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Names of my group mates:
Mr Guo

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Refers to a rule or law which is enforced by an authority an which states how something should be done.

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Definition:
A way in which the government plans the pysical development of the land and its uses.
Description:
Zoning laws often specfic the areaswhere residential, commercial and industrial activities take place. Flood-prone areas are often zoned as low-value developments such as parks for recreation purpose.

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Eagan City in Minnesota, USA is near the Minnesota River. Areas of the city that is near the river are used for low-value development such as the Minnestoa Valley National Wildlife Refuge and parks. Further areas are used for industry activities. Residental zones are located furtherest away from the river so that houses may be safe from floods.

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Benefits:
1. Zoning creates spaces of green areas such as parks which helps to reduce the impact of flood damage.
Challenges:
1. Zoning may limit the develpment of available land because only certain land uses are permitted.
2. Zoning is difficult to carry out because of competing land uses and because people may not abide by the recommended land use.

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- tsaqif
- clark
- joni
- leo ( Li Ao )
- haree
- denny
- aqilah

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Li Ao , Haree , Aqilah , Denny , Joni , Tsaqif , Clark

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Javier
YintOo
Tanishkaa
Badrul
Sherise
Ansar

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Kang Yan, Kai En, Reshanaa, Jie Xu, Ya Jing, Yi Ting, Aloysius

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the benefit : development is protected against floods up to the height of MPL
cost : it is challenging to implement MPL because of the increased cost of development

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Joe, Shaajitra, Insyirah, Mika, Kai Xin, Jestee

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Infrastructure -
Maintain existing infrastructure to make sure they are in working condition.
Levees and floodwalls -
Levees and floodwalls are barriers against floods and protect development from floodwater

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Levees are raised river banks which can be natural (made of mud) or man made.

Floodwalls are man made structures and made of concrete.

Both levees and floodwalls are built higher than the floodplains and rivers so that they can help keep out floodwater

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In the city of Sacramento, United States of America, the Sacramento River flows south and drains into the San Francisco Bay. Starting in the 1870s, several kilometres of levees have been built along the Sacramento River to protect the surrounding land from floods.

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Regulation refers to a rule or law which is enforced by an authority and which states how something should be done

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Definition:
Channel improvement refers to changes made to the river channel to increase its capacity to hold water or to enable the water to flow quickly.

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From figure 5.48 (page 184) These steps leading up to a mall in Singapore show that the development is above MPL

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Another measure used yo reduce the inpact of floods  is to elevate or raise properties to a certain height . In Singapore,the minimum platform level (MPL).

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Example:
In Singapore,a section of the Bukit Timah Canal was also widened and deepened to increase the channel capacity .

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Benefits:
- It is cheaper to build levees and floodwalls to mitigate and prevent floods as compared to raising the height of the surrounding land.

Challenges:
- Regular maintenance is required to ensure that levees and floodwalls are strong enough to hold back floodwater.

- Levees and floodwalls are designed to hold back floodwater up to a certain level. They are unable to prevent floods beyond that level.

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River channels and canals can be widened and deepened so that they can carry more storm water away. They can also be straightened so that water can be carried away quickly.  This will help prevent water in river channels and canals from overflowing

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Define “Disaster Preparedness”

Refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of disasters.

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Challenges
-Its challenging to implement MPL because of the increased cost of development

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Hi Please complete leh! From Mr Guo

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abigail
Destiny
Freya
Adhitya
Shafinah
Zhen feng
Yuan bang

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Forecasting is a technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed estimates that are predictive in determining the direction of future trends. Businesses utilize forecasting to determine how to allocate their budgets or plan for anticipated expenses for an upcoming period of time.

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An early warning system (EWS) is technology and associated policies and procedures designed to predict and mitigate the harm of natural and human-initiated disasters and other undesirable events.

Early warning systems for natural hazards include those designed for floods, earthquakes, avalanches, tsunamis, tornadoes, landslides and drought.

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During emergencies, cities need to have a plan to evacuate a large number of people in the shortest possible time. Evacuation drills are form of preparedness measure where people practice the steps to leave a place in safe and orderly way during an emergency. Such evacuation drills create awareness among the people moving to safe locations, following instructions given by trained personnel and practicing first aid.

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A community rescuer gives instructions to other rescuers during an evacuation drill in Marulas,  Valenzuela City, Philippines, on 14 June 2013

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-People are educated on what to do when a flood warning is received.
-Evacuation drills will enable cities to improve their flood evacuation plans.

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-Limited participation wil reduce the effectiveness of an evacuation drill.
-Anyone who has reduced mobility, hearing or visual impairment. Regardless of whether or not these conditions are temporary. They may need assistance to evacuate a building in an emergency. There might not be enough trained personnel to assist them.

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The primary advantage of forecasting is that it provides the business with valuable information that the business can use to make decisions about the future of the organisation.

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Benefits

It is cheaper to build levees and floodwalls to migitate and prevent floods as compared to rising the height of the surrounding land.

Challenges

Regular maintenance is required to ensure that levees and floodwalls are strong enough to hold back floodwater.

Levees and floodwalls are designed to hold back floodwater up to a certain level. They are unable to prevent floods beyond that level.

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Benefits of channel improvements
Channel improvement makes it possible for moderate-value and high-value developments to take place on the land adjacent to river channels and canals.

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Warning system provides advance warning of flood events which can potentially allows timely operation of flood control structures(e.g. storm surge barriers, temporary flood defences, etc.).

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Sometimes it may not work as the satellites may be erupted by rains and lightning. With that people may not receive the alert and may not be ready for the disasters to take place.

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It is expensive and sometimes it may not work due to techincal failures.

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Aqiroar

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Hi

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Hello

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BENEFITS
channel improvement makes it possible for moderate value and high value developments to take place on the land adjacent to river channels and canals

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CHALLENGES
channel improvement may create problems for areas upstream or downstream of the improved area