.

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If the building is for client's own use (example: their house), the cost of the building will focus on the fixtures or the finishes. This is because they will prefer a comfortable conditions for their own house. The maintenance cost will be low due to the high quality fixtures and finishes.

If the building is to be leased out, the cost of the building will more focus on the function of it. For an example, the cost for the construction of the hotel will be more into hardwares. This is because the hotel is a place that gives people to stay for a few nights. This costs a higher maintenance cost because the building is more to the functional side rather than quality side.

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Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relation

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Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relation

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Every design of a building must consider its maintenance of it. If the design is complicated/complex, it will require a lot of cost on maintenance.

Example: High Rise Building
- it will require a lot of cost for its maintenance

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Example: Hotel

-higher technical requirements means higher cost implications
- a client may want ballrooms or function rooms to be installed with good sound systems.
-therefore, this might affect the cost to be higher than its supposed to be

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Factor 5 - Design / maintenance relationship

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Factor 5 - Design / maintenance relationship

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For long-time use

Eg. Shopping mall
-Maintenance of curtain wall panel
-Increasing the cost of maintenance

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*relates to function and cost

EX : HOSPITAL

- big size of door &  lift for patient's bed
- power generator to backup electricity if blackout
- fire resistant material (door)

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If the building is used for leased out that building cost maybe will lower than a building used by the owner because the building used for leased out will more focus on minimum maintenance and the building used for owner will have high requirements that need high quality design and comfort to use and need have long working life. Therefore, the cost for buiding used for owner will higher than building used for leased out to someone.

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The aesthetics of a building is one of the principal aspects considered in architecture. The appeal of a building covers the combined effects of a building’s shape, size, texture, colour, balance, unity, movement, emphasis, contrast, symmetry, proportion, space, alignment, pattern, decoration, culture and context. Different aesthetic requirement such as building shape, building materials and other will have different cost implication. A building that is designed in a complex shape will generally cost higher.

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Factor 5 - Design / maintainance relationship

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Factor 5 - Design / maintainance relationship

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A building constructed with materials that require maintenance frequently will increase the building's life cycle cost.

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Example: Hotel

Clients want a building to look fancy to add aesthetic value to the building.

A client that want to build a hotel may want to increase the aesthetic value to attract more customers.

Adding aesthetic value to the building will need more creative design or expensive materials either inside and outside.

For example, a client want a polished marble tile in the lobby instead of a ceramic tile. Other than that, a client may want to add a mini fountain to give more beautiful looks at the front of the lobby.

Therefore there will be an additional cost on the building.

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*relates to technical ( building services) and cost

EX : SHOPPING MALL

- required a lot of ventilation system (a/c)
- lift & escalator
- cctv

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*relates to design/aesthetic and cost

EX : MOSQUE

- required a lot of special design
- use special material to carve/shape any part of the building
- use of aesthetic chandelier

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EX. HOTEL

If the client wants to build a hotel that bring the various service to the customer.  The construction  cost of building will more higher than the hotels which only provide accommodation services.

For example, Genting First World Hotel has prepared shopping mall, Theme park, Gym and Casino to the customer. This requirement will influence the cost of construction project.

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building with specialised function such as hospital need special equipment for example surgery equipment to serve its function. Due to this special requirement which is different from other typical housing building, the fuctional requirement can cause cost implication to the building.

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Function 5 - Design/Maintenance relationship

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Function 5 - Design/Maintenance relationship

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Example : High rise building

If the design is complicated, the maintenance will be high too. The higher maintenance, the higher the cost. The maintenance cost for cleaning the high rise building will be expensive too. Special machine plant needed to clean the wall. Same goes to design, complicated design require special machine/tools to build it.

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*relates to comfortability of the owner and cost

EX : OWN HOUSE

- special request ( big office, big room, etc)
- use a/c more instead of fan for comfortable

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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*relates to maintenance and cost

EX : CONDOMINIUM

- high maintence (lift)
- facilities maintenance ( swimming pool / landscape)

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Hotel provide a best and quality lodging for guests.
It may influence the cost as a lot of spending on the services in the hotel may required such as the facility and the owner of the hotel must ensure that the rooms provided can be used by the customers; a fancy room might attract the customers hence an improved guest experience equals to higher room value.

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Curtain wall is an example of aesthetic view. Curtain walls require a great time for the installation and their performance depends on the quality of the installation. Curtain wall needs fixed maintenance to ensure it safe and secure to use. Aesthertic is often costly because it needs to stand out as a visual experience to draw attention to itself. And this design can make installation complex and time-consuming.

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What is the user's requirements for a building? Whether the design is simple or difficult design. Example: Shopping mall
What materials of a building that needed to be used?
How big is the size of the buildings?
The conditions of the building: Safe? Stable?

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1. A building need to fix with technical requirements including health and safety to ensure the functional requirement going well without accident.
2. By fulfilling the technical requirements, there will have cost implications on the building.
3. Those technical requirement must meet these needs (functional requirement) :

Availability

Latent Capacity

Performance

Scalability

Security

Serviceability

4. Example building : Supermarket
a. Fire protection - Fire Escape Door, sprinkler system
b. Safety protection - CCTV
c. Lighting system - use suitable lamp in the building and avoid people having problem with the light (not to bright, not to dim)
d. Security system - anti-theft system
e. ventilation system  - HVAC

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

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Example - Hotel

Since hotel usually is big and with complex building service systems, it requires large amount of cost to do the maintenance services once it is found faulty in the building.

It is important to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a building by maintaining the building performance and quality.

The design/maintenance is required to optimize the building life cycle costs, and indirectly fulfill the requirements of users and owner.

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Factor 5- Design/ maintenance relantionship

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Factor 5- Design/ maintenance relantionship

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Special design required expert designer, consultant, and architect. These will cost a lot to the building. Besides, materials to build the building can be affected too. This is because some materials need periodical maintenance. For example, the quarry tiles, terrazzo, and other glazed tile as their floor tile due to the high aesthetical value but these tiles need periodical polishing in order to maintain it brightness and aesthetical value. Not only tiles, but also the life, life required maintenance and inspection oftenly to ensure the user safety.

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Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relationship

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Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relationship

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A building that have special and complicated design will increase its maintenance cost. For example, a bungalow that have swimming pool, special landscape design, CCTV and lift will require a higher maintenance fees when compared to a normal house.

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Function 5 - Design/Maintenance relationship

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Function 5 - Design/Maintenance relationship

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Example :- KLCC Twin Tower

- the more complicated the design is, the more cost for the maintenance
- maintenance inc lift, electricity, window, ACMV system