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We would like to introduce you to Cletus, he is 9 years old and is from Silsbee, Texas. He lives in a single parent home because his dad died in combat at age 7, this was rough on him, but he continues to battle.

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In middle/late childhood,  mutual friendships are very crucial. They may help protect socially anxious people against concurrent psychosocial risks. This study investigated whether close mutual friendships moderated associations among social anxiety and several indices of psychosocial maladjustment. Children with good close mutual friendships tend to perform and operate better.

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At an early stage in middle childhood, the attention of children can not be kept. As it gets later it gets better, but if a child is a juvenile offender they will have a loss in attention.

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From age 6 to10 are the early school years, when children establish their own identity.
Individuality and independence is first experienced by children during this phase of development.
They begin to mark their own social stand in appearance, behavior and capabilities in comparison to those around them.
Positive: Your self-esteem shows your personality
Negative: It can damage the way you feel about yourself

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In middle childhood, more securely attached children show better emotion regulation when assessed as general tendencies (e.g. coping style), but studies looking at emotion in response to specific stressors have revealed mixed results. This study examined how attachment security, avoidance, and ambivalence – assessed with a story stem task (99 children, 9–11 years old) – relate to dynamic indices of affective and autonomic responses (baseline, reactivity, recovery).

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Positive: Establishing own identity
Judge themselves on ability to produce socially valued outputs
Begin asserting will, defying parents, and resisting parental interference
Strive to be accepted by parents
The negative: Low self esteem impairs school performance and social relationships
Conform to peer group norms to be accepted
Empathy developed.

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Event: Excessive Speeding Ticket, Court and Driving Class

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Event: Excessive Speeding Ticket, Court and Driving Class

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Cletus' favorite cousin Doug, who has just turned 16 and acquired his license, was pulled over on his way home from the DMV for excessive speeding. He was given a ticket, and upon attending court he is required to take a driving class and has his license suspended.

Doug was going to start driving Cletus to daycare in the mornings, but with his license suspended, that's no longer an option. Now Cletus' mom has to take him on her way to work, meaning Cletus and her have to wake up and leave earlier for his mom to be at work on time.

Cletus doesn't like having to wake up earlier and is cranky. This affects how he acts at daycare, being closed off and rude towards his peers and the workers.

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Cletus' best friend Jimmy (who comes from an anti-vax family) has contracted smallpox. He is in the hospital being rubbed down in essential oils by his parents to "heal him".

Cletus is very concerned for Jimmy and wants to visit him right away, but due to how infectious smallpox is, he isn't allowed to. Instead he makes Jimmy a card. He misses his best friend because now who will he play with?

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Spermarche begins which is the first ejaculation from a wet dream. The tests begin to get public hair. Each sex produces an increase small amount of the other sex hormones. When boys hit puberty at an early age they get more aggressive and law-breaking.

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From birth children are experiencing new things and are very dependent on their caregiver to survive. Children who have better relationships tend to be more attached to their parents, have better mental health and little to no abuse versus children who does not have a good relationship with their parent which the parent is constantly telling their child that they are worthless or not good enough.

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Rewarding good behavior will help kids develop and become well rounded, if not they will susceptible to depression and vulnerability.

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We examined whether adolescents' neural responses to social exclusion and inclusion are influenced by their own popularity and acceptance and by the popularity of their excluders and includers. Accepted adolescents are highly prosocial.

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We examined whether adolescents' neural responses to social exclusion and inclusion are influenced by their own popularity and acceptance and by the popularity of their excluders and includers. Accepted adolescents are highly prosocial.

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Chatterjee, R. A. (2019). Psychosocial Development of Middle Childhood. Retrieved May 2, 2019, from http://www.childhealth-explanation.com/psychosocial-development.html

Erath, S. A. (2010)  Friendships moderate psychosocial maladjustment in socially anxious early adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397309000537

Farrell, A. K., Waters, T. E. A., Young, E. S., Englund, M. M., Carlson, E. E., Roisman, G. I., & Simpson, J. A. (2019). Early maternal sensitivity, attachment security in young adulthood, and cardiometabolic risk at midlife. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1541517

Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T. and Horwood, L. J. (1997), Attentional difficulties in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38: 633-644. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01690.x

Kujawa, A., Carroll, A., Mumper, E., Mukherjee, D., Kessel, E. M., Olino, T., … Klein, D. N. (2018). A longitudinal examination of event-related potentials sensitive to monetary reward and loss feedback from late childhood to middle adolescence. International Journal Of Psychophysiology: Official Journal Of The International Organization Of Psychophysiology, 132(Pt B), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.001

McCormick, M. P., O, C. E. E., & Barnes, S. P. (2016). Mother–child attachment styles and math and reading skills in middle childhood: The mediating role of children’s exploration and engagement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.011

Movahed Abtahi, M., & Kerns, K. A. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in middle childhood: changes in affect and vagal tone during a social stress task. Attachment & Human Development, 19(3), 221. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2017.1291696

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Cletus has been exhibiting an improved attention span and use of reasoning skills. Through the technique of scaffolding, Cletus has learned to read, write and do math with help from his teachers and peers.
Concrete operational Stage: He is able to identify objects and structures with proper reasoning. For example, he recognizes that cutting his pizza in half is not equivalent to my two whole slices of pizza.

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Early mother-child attachment styles positively correlated with the child’s cognitive skills development, even down to the child’s ability to do well in math.

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Early mother-child attachment styles positively correlated with the child’s cognitive skills development, even down to the child’s ability to do well in math.

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Prefrontal cortex pathways and circuitry are currently increasing. This accounts for his improving attention span and reasoning skills. Thickening of the cerebral cortex has improved his language skills which has helped him learn to read.