# data[].attributes.body
unable to ping uniten when im outsite campus

# data[].attributes.body
using command prompt to have better understanding on:
1. ipconfig – show network adapter’s information such as IP address, subnet mask and default gateway

2. ping – to verify that our computer can communicate over the network with another device or network

3. tracert – show how many paths taken by the packets from the computer to destination (eg. uniten website)

# data[].attributes.body
ping: sends text messages from the local client to a remote target over the TCP/IP network connection. The target can be a website, a computer or any other device with an IP address.

Bytes: each ping request is 32 bytes in size by default.

TTL (Time-to-Live): can be used to count how many different networks the ping messages passed through before reaching the target computer.

# data[].attributes.body
first we learned about command promt (CMD):
1)ipconfig
2)ping
3)tracert

then we learned about wireshark
*wireshark is used for analysis, network troubleshooting and for protocol development
*the first window is for activity list, the second window is for details and the third is for information

# data[].attributes.body
1. ipconfig: internet protocol configuration. ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway for all adapters.

2. tracert: to show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device we are on to whatever destination we specify.

# data[].attributes.body
internet protocol configuration, or better known as ipconfig, command line tool used to display all of the network configuration values.

# data[].attributes.body
Wireshark is use to capture the packet in our network.

# data[].attributes.body
use command prompt.
ipconfig is use to know our ip adress.
ping is use to know how long it takes to reach destination
tracert is use to trace the pathway from client to destination

# data[].attributes.body
The tracert command is a command prompt commant that's used to show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device you're on to whatever destination you specify.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Wireshark, a network analysis tool that captures packets in real time and display them in human-readable format. Wireshark includes filters, color coding, and other features that let you dig deep into network traffic and inspect individual packets.
2. There is an example of packet captured. Packet no 8283 and im using TCP as a capture filter.

# data[].attributes.body
1. ipcnofig: is a command line used to control network connections on Windows. It displays the TCP/IP network configuration values adn refreshes DHCP and DNS settings. It also displays the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway.

2. tracert: is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway of a packet on an IP network from it source to the destination. It also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination.

3. ping: is an Internet program that allows the user to verify the existence of an IP address and can accept requests.

# data[].attributes.body
The ping command is one of the most often used networking utilities for troubleshooting network problems.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The ping command is used to test the ability of the source computer to reach a specified destination computer.
There is an examples of ping of connection that can reach the server and cant reach the server.

2. Tracerout (tracert) is a command which can show you the path a packet of information takes from your computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its destination, or fails to and is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each 'hop' from router to router takes.

# data[].attributes.body
The ping command is one of the most often used networking utilities for troubleshooting network problems.You can use the ping command to test the availability of a networking device (usually a computer) on a network.

# data[].attributes.body
Ping
A network diagnostic tool used primarily to test the connectivity between two nodes or devices.

# data[].attributes.body
Internet Protocol Configuration (ipconfig) is a Windows console application that has the ability to gather all data regarding current Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) configuration values. With the help of this command, we can get IP address, DNS , subnet mask, default gateways.

# data[].attributes.body
is a command line tool used to control the network connections on Windows NT/2000/XP machines. ...Ipconfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings

# data[].attributes.body
Ipconfig is a command line tool used to control the network connections on Windows NT/2000/XP machines. There are three main commands: "all", "release", and "renew". Ipconfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used without parameters, ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.

# data[].attributes.body
A default gateway is the node in a computer network using the internet protocol suite that serves as the forwarding host (router) to other networks when no other route specification matches the destination IP address of a packet.

# data[].attributes.body
Tracert
To show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device

# data[].attributes.body
A default gateway is the node in a computer network using the internet protocol suite that serves as the forwarding host (router) to other networks when no other route specification matches the destination IP address of a packet. Default gateway in this IPCONFIG is 1.

# data[].attributes.body
The tracert command is a Command Prompt command that's used to show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device you're on to whatever destination you specify.

You might also sometimes see the tracert command referred to as the trace route command or traceroute command.

The tracert command is available from within the Command Prompt in all Windows operating systems including Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, and older versions of Windows as well.

# data[].attributes.body
A command which can show us the path a packet of information takes from your computer to one you specify. it will list all the routes it passes through until it reaches its destination.

# data[].attributes.body
Shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.

# data[].attributes.body
Kammalan Wemyes
Tracert is a command where it traces how the packet of a url is transferred to the main server . Some servers maybe be close to us where it may only take few routers to get  through. Example if a goverment military agency url is used, the packet may not be traced due to its high secrecy on where the servers are located at.

# data[].attributes.body
A command prompt is the input field in a text-based user interface screen for an operating system or program. A prompt, in this context, is something designed to elicit an action. The command prompt consists of a brief text string followed by a blinking cursor, which is where the user types commands. Command line interfaces (CLI) and prompts were the standard interface for computers from the early days into the 1980s. MS-DOS systems and other early consumer market computers were CLI-based. Current Windows systems offer the CLI for administrative tasks. The CLI is still an essential part of Linux use.  The command prompt itself is actually an executable CLI program, cmd.exe. At the command prompt, the user types a statement including a base batch file or a command name and any arguments to specify running conditions, logging and so on for the program.
Command prompt interfaces can be powerful and succinct and some tools that aren’t available through the GUI can be accessed through it. They also offer superior automation through scripting, but may present a steep learning curve to master knowledge of commands.

# data[].attributes.body
A default gateway serves as an access point or IP router that a networked computer uses to send information to a computer in another network or the internet. Default simply means that this gateway is used by default, unless an application specifies another gateway. The default server does not even need to be a router; it may be a computer with two network adapters, where one is connected to the local subnet and the other is connected to an outside network.

# data[].attributes.body
Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refresh Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS).

# data[].attributes.body
Tracert  is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by the packet on an IP network from source to destination. Its also records the time taken for each hop the packet.

# data[].attributes.body
A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses.A subnet mask hides the network part of a systems's IP address and leaves only the host part as the machine identifier.

# data[].attributes.body
tracert command is the command to trace the path of the web that we requested to, if the destination of the server is near to us the time taken for the web to responds will be much more lesser.

# data[].attributes.headline
In order to check our IP address and server, we type IPCONFIG at command prompt.

# data[].attributes.subject
In order to check our IP address and server, we type IPCONFIG at command prompt.

# data[].attributes.body
-command ipconfig to check our computer's IP address
-command ping(packet internet network groper) and wait for response from server
-command tracert to trace the server's location, maximum hops is 30 and less hops means nearer location
-from wireshark, we can see the devices that is connected to the same network as ours

# data[].attributes.body
Tracert command is used to show the path a packet of information which takes our computer to the one we specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its destination.
The ping command is a tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks if the computer is connected to a server.

# data[].attributes.body
In command prompt, ipconfig is typed when we need to identify ourselves; which server we are connected to, and can see default gateway if the end of the address is ".1"

# data[].attributes.body
The ping command is a Command Prompt command that sends four messages to the destination and receiving back the response. Ping command will also provide  how many responses received and how long it takes for the pinged address (server) to response to us (client).

# data[].attributes.body
during the command prompt some of the important points are :

1. ipconfig - where we could view the ip addresses of our devices.

2. subnet mask - filters whatever is coming to you, has teh same locality.

3. Default Gateway - the only entry/exit way for the network.

4. ping

- stands for Packet Internet Global, to check whether our destination is alive or not.

- we pinged the uniten website (internal) and discovered that the uniten website uses 2 servers (172 & 103) and gives out 4 replies. also the TTL (time to leave) for uniten website is 67.

5. tracert

- max hops indicates max number of servers.

- if internally, it is usually 3 hops

- the more number of hops, indicates the nearer the server.

unfortunately i only have the snapshots of the ping process.

# data[].attributes.body
The tracert command is a tracing route command which traces path of the network from our computer to whatever address/website that we specify. If the address is near to our location, the path will be short but if the server we trace is far away, the path will be long.

# data[].attributes.body
The 'ipconfig' function in command prompt is used to show all our PC's current TCP/IP network configuration values (IP Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway).

# data[].attributes.body
ping: this is a command to tested whether is there any packet loss in the connection between server and receiver

# data[].attributes.body
ipconfig: this is the command of where we know our ip address,subnet mask and default gateway.

# data[].attributes.body
Pinging to uniten website comes out with receiving different ip address. This is because, uniten are using different  server. The amount of replies is standardised to 4. When the client pinging, the server will give the replies within the time. As example, if the time display is 2ms for the first reply, it means its required 2ms to go the server and back to the client. The average time then will be calculated as receiving all the replies.

# data[].attributes.body
Pinging to uniten website comes out with receiving different ip address. This is because, uniten are using different  server. The amount of replies is standardised to 4. When the client pinging, the server will give the replies within the time. As example, if the time display is 2ms for the first reply, it means its required 2ms to go the server and back to the client. The average time then will be calculated as receiving all the replies.

# data[].attributes.body
Command Prompt : ping.
"ping" is a test to find out  how long it takes for data to travel from your computer, go across the various Internet connections and nodes, reach the computer on the other side, and get back to you. This data is then calculated to determine how fast the connection is to the other computer and how quickly a particular data transfer can be completed.
Attached below is a ping test with 4 replies and also approximate time for the server to respond in milli-second(ms).

# data[].attributes.body
Wireshark - it can display user that connect with same Wi-Fi and  also display TCP layer protocol which the byte number convert to hexadecimal number.

# data[].attributes.body
Command Prompt:
Ping - this is an example where the packets connect to different server and didn't reach the server (destination).

# data[].attributes.body
Command Prompt:
Tracert - displaying the route and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol network until it reaches its destination.

# data[].attributes.body
Command Prompt:
Ping - it display the communication between user (source) sending and receive packets to server (Destination). It also display the time trip which is 1ms and TTL (time to live) is 62 , if TTL reach 0 it will  discarded the packet and never reaches the host. Lastly it will show how many packets is sent, received and lost.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Arp

The arp command is used to display or change entries in the ARP cache. The arp command is available in all versions of Windows.

Atmadm

The atmadm command is used to display information related to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) connections on the system. The atmadm command is available in Windows XP. Support for ATM was removed beginning in Windows Vista, making the atmadm command unnecessary.

Auditpol

The auditpol command is used to display or change audit policies. The auditpol command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Bcdedit

The bcdedit command is used to view or make changes to Boot Configuration Data. The bcdedit command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The bcdedit command replaced the bootcfg command beginning in Windows Vista.

Bitsadmin

The bitsadmin command is used to create, manage, and monitor download and upload jobs. The bitsadmin command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. While the bitsadmin command is available in both Windows 8 and Windows 7, it is being phased out. The BITS PowerShell cmdlets should be used instead.

Bootsect

The bootsect command is used to configure the master boot code to one compatible with BOOTMGR (Vista and later) or NTLDR (XP and earlier). The bootsect command is available in Windows 10 and Windows 8. The bootsect command is also available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista but only from the Command Prompt available in System Recovery Options.

Cacls

The cacls command is used to display or change access control lists of files. The cacls command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The cacls command is being phased out in favor of the icacls command, which should be used instead in all versions of Windows after Windows XP.

Cd

The cd command is the shorthand version of the chdir command. The cd command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Certreq

The certreq command is used to perform various certification authority (CA) certificate functions. The certreq command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Certutil

The certutil command is used to dump and display certification authority (CA) configuration information in addition to other CA functions. The certutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Change

The change command changes various terminal server settings like install modes, COM port mappings, and logons. The change command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Chcp

The chcp command displays or configures the active code page number. The chcp command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Chdir

The chdir command is used to display the drive letter and folder that you are currently in. Chdir can also be used to change the drive and/or directory that you want to work in. The chdir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Checknetisolation

The checknetisolation command is used to test apps that require network capabilities. The checknetisolation command is available in Windows 10 and Windows 8.

Chglogon

The chglogon command enables, disables, or drains terminal server session logins. The chglogon command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. Executing the chglogon command is the same as executing change logon.

Chgport

The chgport command can be used to display or change COM port mappings for DOS compatibility. The chgport command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. Executing the chgport command is the same as executing change port.

Chgusr

The chgusr command is used to change the install mode for the terminal server. The chgusr command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. Executing the chgusr command is the same as executing change user.

Chkntfs

The chkntfs command is used to configure or display the checking of the disk drive during the Windows boot process. The chkntfs command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Choice

The choice command is used within a script or batch program to provide a list of choices and return the value of that choice to the program. The choice command is available in MS-DOS and all versions of Windows except Windows XP. Use the set command with the /p switch in place of the choice command in batch files and scripts that you plan to use in Windows XP.

Clip

The clip command is used to redirect the output from any command to the clipboard in Windows. The clip command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Cls

The cls command clears the screen of all previously entered commands and other text. The cls command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Cmd

The cmd command starts a new instance of the cmd.exe command interpreter. The cmd command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Cmdkey

The cmdkey command is used to show, create, and remove stored user names and passwords. The cmdkey command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Cmstp

The cmstp command installs or uninstalls a Connection Manager service profile. The cmstp command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Color

The color command is used to change the colors of the text and background within the Command Prompt window. The color command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Command

The command command starts a new instance of the command.com command interpreter. The command command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The command command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Comp

The comp command is used to compare the contents of two files or sets of files. The comp command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Cscript

The cscript command is used to execute scripts via Microsoft Script Host. The cscript command is available in all versions of Windows. The cscript command is most popularly used to manage printers from the command line using scripts like prncnfg.vbs, prndrvr.vbs, prnmngr.vbs, and others.

Ctty

The ctty command is used to change the default input and output devices for the system. The ctty command is available in Windows 98 and 95 as well as in MS-DOS. The functions provided by the ctty command were no longer necessary beginning in Windows XP because the command.com interpreter (MS-DOS) is no longer the default command line interpreter.

Date

The date command is used to show or change the current date. The date command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Dblspace

The dblspace command is used to create or configure DoubleSpace compressed drives. The dblspace command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. DriveSpace, executed using the drvspace command, is an updated version of DoubleSpace. Windows began handling compression beginning in Windows XP.

Debug

The debug command starts Debug, a command line application used to test and edit programs. The debug command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The debug command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Deltree

The deltree command is used to delete a directory and all the files and subdirectories within it. The deltree command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Beginning in Windows XP, a folder and its files and subfolders can be removed using the /s function of the rmdir command. Deltree was no longer needed with this new rmdir ability so the command was removed.

Diantz

The diantz command is used to losslessly compress one or more files. The diantz command is sometimes called Cabinet Maker. The diantz command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The diantz command is the same as the makecab command.

Dir

The dir command is used to display a list of files and folders contained inside the folder that you are currently working in. The dir command also displays other important information like the hard drive's serial number, the total number of files listed, their combined size, the total amount of free space left on the drive, and more. The dir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Diskcomp

The diskcomp command is used to compare the contents of two floppy disks. The diskcomp command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS, with the exclusion of Windows 10.

Diskcopy

The diskcopy command is used to copy the entire contents of one floppy disk to another. The diskcopy command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS, with the exclusion of Windows 10.

Diskpart

The diskpart command is used to create, manage, and delete hard drive partitions. The diskpart command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The diskpart command replaced the fdisk command beginning in Windows XP.

Diskperf

The diskperf command is used to manage disk performance counters remotely. The diskperf command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Diskraid

The diskraid command starts the DiskRAID tool which is used to manage and configure RAID arrays. The diskraid command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Dism

The dism command starts the Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool (DISM). The DISM tool is used to manage features in Windows images. The dism command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Dispdiag

The dispdiag command is used to output a log of information about the display system. The dispdiag command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Djoin

The djoin command is used to create a new computer account in a domain. The djoin command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Doskey

The doskey command is used to edit command lines, create macros, and recall previously entered commands. The doskey command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Dosshell

The dosshell command starts DOS Shell, a graphical file management tool for MS-DOS. The dosshell command is available in Windows 95 (in MS-DOS mode) and also in MS-DOS version 6.0 and later MS-DOS versions that were upgraded from previous versions that contained the dosshell command. A graphical file manager, Windows Explorer, became an integrated part of the operating system beginning in Windows 95.

Dosx

The dosx command is used to start DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI), a special mode designed to give MS-DOS applications access to more than the normally allowed 640 KB. The dosx command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The dosx command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. The dosx command and DPMI is only available in Windows to support older MS-DOS programs.

Drvspace

The drvspace command is used to create or configure DriveSpace compressed drives. The drvspace command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. DriveSpace is an updated version of DoubleSpace, executed using the dblspace command. Windows began handling compression beginning in Windows XP.

Echo

The echo command is used to show messages, most commonly from within script or batch files. The echo command can also be used to turn the echoing feature on or off. The echo command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Edlin

The edlin command starts the Edlin tool which is used to create and modify text files from the command line. The edlin command is available in all 32-bit versions of Windows but is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. In MS-DOS, the edlin command is only available up to MS-DOS 5.0, so unless your later version of MS-DOS was upgraded from 5.0 or prior, you won't see the edlin command.

Endlocal

The endlocal command is used to end the localization of environment changes inside a batch or script file. The endlocal command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Erase

The erase command is used to delete one or more files. The erase command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. The erase command is the same as the del command.

Esentutl

The esentutl command is used to manage Extensible Storage Engine databases. The esentutl command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Eventcreate

The eventcreate command is used to create a custom event in an event log. The eventcreate command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Eventtriggers

The eventtriggers command is used to configure and display event triggers. The eventtriggers command is available in Windows XP. Beginning in Windows Vista, event triggers are created using the Attach Task To This Event feature in Event Viewer, making the eventtriggers command unnecessary.

Exit

The exit command is used to end the cmd.exe (Windows) or command.com (MS-DOS) session that you're currently working in. The exit command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Extrac32

The extrac32 command is used to extract the files and folders contained in Microsoft Cabinet (CAB) files. The extrac32 command is available in all versions of Windows. The extrac32 command is actually a CAB extraction program for use by Internet Explorer but can be used to extract any Microsoft Cabinet file. Use the expand command instead of the extrac32 command if possible.

Extract

The extract command is used to extract the files and folders contained in Microsoft Cabinet (CAB) files. The extract command is available in Windows 98 and 95. The extract command was replaced by the expand command beginning in Windows XP.

Fasthelp

The fasthelp command provides more detailed information on any of the other MS-DOS commands. The fasthelp command is only available in MS-DOS. The help command replaced the fasthelp command beginning in Windows 95.

Fastopen

The fastopen command is used to add a program's hard drive location to a special list stored in memory, potentially improving the program's launch time by removing the need for MS-DOS to locate the application on the drive. The fastopen command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The fastopen command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. Fastopen is only available in Windows 10, Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS files.

Fc

The fc command is used to compare two individual or sets of files and then show the differences between them. The fc command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Find

The find command is used to search for a specified text string in one or more files. The find command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Findstr

The findstr command is used to find text string patterns in one or more files. The findstr command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Fltmc

The fltmc command is used to load, unload, list, and otherwise manage Filter drivers. The fltmc command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

For

The for command is used to run a specified command for each file in a set of files. The for command is most often used within a batch or script file. The for command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Forcedos

The forcedos command is used to start the specified program in the MS-DOS subsystem. The forcedos command is only available in 32-bit versions of Windows XP. The forcedos command is only used for MS-DOS programs that are not recognized as such by Windows XP.

Forfiles

The forfiles command selects one or more files to execute a specified command on. The forfiles command is most often used within a batch or script file. The forfiles command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Format

The format command is used to format a drive in the file system that you specify. The format command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. Drive formatting is also available from Disk Management in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP.

Fsutil

The fsutil command is used to perform various FAT and NTFS file system tasks like managing reparse points and sparse files, dismounting a volume, and extending a volume. The fsutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Ftp

The ftp command can be used to transfer files to and from another computer. The remote computer must be operating as an FTP server. The ftp command is available in all versions of Windows.

Ftype

The ftype command is used to define a default program to open a specified file type. The ftype command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Getmac

The getmac command is used to display the media access control (MAC) address of all the network controllers on a system. The getmac command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Goto

The goto command is used in a batch or script file to direct the command process to a labeled line in the script. The goto command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Gpresult

The gpresult command is used to display Group Policy settings. The gpresult command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Gpupdate

The gpupdate command is used to update Group Policy settings. The gpupdate command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Graftabl

The graftabl command is used to enable the ability of Windows to display an extended character set in graphics mode. The graftabl command is available in all versions of Windows and in MS-DOS up to version 5.0. The graftabl command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Graphics

The graphics command is used to load a program that can print graphics. The graphics command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The graphics command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Hwrcomp

The hwrcomp command is used to compile custom dictionaries for handwriting recognition. The hwrcomp command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

Hwrreg

The hwrreg command is used to install a previously compiled custom dictionary for handwriting recognition. The hwrreg command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

Icacls

The icacls command is used to display or change access control lists of files. The icacls command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The icacls command is an updated version of the cacls command.

If

The if command is used to perform conditional functions in a batch file. The if command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Interlnk

The interlnk command is used to connect two computers via a serial or parallel connection to share files and printers. The interlnk command is only available in MS-DOS. The ability to directly connect two computers is handled by the networking functions in all versions of Windows.

Intersvr

The intersvr command is used to start the Interlnk server and to copy Interlnk files from one computer to another. The intersvr command is only available in MS-DOS. The ability to directly connect two computers is handled by the networking functions in all versions of Windows.

Ipxroute

The ipxroute command is used to display and change information about IPX routing tables. The ipxroute command is available in Windows XP. Microsoft removed their built-in NetWare client beginning in Windows Vista, removing the associated ipxroute command as well.

Irftp

The irftp command is used to transmit files over an infrared link. The irftp command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Iscsicli

The iscsicli command starts the Microsoft iSCSI Initiator, used to manage iSCSI. The iscsicli command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Keyb

The keyb command is used to configure a keyboard for a specific language. The keyb command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. See the kb16 command for an equivalent command in later versions of Windows. Keyboard language settings are handled by the Region and Language or Regional and Language Options (depending on the version of Windows) Control Panel applets in Windows beginning in Windows XP.

Klist

The klist command is used to list Kerberos service tickets. The klist command can also be used to purge Kerberos tickets. The klist command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8 and Windows 7.

Ksetup

The ksetup command is used to configure connections to a Kerberos server. The ksetup command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8 and Windows 7.

Ktmutil

The ktmutil command starts the Kernel Transaction Manager utility. The ktmutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Label

The label command is used to manage the volume label of a disk. The label command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Lh

The lh command is the shorthand version of the loadhigh command. The lh command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS.

Loadfix

The loadfix command is used to load the specified program in the first 64K of memory and then runs the program. The loadfix command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The loadfix command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Loadhigh

The loadhigh command is used to load a program into high memory and is usually used from within the autoexec.bat file. The loadhigh command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Memory usage is handled automatically beginning in Windows XP.

Lock

The lock command is used to lock a drive, enabling direct disk access for a program. The lock command is only available in Windows 98 and 95. Drive locking is no longer available as of Windows XP.

Logman

The logman command is used to create and manage Event Trace Session and Performance logs. The logman command also supports many functions of Performance Monitor. The logman command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Logoff

The logoff command is used to terminate a session. The logoff command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Lpq

The lpq command displays the status of a print queue on a computer running Line Printer Daemon (LPD). The lpq command is available in all versions of Windows. The lpq command is not available by default in Windows 10, 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on the LPD Print Service and LPR Port Monitor features from Programs and Features in Control Panel.

Lpr

The lpr command is used to send a file to a computer running Line Printer Daemon (LPD). The lpr command is available in all versions of Windows. The lpr command is not available by default in Windows 10, 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on the LPD Print Service and LPR Port Monitor features from Programs and Features in Control Panel.

Makecab

The makecab command is used to losslessly compress one or more files. The makecab command is sometimes called Cabinet Maker. The makecab command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The makecab command is the same as the diantz command, a command that was removed after Windows 7.

Manage-bde

The manage-bde command is used to configure BitLocker Drive Encryption from the command line. The manage-bde command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7. A script by the name of manage-bde.wsf exists in Windows Vista and can be used with the cscript command to perform BitLocker tasks from the command line in that operating system.

Md

The md command is the shorthand version of the mkdir command. The md command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Mem

The mem command shows information about used and free memory areas and programs that are currently loaded into memory in the MS-DOS subsystem. The mem command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The mem command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Memmaker

The memmaker command is used to start MemMaker, a memory optimization tool. The memaker command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Memory usage is automatically optimized beginning in Windows XP.

Mkdir

The mkdir command is used to create a new folder. The mkdir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Mklink

The mklink command is used to create a symbolic link. The mklink command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Mode

The mode command is used to configure system devices, most often COM and LPT ports. The mode command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Mofcomp

The mofcomp command properly displays the data within a Managed Object Format (MOF) file. The mofcomp command is available in all versions of Windows.

Mount

The mount command is used to mount Network File System (NFS) network shares. The mount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The mount command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The mount command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Mountvol

The mountvol command is used to display, create, or remove volume mount points. The mountvol command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Move

The move command is used to move one or files from one folder to another. The move command is also used to rename directories. The move command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Msbackup

The msbackup command starts Microsoft Backup, a tool used to back up and restore one or more files. The msbackup command is only available in MS-DOS. The msbackup command was replaced with Microsoft Backup beginning in Windows 95 and then Backup and Restore in later versions of Windows.

Msiexec

The msiexec command is used to start Windows Installer, a tool used to install and configure software. The msiexec command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Muiunattend

The muiunattend command starts the Multilanguage User Interface unattended setup process. The muiunattend command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Nbtstat

The nbtstat command is used to show TCP/IP information and other statistical information about a remote computer. The nbtstat command is available in all versions of Windows.

Net1

The net1 command is used to display, configure, and correct a wide variety of network settings. The net1 command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The net command should be used instead of the net1 command. The net1 command was made available in Windows NT and Windows 2000 as a temporary fix for a Y2K issue that the net command had, which was corrected before the release of Windows XP. The net1 command remains in later versions of Windows only for compatibility with older programs and scripts that utilized the command.

Netcfg

The netcfg command is used to install the Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE), a lightweight version of Windows used to deploy workstations. The netcfg command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Netsh

The netsh command is used to start Network Shell, a command-line utility used to manage the network configuration of the local, or a remote, computer. The netsh command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Nfsadmin

The nfsadmin command is used to manage Server for NFS or Client for NFS from the command line. The nfsadmin command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The nfsadmin command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The nfsadmin command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Nlsfunc

The nlsfunc command is used to load information specific to a particular country or region. The nlsfunc command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The nlsfunc command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. Nlsfunc is only available in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS files.

Nltest

The nltest command is used to test secure channels between Windows computers in a domain and between domain controllers that are trusting other domains. The nltest command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Ntbackup

The ntbackup command is used to perform various backup functions from the Command Prompt or from within a batch or script file. The ntbackup command is available in Windows XP. The ntbackup command was replaced with the wbadmin beginning in Windows Vista.

Ocsetup

The ocsetup command starts the Windows Optional Component Setup tool, used to install additional Windows features. The ocsetup command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. Beginning in Windows 8, Microsoft is depreciating the ocsetup command in favor of the dism command.

Openfiles

The openfiles command is used to display and disconnect open files and folders on a system. The openfiles command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Path

The path command is used to display or set a specific path available to executable files. The path command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Pause

The pause command is used within a batch or script file to pause the processing of the file. When the pause command is used, a "Press any key to continue..." message displays in the command window. The pause command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Pkgmgr

The pkgmgr command is used to start the Windows Package Manager from the Command Prompt. Package Manager installs, uninstalls, configures, and updates features and packages for Windows. The pkgmgr command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Pnpunattend

The pnpunattend command is used to automate the installation of hardware device drivers. The pnpunattend command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Pnputil

The pnputil command is used to start the Microsoft PnP Utility, a tool used to install a Plug and Play device from the command line. The pnputil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Popd

The popd command is used to change the current directory to the one most recently stored by the pushd command. The popd command is most often utilized from within a batch or script file. The popd command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Power

The power command is used to reduce the power consumed by a computer by monitoring software and hardware devices. The power command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The power command was replaced by operating system integrated power management functions beginning in Windows XP.

Powercfg

The powercfg command is used to manage the Windows power management settings from the command line. The powercfg command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Print

The print command is used to print a specified text file to a specified printing device. The print command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Prompt

The prompt command is used to customize the appearance of the prompt text in Command Prompt or MS-DOS. The prompt command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Pushd

The pushd command is used to store a directory for use, most commonly from within a batch or script program. The pushd command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Pwlauncher

The pwlauncher command is used to enable, disable, or show the status of your Windows To Go startup options. The pwlauncher command is available in Windows 10 and 8.

Qappsrv

The qappsrv command is used to display all Remote Desktop Session Host servers available on the network. The qappsrv command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Qbasic

The qbasic command starts QBasic, the MS-DOS based programming environment for the BASIC programming language. The qbasic command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The qbasic command is not installed by default with Windows 98 or 95 but is available from the installation disc or disks.

Qprocess

The qprocess command is used to display information about running processes. The qprocess command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Query

The query command is used to display the status of a specified service. The query command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Quser

The quser command is used to display information about users currently logged on to the system. The quser command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Qwinsta

The qwinsta command is used to display information about open Remote Desktop Sessions. The qwinsta command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Rasautou

The rasautou command is used to manage Remote Access Dialer AutoDial addresses. The rasautou command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Rasdial

The rasdial command is used to start or end a network connection for a Microsoft client. The rasdial command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Rcp

The rcp command is used to copy files between a Windows computer and a system running the rshd daemon. The rcp command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The rcp command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel and then installing the Utilities and SDK for UNIX-based Applications available here for Windows Vista and here for Windows 7. The rcp command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Rd

The rd command is the shorthand version of the rmdir command. The rd command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Rdpsign

The rdpsign command is used to sign a Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) file. The rdpsign command is available in Windows 7.

Reagentc

The reagentc command is used to configure the Windows Recovery Environment (RE). The reagentc command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Recimg

The recimg command is used to create a custom refresh image. The recimg command is available in Windows 8.

Recover

The recover command is used to recover readable data from a bad or defective disk. The recover command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Reg

The reg command is used to manage the Windows Registry from the command line. The reg command can perform common registry functions like adding registry keys, exporting the registry, etc. The reg command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Regini

The regini command is used to set or change registry permissions and registry values from the command line. The regini command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Register-cimprovider

The register-cimprovider command is used to register a Common Information Model (CIM) Provider in Windows. The register-cimprovider command is available in Windows 10 and Windows 8.

Relog

The relog command is used to create new performance logs from data in existing performance logs. The relog command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Rem

The rem command is used to record comments or remarks in a batch or script file. The rem command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Rename

The rename command is used to change the name of the individual file that you specify. The rename command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Repair-bde

The repair-bde command is used to repair or decrypt a damaged drive that's been encrypted using BitLocker. The repair-bde command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Replace

The replace command is used to replace one or more files with one or more other files. The replace command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Reset

The reset command, executed as reset session, is used to reset the session subsystem software and hardware to known initial values. The reset command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Restore

The restore command is used to restore files that were backed up using the backup command. The restore command is only available in MS-DOS. The backup command was only available up to MS-DOS 5.00 but the restore command was included by default with later versions of MS-DOS to provide a way to restore files that were backed up in previous versions of MS-DOS.

Rexec

The rexec command is used to run commands on remote computers running the rexec daemon. The rexec command is available in Windows Vista and Windows XP. The rsh command is not available by default in Windows Vista but can be enabled by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel and then installing the Utilities and SDK for UNIX-based Applications available here. The rexec command is not available in Windows 7 but can be executed in Windows XP via Windows XP Mode if need be.

Rmdir

The rmdir command is used to delete an existing or completely empty folder. The rmdir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Robocopy

The robocopy command is used to copy files and directories from one location to another. This command is also called Robust File Copy. The robocopy command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The robocopy command is superior to both the copy command and the xcopy command because robocopy supports many more options.

Route

The route command is used to manipulate network routing tables. The route command is available in all versions of Windows.

Rpcinfo

The rpcinfo command makes a remote procedure call (RPC) to an RPC server and reports what it finds. The rpcinfo command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The rpcinfo command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The rpcinfo command is not available in Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Rpcping

The rpcping command is used to ping a server using RPC. The rpcping command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Rsh

The rsh command is used to run commands on remote computers running the rsh daemon. The rsh command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The rsh command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel and then installing the Utilities and SDK for UNIX-based Applications available here for Windows Vista and here for Windows 7. The rsh command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Rsm

The rsm command is used to manage media resources using Removable Storage. The rsm command is available in Windows Vista and Windows XP. The rsm command was optional in Windows Vista and then removed in Windows 7 due to Removable Storage Manager being removed from the operating system. Search for the rsm command in the C:\Windows\winsxs folder in Windows Vista if you're having trouble executing the command.

Runas

The runas command is used to execute a program using another user's credentials. The runas command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Rwinsta

The rwinsta command is the shorthand version of the reset session command. The rwinsta command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Sc

The sc command is used to configure information about services. The sc command communicates with the Service Control Manager. The sc command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Scandisk

The scandisk command is used to start Microsoft ScanDisk, a disk repair program. The scandisk command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The scandisk command was replaced by the chkdsk command beginning in Windows XP.

Scanreg

The scanreg command starts Windows Registry Checker, a basic registry repair program and backup utility. The scanreg command is available in Windows 98 and Windows 95. The functions provided by the scanreg command were no longer necessary beginning in Windows XP due to changes in how the Windows Registry functions.

Schtasks

The schtasks command is used to schedule specified programs or commands to run at certain times. The schtasks command can be used to create, delete, query, change, run, and end scheduled tasks. The schtasks command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.​

Sdbinst

The sdbinst command is used to deploy customized SDB database files. The sdbinst command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Secedit

The secedit command is used to configure and analyze system security by comparing the current security configuration to a template. The secedit command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Setlocal

The setlocal command is used to start the localization of environment changes inside a batch or script file. The setlocal command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Setspn

The setspn command is used to manage the Service Principal Names (SPN) for an Active Directory (AD) service account. The setspn command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Setver

The setver command is used to set the MS-DOS version number that MS-DOS reports to a program. The setver command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The setver command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Setx

The setx command is used to create or change environment variables in the user environment or the system environment. The setx command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Shadow

The shadow command is used to monitor another Remote Desktop Services session. The shadow command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Share

The share command is used to install file locking and file sharing functions in MS-DOS. The share command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The share command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. Share is only available in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS files.

Shift

The shift command is used to change the position of replaceable parameters in a batch or script file. The shift command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Showmount

The showmount command is used to display information about NFS mounted file systems. The showmount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The showmount command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The showmount command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Smartdrv

The smartdrv command installs and configures SMARTDrive, a disk caching utility for MS-DOS. The smartdrv command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Caching is automatic beginning in Windows XP, making the smartdrv command unnecessary.

Sort

The sort command is used to read data from a specified input, sort that data, and return the results of that sort to the Command Prompt screen, a file, or another output device. The sort command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Start

The start command is used to open a new command line window to run a specified program or command. The start command can also be used to start an application without creating a new window. The start command is available in all versions of Windows.

Subst

The subst command is used to associate a local path with a drive letter. The subst command is a lot like the net use command except a local path is used instead of a shared network path. The subst command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. The subst command replaced the assign command beginning with MS-DOS 6.0.

Sxstrace

The sxstrace command is used to start the WinSxs Tracing Utility, a programming diagnostic tool. The sxstrace command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Sys

The sys command is used to copy the MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk. The sys command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The sys command is used most often to create a simple bootable disk or hard drive. The necessary system files for Windows are too large to fit on a disk, so the sys command was removed beginning in Windows XP.

Systeminfo

The systeminfo command is used to display basic Windows configuration information for the local or a remote computer. The systeminfo command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Takeown

The takedown command is used to regain access to a file that that an administrator was denied access to when reassigning ownership of the file. The takeown command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Tasklist

Displays a list of applications, services, and the Process ID (PID) currently running on either a local or a remote computer. The tasklist command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tcmsetup

The tcmsetup command is used to set up or disable the Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI) client. The tcmsetup command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tftp

The tftp command is used to transfer files to and from a remote computer that's running the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) service or daemon. The tftp command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The tftp command is not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on the TFTP Client Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel.

Time

The time command is used to show or change the current time. The time command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Timeout

The timeout command is typically used in a batch or script file to provide a specified timeout value during a procedure. The timeout command can also be used to ignore keypresses. The timeout command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Title

The title command is used to set the Command Prompt window title. The title command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tlntadmn

The tlntadmn command is used to administer a local or remote computer running Telnet Server. The tlntadmn command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The tlntadmn command is not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on the Telnet Server Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel.

Tpmvscmgr

The tpmvscmgr command is used to create and destroy TPM virtual smart cards. The tpmvscmgr command is available in Windows 8.

Tracerpt

The tracerpt command is used to process event trace logs or real-time data from instrumented event trace providers. The tracerpt command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tree

The tree command is used to graphically display the folder structure of a specified drive or path. The tree command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Tscon

The tscon command is used to attach a user session to a Remote Desktop session. The tscon command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tsdiscon

The tsdiscon command is used to disconnect a Remote Desktop session. The tsdiscon command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tskill

The tskill command is used to end the specified process. The tskill command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tsshutdn

The tsshutdn command is used to remotely shut down or restart a terminal server. The tsshutdn command is available in Windows XP. The ability to shut down a computer remotely is also available in the more powerful shutdown command, so tsshutdn was removed beginning in Windows Vista.

Type

The type command is used to display the information contained in a text file. The type command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Typeperf

The typerperf command displays performance data in the Command Prompt window or writes the data to specified log file. The typeperf command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Tzutil

The tzutil command is used to display or configure the current system's time zone. The tzutil command can also be used to enable or disable Daylight Saving Time adjustments. The tzutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Umount

The umount command is used to remove Network File System (NFS) mounted network shares. The umount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The umount command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The umount command is not available in Windows 10 or 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

Unformat

The unformat command is used to undo the formatting on a drive performed by the MS-DOS format command. The unformat command is only available in MS-DOS. The unformat command was removed beginning in Windows 95 due to file system changes.

Unlock

The unlock command is used to unlock a drive, disabling direct disk access for a program. The unlock command is only available in Windows 98 and 95. Drive locking is no longer available as of Windows XP.

Unlodctr

The unlodctr command removes Explain text and Performance counter names for a service or device driver from the Windows Registry. The unlodctr command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Vaultcmd

The vaultcmd command is used to create, remove, and show stored credentials. The vaultcmd command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

Verify

The verify command is used to enable or disable the ability of Command Prompt, or MS-DOS, to verify that files are written correctly to a disk. The verify command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The vol command shows the volume label and serial number of a specified disk, assuming this information exists. The vol command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

Vsafe

The vsafe command is used to start VSafe, a basic virus protection system for MS-DOS. The vsafe command is only available in MS-DOS. VSafe was designed for MS-DOS and Windows 3.x only. Microsoft provides an optional virus protection suite called Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows XP and later operating systems, and third-party antivirus tools are available for all versions of Windows.

Vssadmin

The vssadmin command starts the Volume Shadow Copy Service administrative command line tool which displays current volume shadow copy backups and all installed shadow copy writers and providers. The vssadmin command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

W32tm

The w32tm command is used to diagnose issues with Windows Time. The w32tm command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Waitfor

The waitfor command is used to send or wait for a signal on a system. The waitfor command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Wbadmin

The wbadmin command is used to start and stop backup jobs, display details about a previous backup, list the items within a backup, and report on the status of a currently running backup. The wbadmin command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The wbadmin command replaced the ntbackup command beginning in Windows Vista.

Wecutil

The wecutil command is used to manage subscriptions to events that are forwarded from WS-Management supported computers. The wecutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Wevtutil

The wevtutil command starts the Windows Events Command Line Utility which is used to manage event logs and publishers. The wevtutil command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Where

The where command is used to search for files that match a specified pattern. The where command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Whoami

The whoami command is used to retrieve user name and group information on a network. The whoami command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Winmgmt

The winmgmt command starts the command line version of WMI, a scripting tool in Windows. The winmgmt command is available in all versions of Windows.

Winrm

The winrm command is used to start the command line version of Windows Remote Management, used to manage secure communications with local and remote computers using web services. The winrm command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Winrs

The winrs command is used to open a secure command window with a remote host. The winrs command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Winsat

The winsat command starts the Windows System Assessment Tool, a program that assesses various features, attributes, and capabilities of a computer running Windows. The winsat command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

Wmic

The wmic command starts the Windows Management Instrumentation Command line (WMIC), a scripting interface that simplifies the use of Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and systems managed via WMI. The wmic command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Wsmanhttpconfig

The wsmanhttpconfig command is used to manage aspects of the Windows Remote Management (WinRM) service. The wsmanhttpconfig command is available in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

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Arp The arp command is used to display or change entries in the ARP cache. The arp command is available in all versions of Windows. Atmadm The atmadm command is used to display information related to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) connections on the system. The atmadm command is available in Windows XP.

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Although Windows' settings provide easy access for configuring most things, the Command Prompt -- elevated or otherwise -- can be indispensable in a number of scenarios, especially when you know how to take advantage of it.

Sometimes settings can be applied by typing a few characters instead of clicking through a series of menus, while other times there simply isn't any other way to perform an operation except with command lines.

We've compiled a list of things that you can do in the Windows Command Prompt, including some commands everyone should know for general usage, more advanced ones for tweaking or troubleshooting your PC, as well as lesser known and less practical Command Prompt features. Our list of tips and tricks below has been organized from briefest and most useful, to more complex and risky...

Stop any command mid-operation

Since you might be testing some commands... pressing Ctrl + C will cancel a command that you've already entered and allow you to begin typing another one, while typing cls will clear the current window of any commands that you've entered.

Did you know there is a settings menu?

Right-click the title bar and open Properties for settings that include the ability to change your Command Prompt's font, layout and colors, as well as options such as Quick Edit mode, which will automatically paste text from your clipboard when you right click in the window.

Bonus: You can customize the text in the top bar by typing title followed by the text that you want (example: title My title was pasted with Quick Edit mode).

Command Prompt keyboard shortcuts

Tapping the up and down arrows on your keyboard will cycle through commands that you've previously entered. More shortcuts:

Tab: When you're typing a folder path, tab will auto-complete and cycle through directories
Ctrl + M: Enables Mark Mode which lets you move the cursor in all directions with the arrow keys
Ctrl + C or V: As of Windows 10, you can copy and paste with control C and V like elsewhere around the OS
Ctrl + F: Likewise, control + F now lets you search for text in the Command Prompt
Ctrl + Shift + Scroll on your mouse: Increases or decreases the window transparency (+ and - keys work too)
Alt + Enter: Enables full-screen mode with no title bar displayed on top (F11 also works like elsewhere in Windows)

Drag and drop folders to insert a directory path

Directory paths don't have to be typed in the first place. Aside from being able to copy/paste text and tab through directories, you can drag and drop a folder directly into the Command Prompt window to automatically insert the location.

The function keys F1-F9 are also shortcuts

The function (F) keys on the top of your keyboard are also shortcuts that mostly re-enter previous commands without retyping them.

F1: Tapping or holding this key will retype the command that you just entered letter by letter.

F2: Copies the current command up to a specified character.

F3: Completely retypes the previous line that you entered.

F4: The reverse of F2 -- auto-deletes up to a specified character (your cursor must be in front of the text).

F5: Retypes the previous command like F3 but lets you cycle back through many lines in your command history.

F6: Inserts Ctrl+Z (^Z) in the Command Prompt, which is an end-of-file indication (text after this is ignored)

F7: Opens a list of previously entered commands that you can select from.

F8: Works like F5 but doesn't stop at the end of your command history, cycles back to the start.

F9: Lets you retype a previous command by entering a number associated with the line.

Enter multiple commands at once

Adding && between commands will let you enter multiple lines at once to be executed in succession. Example:

See every process running and connected

Entering tasklist command will list all of the processes running on your machine along with details such as their process identifier and memory usage, while netstat -b will generate a list of all the processes with an established network connection.

List every device driver on your PC

There are many ways to generate a list of drivers in the Command Prompt, here's one line that includes additional information such as the status of a device and the folder location/file name of the associated driver:

Output results to text file or clipboard

You can save the output of a command such as tasklist or driverquery to a new text file by adding > along with a directory and file name. Example:

driverquery > C:\Users\TechSpot\Desktop\output.txt

Delete temporary files from your drive

Some of the temporary files on your drive can be deleted with the following commands (/q runs the operation without a confirmation prompt, /f ignores the read-only attribute and forces deletion, /s deletes contents from all sub-folders):

Delete temporary user files: del /q /f /s %temp%\*

Delete temporary system files (requires admin rights): del /s /q C:\Windows\temp\*

...Or run them together: del /q /f /s %temp%\* && del /s /q C:\Windows\temp\*

If that didn't empty enough storage, here are more temp folder locations, and we recently covered a bunch of ways to free up space on Windows, including Command Prompt methods to launch an advanced Disk Cleanup tool and another to disable hibernation by deleting the feature's system file (hiberfil.sys).

Open Windows' on-screen keyboard

Entering osk into a Command Prompt opens Windows' on-screen keyboard which lets you click keys with your mouse instead of typing them.

Shutdown your PC at a certain time

The "shutdown" command can be used with a range of switches to shutdown, reboot and more, including the ability to force applications closed, to display a message on shutdown, and to specify the number of seconds you'd like before the operation happens. Example: shutdown -s -t 3600 would shutdown your PC in one hour.

Create a Wi-Fi hotspot & Find your Wi-Fi password

If your network adapter supports the feature, you can configure your PC to be a wireless hotspot from the Command Prompt.

How to check if your hardware is capable: Enter netsh wlan show drivers and look for the line that reads "Hosted network support: Yes."

From there, you can enable the hotspot with this command: netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=YOURSSID key=YOURPASSWORD

Also enter this line to enable the hotspot: netsh wlan start hostednetwork ( stop works too) and you can check the status of your new hotspot by entering netsh wlan show hostednetwork.

You may also have to navigate through some GUI menus to enable connection sharing (we couldn't find a way to do this from the Command Prompt): Go to Network and Sharing > Change adapter settings ( Control Panel\Network and Internet\Network Connections) and you should see the network adapters connected to your PC.

Right click the device that is connected to the Internet (not your new hotspot if that's listed) and open Properties. In the Sharing tab, check the box to "Allow other network users to connect through this computer's Internet connection."

Among other netsh commands, the feature can show your Wi-Fi password by entering netsh WLAN show profile name=YOURPROFILE key=clear (look under Security settings > Key Content).

This line can delete a network profile you're no longer using: netsh WLAN delete profile name=YOURPROFILE

Quick fix commands for connection issues

Trouble with your connection? ipconfig has some go-to commands to resolve the issue:

ipconfig /release (Releases your currently issued local IP address)

ipconfig /renew (Requests a new local IP address)

ipconfig /flushdns (Resets the contents of the DNS client resolver cache)

For persistent issues with your connection, there are some more elaborate commands that are worth trying. Note that you may have to reconfigure your network adapter etc. if you have manual settings, particularly when resetting TCP/IP and the Windows Firewall.

These commands require a reboot.

netsh winsock reset (Resets the winsock catalog to its default state, removing layered service providers -- netsh winsock show catalog lists these items)

netsh int ip reset all (Removes and reinstalls TCP/IP, rewriting a couple of associated registry keys)

netsh advfirewall reset (Restores the Windows Firewall to default settings, deleting previously configured rules etc.)

nbtstat -r (Purges the contents of the NetBIOS name cache and then reloads the #PRE-tagged entries from the Lmhosts file)

nbtstat -rr (Releases and then refreshes NetBIOS names for the local computer that is registered with WINS servers)

Quick fix commands for boot issues

Are you greeted with a message that reads "reboot and select proper boot device?" or "NTLDR is missing" when you turn on your PC? The method below has worked for us to repair a Windows 8 machine and should be valid for other editions of Windows.

Note that these lines must be entered in a Command Prompt that is opened in a recovery environment from outside of your operating system, such as from a bootable USB drive with Windows 10 installation media.

Although that sequence has worked for us in the past, we tested this on a virtual machine by deleting the system reserved partition (where boot information is stored) and trying to restore the bootable state by entering those lines. Unfortunately, access was denied for bootrec /fixboot and we couldn't find a workaround, so Windows still couldn't load.

However, these bcdboot and bootsect commands worked to get Windows booting again, even though we just reformatted the system partition:

bcdboot C:\Windows (Recreates the system partition files with those copied from C:\Windows. While this format works from within Windows, see the note below about running this command from a recovery console outside of Windows).

bootsect /nt60 SYS /mbr (Rewrites master boot code on the system partition and updates your master boot record)

*Note: If you are trying to run bcdboot C:\Windows from a recovery console outside of your Windows installation (such as from the Windows 10 installation media), C:\Windows is probably D:\Windows (your operating system) while C:\ is probably your system partition (the boot info). Entering diskpart and then list vol will display drive volumes so you know what's what (type exit to close diskpart). To run the bcdboot operation from a recovery environment, you want something like this command: bcdboot D:\Windows /s C:\

Footnote...
Master Boot Record - The first sector on the whole drive and contains a boot loader as well as information about partitions on the drive.

Volume Boot Record (aka Partition Boot Sector/ System Partition in MS terminology) - The first sector on a partition containing information to load an operation system.

Quick fix commands for repairing Windows

Still can't boot into Windows? Experiencing bluescreens or some other bug? Windows has built-in tools to scan for and replace corrupt system files:

sfc /scannow (from inside Windows)

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=D:\ /offwindir=D:\Windows (from outside Windows, such as from a recovery drive)

A separate DISM command can scan the Windows component store for corrupt files and automatically repair them:

DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth (from inside Windows)

DISM /Image:D:\ /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth (from outside Windows)

Encrypt, compress or backup files

Files and folders can be encrypted or compressed and then unencrypted and decompressed with quick individual commands for each operation -- make sure you change the target destination:

Encrypt a file or folder: cipher /e C:\Users\TechSpot\Desktop\Folder (here are more cipher commands -- /h applies a hidden attribute)

Decrypt that file or folder: cipher /d C:\Users\TechSpot\Desktop\Folder

Compress a file or folder: compact /c /s:C:\Users\TechSpot\Desktop\Folder

Decompress a file or folder: compact /u /s:C:\Users\TechSpot\Desktop\Folder

You can create semi-incremental file backups using robocopy, though this is more involved than the previous commands.

There's a great Super User thread discussing the subject where variants of the same command are recommended for having robocopy do basic file backups, copying files from one location to another -- but only when changes have been made.

Here's the most suggested command (see the link for an explanation on the options):

robocopy C:\source M:\destination /MIR /FFT /R:3 /W:10 /Z /NP /NDL

Generate reports about your system

These reports are surprisingly detailed and may help in understanding issues involving your system's power consumption or wireless connectivity.

powercfg /energy (Generates a report about the energy efficiency of your system -- the location of the report is mentioned after the command finishes)

powercfg /batteryreport (Generates a report with specifications for your battery as well as stats and graphs about the history of your battery usage)

netsh wlan show wlanreport (Generates a report with specs for your wireless hardware along with information about your connection history)

Watch an ASCII version of Star Wars Episode IV

A variety of old school telnet services are still available, including the ability to watch Star Wars Episode IV.

Enter telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl into a Command Prompt for the movie to start (there's no sound).

Note: If the command isn't recognized, you might have to enable telnet. Search Start or the Control Panel for "Turn Windows features on or off" and check the box next to Telnet (click Ok...).

More places you can go via telnet:

telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl 666 (a "bastard operator from hell" excuse generator)

telnet telnet.wmflabs.org ( Wikimedia)

telnet rainmaker.wunderground.com ( Weather Underground)

telnet achaea.com 23 ( Achaea)

telnet ateraan.com 4002 ( New Worlds - Ateraan)

telnet avalon-rpg.com 23 ( Avalon: The Legend Lives)

telnet batmud.bat.org 23 ( BatMUD)

telnet eclipse.cs.pdx.edu 7680 ( New Moon)

telnet forgottenkingdoms.org 4000 ( Forgotten Kingdoms)

telnet freechess.org 5000 ( Free Chess)

telnet lord.stabs.org 23 ( Legend of the Red Dragon)

telnet mush.shelteringcolorado.com 2601 ( Sheltering Sky: Colorado by Night)

telnet zombiemud.org 23 ( Zombie MUD)

Note: This feature was originally published on 10/23/2018. We have bumped it due to its old school nature, as part of our #ThrowbackThursday initiative.

More Useful Tips

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A Compilation of Command Prompt Tips, Tricks & Cool Things You Can Do

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We've compiled a list of things that you can do in the Windows Command Prompt, including some commands everyone should know for general usage, more advanced ones for tweaking or troubleshooting your PC, as well as lesser known Command Prompt features.

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Command prompt:
ipconfig - it display our specific connection Wi-Fi, IPv6, IPv4, subnet mask and Default Gateway. Which default gateway address always .1

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Upload your screenshots on Command Prompt, and Wireshark exercises we did in class.
1) Discuss what are the parameters/commands involved
2) Reflect on the output responses

Please do so by tomorrow afternoon, 20 June, 12 p.m.

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These videos provide a guide to using Wireshark.