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Uninvited: The Spread of Invasive Species

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Uninvited: The Spread of Invasive Species

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Uninvited: The Spread of Invasive Species

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password: MTSscience

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Lionfish Invasion Life Science Article for Students | Scholastic SuperScience Magazine

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Experts team up to protect coastal waters from a fearsome fish

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Newsela | Technology: A powerful resource against invasive species

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30 species. 30 pieces. 1 fragmented survival.

A CSS-based interactive exhibition celebrating evolutionary distinction.

About this project

In Pieces is an interactive exhibition turned study into 30 of the world's most interesting but unfortunately endangered species - their survivals laying literally, in pieces.

As Featured On

Each species has a common struggle and is represented by one of 30 pieces which come together to form one another. The collection is a celebration of genic diversity and an attempting reminder of the beauty we are on the verge of losing as every moment passes. These 30 animals have been chosen for their differences, so that we can learn about species we didn't know about previously as well as the struggles they have surviving. Many of them evolved in a particular way which makes them evolutionarily distinct.

Take for example the Kakapo, an animal which evolved without natural predators and thus didn't require instincts to defend itself. Unfortunately - and as is the case with most of the species showcased here - humans began easily hunting upon encroaching their range, then introduced the stoat and other forms of pest control for other species. The Kakapo was almost completely wiped out through this introduction and fights on today because of this catastrophic lack of judgement.

When you dig into a lot of research around this topic, it's not long before you see the real darkness that is going on. Millions of years of evolution has occurred and humans are in danger of ruining it through desperation for financial gain or greed.

There are some species here who as grim as it sounds, would require a small miracle to survive because the numbers are too low to rationally continue to exist, Vaquita being one such example.

In Pieces hopes to educate and inspire, and provoke thought on this complex and intricate topic. I sincerely hope that you can take something new away and enjoy this collection as much as I enjoyed researching, designing and building it.

How it's made

Born out of tinkering with a simple property, this project is unabashedly part-digital experiment. The core technology used here is just good old CSS - no canvas or WebGL witchcraft.

Since hearing about CSS polygons, I've been a little surprised at the lack of furore around the technology, so I wanted to create something which not only worked as a project in itself, but also pushed this underused line of code as far as possible.

The shard-shifting capabilities work in webkit-browsers only, which of course is a limitation but at the same time, it works on mobile which are almost completely webkit-based. Firefox does support the clip-path property, but as an SVG referenced shape and thus, the coding for movement works in an entirely different manner. I wanted to focus purely on the CSS route.

Not heard of it? Here, take a line: -webkit-clip-path: polygon( 40% 40%, 50% 60%, 60% 40% );

So, in essence - each shape is being morphed, moved and toyed with by a new set of co-ordinates, and as they are maintained as triangles throughout, this means 3 points, with CSS transitions to link up the movements. No tricks or tools have been used to get the illustrated results, code-wise or graphically. Point by point, shape by shape, each one has been handcrafted via a personally-created tracing JS function after illustration.

If you have any questions on the technique or the project at all, please feel free to whip me a Tweet!

Causes

In Pieces is not linked to a specific charity or organisation, but I would like to highlight some of the great efforts being made out there for species under threat of extinction.

Edge of Existence* - a programme run by Zoological Society of London, deals directly with evolutionarily distinct animals, and has a great list of 100 mammals and other types of species which you can look through if your interests have been perked. *This project is not associated with Edge of Existence.

Of the animals featured here, a number have great causes dealing specifically with their battles, or otherwise aid in respect to the species' family.

Sources

I have used an extensive range of sources to gather the information within this site, specifically the statistical data which is fairly tough to find. I thank each source sincerely, and wish to highlight their great resources here:

Give this species a digital home with a desktop wallpaper.

Share In Pieces

If you enjoyed this project, tell your peeps!

Poster

Take the pieces home with this poster, available here.

Wallpapers

You can download a range of wallpapers of specific species for your desktop within the exhibition, but here you can have them all in one place too. Select which device takes your fancy below.

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30 species, 30 pieces. In Pieces is an interactive exhibition of 30 of the world's most interesting but unfortunately endangered species - their survivals laying literally, in pieces. Explore information, facts and figures and download assets of each unique species.

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The threat of invasive species - Jennifer Klos

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Green invaders are taking over America. Nope, not invaders from space. Plants. You might not think of plants as dangerous, but in this case they are threatening nature's delicate food web.

The invaders are plants from other countries brought here to make gardens and yards look pretty. Ever since people started to arrive on America's shores, they've carried along trees, flowers, and vegetables from other places.

Now there are so many of those plants, they are crowding out the native plants that have lived here since before human settlers arrived.

And that's a problem, says Dr. Doug Tallamy. He's an entomologist (an insect expert) at the University of Delaware. He explains that almost all the plant-eating insects in the United States-90% of them-are specialized. That means they eat only certain plants.

Monarch butterfly caterpillars, for example, dine on milkweed. If people cut down milkweed and replace it with another plant, the butterflies will not have the food source that they need to survive.

But the trouble doesn't stop there, it goes right across the food web. When insects can't get the right plants to eat and they die off, then the birds don't have enough bugs for their meals. Tallamy points out that almost all migrating birds depend on insects to feed their young.

"We cannot let the plants and animals around us disappear," says Tallamy. "The way to preserve them is to give them food to eat. But when we plant non-native plants, we are clobbering the food web, because then we don't have the insects the birds need to live."

Fewer of the right plants mean fewer bugs, and fewer bugs mean fewer birds. And that's bad for the Earth, because we need a variety of living things to keep the planet healthy and beautiful.

The good news is, gardeners everywhere are working hard to protect native plants and get rid of the invaders. Many local garden centers sell native plants. "Just research 'native plants' and your location, and you can find out which plants really belong where you live," says Tallamy.

Planting the right things makes a real difference, and fast. He describes planting milkweed in a tiny city courtyard about the size of a living room one spring. By summertime, that milkweed patch had produced 50 new monarch butterflies!

Tallamy encourages kids to go out and plant native plants. "Adopt a bird species in trouble and see if you can't plant some things that will attract the insects they need," he suggests. "It will happen-insects move around a lot, and they will find the plants you put out there for them!"

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Green invaders are taking over America. Nope, not invaders from space. Plants. You might not think of plants as dangerous, but in this case they are threatening nature's delicate food web. The invaders are plants from other countries brought here to make gardens and yards look pretty.

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Seed Saver Life Science Article for Students | Scholastic SuperScience Magazine

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Dustin Wolkis helps protect Hawaii's rarest plants

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Built on a collection of 40,000+ popular, high-quality books from 250+ of the world's best publishers, Epic safely fuels curiosity and reading confidence for kids 12 and under.

Get Started

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online access fun thousands children great kids ebooks books

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Invasive Species Book Collection on Epic

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Built on a collection of 40,000+ popular, high-quality books from 250+ of the world's best publishers, Epic safely fuels curiosity and reading confidence for kids 12 and under. Get Started

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Broom

Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius

Scientific classification

Tribe:

Genera

Argyrocytisus: 1 species

Chamaecytisus: 30 species

Cytisus: about 30-35 species

Genista: about 90 species

Petteria: 1 species

Podocytisus: 1 species

Retama: 4 species

Spartium: 1 species

Brooms are a group of evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs.

All the brooms and their relatives (including Laburnum and Ulex) grow in Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. The greatest diversity one can find in the Mediterranean region. Many brooms (though not all) are fire-climax species, adapted to regular stand-replacing fires which kill the above-ground parts of the plants, but create conditions for regrowth from the roots and also for germination of stored seeds in the soil.

The most familiar is common broom, that grows in northwestern Europe. One can find it in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. Like most brooms, it has apparently leafless stems that in spring and summer are covered with golden-yellow flowers. In late summer, its pea-pod like seed capsules burst open, often with an audible pop, spreading seed from the parent plant. It makes a shrub about 1-3m tall, rarely to 4m. It is also the hardiest broom, tolerating temperatures down to about -25°C.

The brooms belong to the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae, mainly in the three genera Chamaecytisus, Cytisus and Genista, but also in five other small genera (see box, right). All genera in this group are from the tribe Genisteae (syn. Cytiseae). These genera are all closely related and share similar characteristics of dense, slender green stems and very small leaves, adaptations to dry growing conditions. Most of the species have yellow flowers, but a few have white, orange, red, pink or purple flowers.

Invasive species

On the east and west coasts of North America, common broom ( Cytisus scoparius) was introduced as an ornamental plant (i.e.:California since the 1860s). It is known in much of the pacific northwest as Scotch broom. It has become a naturalised invasive weed, and due to its aggressive seed dispersal broom removal has proved very difficult. Similarly, it is a major problem species in the cooler and wetter areas of southern Australia and New Zealand. Biological control for broom in New Zealand has been investigated since the mid-1980s. On the west coast of the United States, French broom ( Genista monspessulana), Mediterranean broom ( Genista linifolia) and Spanish broom ( Spartium junceum) are also considered noxious invasives, as broom quickly crowds out native vegetation, and grow most prolifically in the least accessible areas.

A traditional rhyme from Sussex says: "Sweep the house with blossed broom in May/sweep the head of the household away." Despite this, it was also common to include a decorated bundle of broom at weddings. Ashes of broom were used to treat dropsy, while its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.

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Broom Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius Scientific classification Tribe: Genera Argyrocytisus: 1 species Chamaecytisus: 30 species Cytisus: about 30-35 species Genista: about 90 species Petteria: 1 species Podocytisus: 1 species Retama: 4 species Spartium: 1 species Brooms are a group of evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs.

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Editor -- This is in response to Sandra Gorry's article "Gardening on the edge," which appeared in the June 29 Chronicle.

I disagree with the author's recommendation of Cytisus scoparius as a suitable garden plant for coastal gardens. Scotch broom is an extremely invasive plant, one which has devoured many a hillside here in the Bay Area and other locales along the California coast. Recommending this plant for San Francisco's gardens is just plain naive, and dangerous.

On top of this, the article did not give any mention of the state's many well adapted natives, which are THE best choice for our landscapes, regardless of location, climate or terrain.

I just hope that The Chronicle's readers are enlightened enough to not believe everything they read in the paper.

JASON SEDERQUIST

San Rafael

-- I could not believe my eyes when I saw your recommendation for Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) in a recent article. This is not just a matter of personal taste about what might look pretty in a garden. Scotch broom is listed by the California Department of Food and Agriculture as a Class C noxious weed -- "troublesome, aggressive, intrusive, detrimental or destructive to agriculture, silviculture, or important native species, and difficult to control or eradicate."

Countless dollars and man-hours are spent every year in California in efforts to control this plant. Not only does Scotch broom choke out native vegetation, but the dense stems create a highly flammable fuel, a potential fire hazard to nearby structures.

Please educate yourself and your readers about the troublesome nature of this invasive weed. Here are 1,600 Google results to get you started: www.google.com/search?q=scotch+broom+invasive.
GREG McCANN
Kennewick, Wash.

-- Upon first reading Sandra Gorry's article on "Gardening on the Edge" I thought it must have been written tongue in cheek. I simply could not believe that anyone today who knows anything about plants and the beleaguered California environment would recommend that coastal gardeners plant Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), Cotoneaster pannosus and pride of Madeira (Echium candicans) -- and actually say that "Scotch broom has gotten something of a bad rap."

These plants are either noxious weeds subject to expensive eradication efforts or under study because of their tendency to naturalize outside of gardens and displace native plants. Unfortunately, her article was dead serious.

Advice like hers in the past has made certain gardening practices some of the worst enemies of California's rich natural heritage. The Chronicle should not continue to sponsor such ill-informed gardening advice.

DAVID LONG

Mill Valley

-- If the recommendation (to plant Scotch broom) "had" to be printed, surely it should have included an enormous warning label: "By planting this invasive exotic you are personally doing your part to destroy the native plant fauna and cause millions of dollars in damage to California agriculture."

MIKI SAXON

San Mateo

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Editor -- This is in response to Sandra Gorry's article "Gardening on the edge," which appeared in the June 29 Chronicle. I disagree with the author's recommendation of Cytisus scoparius as a suitable garden plant for coastal gardens.

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Jubata grass carpeting the Marin coast and killing off local flora and fauna
NPS photo

As human have traveled around the earth, they have purposefully and accidentally brought plants and animals with them and introduced them to new continents. Natural barriers to the movement of plants and animals include large bodies of water, large deserts, and mountain ranges. World wide, introduced species are directly behind habitat destruction in causing species extinction around the globe.

A healthy ecosystem requires a balance of plants, insects, herbivores, and carnivores which have evolved together in a system. Local habitats are the "ecological houses" of the world, and the loss of local plants and animals are a serious threat to global biodiversity. The San Francisco Bay Area is considered one of the top 25 biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Invasive species and their removal are an economic burden to land managers around the world, but here at Golden Gate they are also threatening native biological richness that rivals that of the Equatorial rainforests! Through educating themselves about invasive species, park visitors can truly learn to celebrate local nature.

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Non-native Species - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)

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As human have traveled around the earth, they have purposefully and accidentally brought plants and animals with them and introduced them to new continents. Natural barriers to the movement of plants and animals include large bodies of water, large deserts, and mountain ranges.

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Marine Invasive Species are animals or algae that have been translocated from their native region to California marine and estuarine waters. Invasive species are also called introduced, exotic, alien, nonindigenous or non-native.

Why are they a Concern?

The introduction of NIS can cause harm to the ecosystem by displacing native species, becoming a human health dangerby introducing new diseases, or cause economic havoc on commercial, agricultural, or recreational activities by clogging waterways, and impacting navigation and recreation.

A prime example of the harm an invasive species can cause is Caulerpa taxifolia, also known as Killer Algae, a strain of green seaweed believed to be released from an aquarium directly into a water body or through a storm drain. The Killer Algae forms a dense carpet on any surface including rock, sand, and mud displacing native plants and animals, disrupts the natural food chain, and seriously impacting recreational and commercial fisheries.

Although Caulerpa was successfully eradicated from California marine waters, few eradications have been attempted due to perceived challenges and high cost (over $7M was expended in the case of Caulerpa).

Number of Invasive Species Statewide

The map below shows that all major harbor areas and Bays in California have received significant NIS introductions. San Francisco Bay has the highest number of non-native species, followed by the Ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach. San Francisco Bay is a hotspot for invasions because it has high recreational boating and commercial shipping traffic, a history of oyster culture, and is adjacent to a highly urbanized area. Our research found that San Francisco Bay is a hub for the spread of NIS to the rest of the West Coast.

Infamous Marine Invasive Species

Green Crab (Carcinus maenas)

Native to Europe and now established on the coast of North America as well as other non-native regions, the Green Crab is sold as fish bait in much of the world. It devours large quantities of prey, including native clams, oysters, mussels and crabs. The Green Crab can greatly affect the commercial shellfish industry (Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History).

CDFW Image

Asian Kelp (Undaria pinnatifida)

The Asian Kelp is an invasive alga that is native to Japan, northern China, and Korea. Undaria, which was first found in Southern California and has since spread to San Francisco and Half Moon Bay, most likely came to the California coast by means of hull fouling. Undaria can out-compete native species by monopolizing resources, resulting in ecosystem alternation ( Zabin et al 2009). Undaria continues to spread throughout California. In 2009, it was found in San Francisco Bay.

Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Native to the Pacific Coast of China and Korea, the Mitten Crab was first introduced to the West Coast in 1991, likely by means of ballast water or possibly by intentional releases. According to Cohen and Weinstein (2001), it interfered with fish salvage operations, fish passage facilities, water treatment plants, power plants, and other facilities.

Imagine courtesy of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Clubbed tunicate (Styela clava)

The Clubbed tunicate is native to Eastern Asia and was first observed on the Pacific Coast in the 1930's. It was most likely introduced on the hulls of ships or with imported oysters (Clarke and Therriault 2007). Because of its hardy nature and ability to withstand salinity and temperature fluctuations, it has established a widespread non-native distribution. It out-competes native organisms for food in the water column and feeds on the larvae of native species causing population declines (Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International 2015).

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons taken by Matthieu Sontag, via Creative commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.

Common Invasive Species Pathways

Non-indigenous species are introduced to California waters via pathways (also known as vectors). Below are some of the most common pathways for introduction of new species into California

Vessel Biofouling

Fouling species can attach directly to ship hulls, along with mobile species that may be associated with them. Biofouling organisms are introduced to a new environment when they fall off the ship structure to release larvae. Vessel biofouling has been identified as one of the most important vectors for marine NIS introductions in several world regions, including California (Ruiz et al. 2011).

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons created by Templar52 via Creative commons.

Ballast Water

Ballast water is loaded on-board ships to adjust buoyancy and provide stability. The transport and discharge of ballast water to the port of call provides the opportunity for marine organisms to become established in a non-native region. It is estimated that more than 7000 species are moved around the world on a daily basis in this way (Carlton 1999).

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons created by Maxxl2 - Ballastwassertanks, via Creative commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.

Fisheries/Aquaculture

These non-native fish, invertebrates, and seaweeds were brought intentionally to California waters to establish new populations for fisheries or aquaculture. Introduced fish often have unintended consequences for their new ecosystem, including parasites or disease. Fisheries also unintentionally bring NIS to California waters through accidental release of live fish, crustaceans and molluscs imported for human consumption, as well as accidental trans-location of species attached to aquaculture gear (floats, cages, etc).

Image courtesy of USFWS

Oysters

Many aquatic organisms live on the shells of oysters. When oysters were trans-located to a new site to be farmed, the hitchhiking species were inadvertently introduced. The transfer of species through commercial oyster culture has declined over time, corresponding to the decrease in transfer of oysters and stocking activity in California.

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons User Maxxl2-Ballastwassertanks through the Creative commons CC BY-SA 3.0 License

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What are California Marine Invasive Species?

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Marine Invasive Species are animals or algae that have been translocated from their native region to California marine and estuarine waters. Invasive species are also called introduced, exotic, alien, nonindigenous or non-native.

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Engineering Adventures - Catch That Toad!

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In this lesson plan which is adaptable for students in grades 3-12, students will explore the effects of invasive species. They will participate in a game simulation in which they must stop carp (a non-native species) from progressing through the waterways to Lake Michigan.
Preparation and Game Background Information for the Teacher:
Invasion!! is a free online game created by a Carnegie Mellon University Entertainment Technology Center (ETC) student project called "Bridges," sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation. Working in partnership with the Field Museum of Chicago, the game explores the goal of preventing Asian carp from invading the waters of Lake Michigan. Portions of the background information provided in this lesson plan have been adapted from the game developer's website.

The game has two parts. The first part is an introductory game appropriate for students in grades 3-12. The player controls an Asian carp which can swim, eat, and jump out of the water. The carp eats plankton to gain energy, and at a certain point, can jump up to try to hit boaters and birds (as occurs in the real world). The purpose of this game is to draw the player into the world of Asian carp.

The second and primary portion of the game is a simulation where the player is introduced to the complex global dilemma of managing invasive species. This portion of the game targets high school students, as it requires some advanced reading skills and an appropriate level of systems thinking to appreciate the socio-political aspects of the game. The objective is to stop carp from progressing through the waterways to Lake Michigan. The style of game play is a mix of a turn-based tower defense game and a simple card game to gain resources to build more towers. To win the game, the player needs to keep the carp out of the lake for 25 turns. There are random events the affect the system each turn, so the player will have to often adjust strategies.
Ideas for Building Background Knowledge Prior to Game Play:
- BrainPOP has a number of movie topic pages that can help students make connections to what they already know and prepare them for game play. The Fish and Rivers topic pages are especially useful in developing understanding about the context of game play.

- Younger students can read and discuss the Invasive Plants article from the National Geographic for Kids website. Print the Invasive Species Kids Fun Book from the Idaho Department of Agriculture (or the slightly more advanced Invader Rangers! Youth Activity Book from the Invasive Plant Council of British Columbia) and explore the activities together.

- Have students explore the effects of invasive species through a hands-on investigation. You can use the It's Not Just a Bug activity from the New York Times to have students simulate how crops are affected by native and non-native insect populations, and learn about the options farmers have to protect their crops.
Ideas for integrating the "Invasion" Game in Your Instruction:
- Allow students to independently explore the first portion of the game. Draw students' attention to the food sources and competitors shown the game. Guide students to understand that carp eat up to 40% of their body weight in a day and also jump out of the water when they are startled.

- Older students can then move on to the second portion of the game, either independently or in pairs. The objective is to stop carp from progressing through the waterways to Lake Michigan, and to win, students must keep the carp out of the lake for 25 turns.

- Talk with students about what they are learning through game play. How did they adjust their strategies after each random event altered the system?
Ideas for Extending Student Learning After the Game:
- As you discuss game play with students, you may find that other related topics surface. You can use BrainPOP movies such as Food Chains, Migration, Natural Resources, or Supply and Demand to help develop student understanding as needed.

- Challenge students to explore another invasive species, such as the kudzu, cane toads, European rabbits, the green crab, toxic dinoflagellates, or the zebra mussel. Students may choose to research a type of non-native feral animal in their own community or state. Have students research their selected species' native origins and worldwide spread, the damage the species has caused both economically and environmentally, and the efforts that have been made to control the problem and/or eradicate the species from its non-native habitat.

- After students have researched another invasive species, have them share what they have learned. You can use the Exploring the Effects of Invasive Species on Local Ecosystems activity from the New York Times, which tasks students with developing a multimedia exhibit to educate the public about their findings. Or, have students write a news article or blog post to share their research.

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Invasive Species Lesson Plan: The Invasion Game

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In this lesson plan which is adaptable for students in grades 3-12, students will explore the effects of invasive species. They will participate in a game simulation in which they must stop carp (a non-native species) from progressing through the waterways to Lake Michigan. Preparation and Game Background Information for the Teacher: Invasion!!

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Invasive Species | National Geographic Society

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An invasive species is an organism that is not native to an ecosystem, and thus has no natural predators in that environment. This lack of predators often causes some wicked problems in the place it colonizes. With no predators, these invaders can out-compete local fauna and flora, and then disrupt the balance of the ecosystem.

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Invasion of the Toxic Toads: Nature's Most Successful Failure

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Invasive Cane Toads Are Threatening Australia's Native Wildlife | Jeremy Wade's Dark Waters

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Cane Toad facts: Australia's Epidemic | Animal Fact Files

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Enormous Toadzilla found in Australia | CBC Kids News

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Why is biodiversity so important? - Kim Preshoff

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Lionfish need to have their spines removed before they are cooked and eaten. 

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Lionfish need to have their spines removed before they are cooked and eaten. 

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This is where you will leave an insightful, informative and positive comment about Lionfish 

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This is where you will leave an insightful, informative and positive comment about Lionfish 

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Explore Smithsonian: How can Scientists Track the Movement of an Invasive Species of Fish? | Smithsonian Science Education Center