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“I say, then, that the years of the beatific incarnation of the Son of God had reached the tale of one thousand three hundred and forty eight, when in the illustrious city of Florence, the fairest of all the cities of Italy, there made its appearance that deadly pestilence, which, whether disseminated by the influence of the celestial bodies, or sent upon us mortals by God in His just wrath by way of retribution for our iniquities, had had its origin some years before in the East, whence, after destroying an innumerable multitude of living beings, it had propagated itself without respite from place to place, and so calamitously, had spread into the West.” -Giovanni Boccaccio

“The rags of a poor man who had died of the disease being strewn about the open street, two hogs came thither, and after, as is their wont, no little trifling with their snouts, took the rags between their teeth and tossed them to and fro about their chaps; whereupon, almost immediately, they gave a few turns, and fell down dead, as if by poison, upon the rags which in an evil hour they had disturbed.” -Giovanni Boccaccio

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It was believed that the rats were the initial causers of the plague however, it had been the fleas on rats.

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Authorities became more aware of the need to take responsibility for their society's health. Public health boards were set up to deal with the plague, becoming very valuable. They cleaned up the cities through laws against littering, fines for dumping waste in the rivers, and employment of street sweepers.

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Comparison: before and after the Black Death 

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Comparison: before and after the Black Death 

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Before:
Peasants had little rights
The Church was highly respectful
Population was high because people weren't allowed to use contraception as it disrespected their religion
Doctors didn't pay much attention to their patients= There was very little Medical knowledge

After:
Peasants revolted and demanded for more rights since there was a rapid decrease in peasants who were needed to provide food etc.

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A study conducted by Phelps Brown and Hopkins showed that wages for peasants increased by 66% after the black death. So peasants had more power and rights after the black death, and the demand for money supported them to buy things like food and clothing that they couldn't afford before the plague.

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The Black Death were not understood during the Middle Ages. Doctors knew nothing about the cause of the plague or how to treat it. All sorts of treatments were offered. They believed that stench was a cause of the disease, and offered patients sweet-smelling flowers to smell. Some believe this is the source of the children's nursery rhyme ‘Ring around a Rosie, a pocketful of posies, a-tishoo a-tishoo, we all fall down’. Other doctors cut open buboes to draw out ‘bad blood’. But this helped only to spread the disease. Panic and superstition made things even worse. Many believed that the plague was God's punishment for their sins. Doctors would often dress up covered head to toe in cloths complete with hats, masks, coats, gloves, and shirts and pants that would cover all skin. the outfits were often depicted as black clothing and the masks often had beaks.

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Account of somebody with the black plauge

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Account of somebody with the black plauge

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"Then the grievous plague penetrated the seacoasts from Southampton, and came to Bristol, and there almost the whole strength of the town died, struck as it were by sudden death. There died at Leicester in the small parish of St. Leonard more than 380, in the parish of Holy Cross more than 400; in the parish of S. Margaret of Leicester more than 700; and so in each parish a great number. Then the bishop of Lincoln gave general power to all and every priest to hear confessions, and absolve with full and entire authority except in matters of debt, in which case the dying man, if he could, should pay the debt while he lived, or others should certainly fulfill that duty from his property after his death. In the same year there was a great plague of sheep everywhere in the realm so that in one place there died in one pasturage more than 5,000 sheep, and so rotted that neither beast nor bird would touch them. And there were small prices for everything on account of the fear of death. For there were very few who cared about riches or anything else.... Sheep and cattle went wandering over fields and through crops, and there was no one to go and drive or gather them for there was such a lack of servants that no one knew what he ought to do. Wherefore many crops perished in the fields for want of someone to gather them. The Scots, hearing of the cruel pestilence of the English, believed it had come to them from the avenging hand of God, and--as it was commonly reported in England--took their oath when they wanted to swear, "By the foul death of England."

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Generally a serfdom or being a serf meant that you were not allowed ot leave the land, they did not have freedom in that choice. Also, it meant that feudal lords had the right to force serfs to work for them, to put tax fines on them, and place other burdens on them.

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Translation:

Extract in present day English:

A great mortality ... destroyed more than a third of the men, women and children. As a result, there was such a shortage of servants, craftsmen, and workmen, and of agricultural workers and labourers, that a great many lords and people, although well-endowed with goods and possessions, were yet without service and attendance. Alas, this mortality devoured such a multitude of both sexes that no one could be found to carry the bodies of the dead to burial, but men and women carried the bodies of their own little ones to church on their shoulders and threw them into mass graves, from which arose such a stink that it was barely possible for anyone to go past a churchyard.

As remarked above, such a shortage of workers ensued that the humble turned up their noses at employment, and could scarcely be persuaded to serve the eminent unless for triple wages. Instead, because of the doles handed out at funerals, those who once had to work now began to have time for idleness, thieving and other outrages, and thus the poor and servile have been enriched and the rich impoverished. As a result, churchmen, knights and other worthies have been forced to thresh their corn, plough the land and perform every other unskilled task if they are to make their own bread.

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MEDICINE: Hospitals advanced after the plague, as they once were only used to isolate the sick, but now they were being used to treat the sick.
Some hospitals gained relationships with universities and collected medical texts.

SANITATION:Public health boars were set up in Italian cities, they became valuable to prevent illness.Laws were created to stop littering, street sweepers were hired and heavy fines were placed for heavy dumping.

RELIGION: The devastation of the black death had weakened the influence of the previous all powerful catholic church.
The church told people that whoever had the black death were sinners, and good people were dying and becoming ill, so people loss faith in the church believing god didn't love them.

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People were afraid of going to hell for their 'sins'.
Some of the sins were:
-Not being catholic.So being Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, etc. Also, being an atheist was considered a sin.
-Treason
The image also shows the Hierarchy does not change once you die, for example the knights are together at the back.

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Individuals in the Medieval period believed that if they followed God, the Catholic Church and also lived a life of good deeds, they would be in heaven which can also be referred to as Paradise.

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Bubonic Plague -- bubes appeared on body
Pus filled swelling of lymph nodes
Recovery was possible
Pneumonic Plague -- Attacks lungs
Very fatal
Transferred by coughing with a virus
Septicaemic Plague -- Attacks bloodstream
Bacteria multiplies too fast
Victims died almost instantly
The bleeding into the skin causes purple/black                                               blotches
All these three plagues result in the black plague

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The effect that came from the plague in society affect different aspects.
Medical advancement
-doctors became curious, this lead to more surgical practices and connections with libraries etc.
Change in language from French and Latin to English
- Wiped out 30-60% of population

Sanitation and public health
Public health boards started being set up and used.
Laws were set and you would be fined for littering.
People were made to clean up.

Religion
People were praying to try and stop the plague but it didn't work so there was a loss of faith.
Catholic church lots some power.

Political unrest
Fewer people left to perform peasant tasks.
The peasants were able to demand better pay.

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The term ‘Dark Ages’ was originally used by the Italian scholar Petrarch in the 1330s. He was describing what he considered to be the poor quality of literature coming from Europe in the period following the fall of Rome.

Crusaders were often from monasteries. One monastic order was the Knights of St John the Hospitaller. Their cross-shaped symbol is now the logo of the St John Ambulance Society

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- Before the black death, sick people in hospitals were isolated without their possessions because no one expected them to live.
- Practice of medicine changed due to failure of medieval medicine.
- During the black death, doctors tried to cure patients in hospitals, this continued after the Black Death.
- Hospital began relationships with universities and libraries which lead to the expansion of medical knowledge.

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There are 4 classes of people in the feudal system. You have peasants who are the lowest class of people. You then have knights who are next above, then barons, then at the top you have the king.
As the list goes down, the welfare and economic state of these people are decreasing. Each of the classes provides land for the below class.

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What each social class gained from religious ideas:
Monarchs- believed that they were superficial and God chose and blessed them in battle. They are next to God.
Tenants in chief- they could communicate with God, but they focused on materialistic things such as money from the lower class.
Subtenants- they had some sort of faith, they pray to God or ask the church to pray for them to save them in battle.
Peasantry- fear that they could go to hell if they did not comply with the hierarchical structure. they had a more stronger faith in God. Churches provide for them.

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The Plague was spread because of the cramped houses and the fact that they were really close together. Many domestic animals were exposed to people's homes and there was a lack of sanitation and public health. Individuals only used one drain in the middle of a town which disposed of waste and rubbish. This caused the rivers and dams to be contaminated. Statistically, 1/3 of Europe's population had contracted it in the Medieval Era.

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Barons were served first, they had lots of meat and vegetables as side dishes. Drinks were beer and fermenting honey drinks. they also had bread.

Peasants did not have much meat. Peasants also kept chickens for eggs. they could not hunt and had mostly bread, they also had a stew called pottage and used bread as plates for last resorts

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-Houses were close together allowing easy spread of the Black Death
-Presence of domestic animals and straw on the floor allowed the rats to flourish.
-Drain goes to river which people drink from.
-Houses we're small so sick family members couldn't be isolated.

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After the black death decline in workers meant that there were only a few agriculturalists and less work done. Labor was valued more and peasants took advantage of this demanding a higher wage but they were resisted. this led them to start revolts against the government.
France 1358- workers rose up to improve working conditions.
Florence 1378- led revolts for a democratic government
and in England 1381- there are records to changes in society due to the black death

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Between 1347 & 1351, The Black Death had a brutal effect on life in Europe and the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Despite all devastation, there were also some positive changes in the following years, many of which occurred as a direct response to the horrors of the plague.

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there are a number of theories about the orogin of the english name 'black death'. the most popular of these comes from the apperance of the disease in its final stages. at this time, small black or purple blotches appered on the skin of those suffering from the disease,and this may have contributed to the name. in french, the disease was known as 'molte bleue' translated to 'blue death'. the latin name 'pestis atra' translated to 'terrible plague/ was widley used by educated writers of the time.

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holy wars between christians and muslims
started in 1095
8 different crusades
cross affixed to garments for the pope
they invaded the holy area of palestine
2nd crusade lasted the longest

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The fall of Rome started the catholic church.
The catholic church had a huge amount of power among the people. The church was the center of community life.
Art was very important part of the religion.
The Pope and royals were at the same social level.
God was the highest power in all of society.
The Pope was the head of the Catholic church.
The Pope is god representative on earth.

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Clergy: religious officials who work for the church.
Pope: the pope is the head of the roman catholic church. the power of the pope was built through political alliances. Most schools were run by the church some monasteries become very rich and influential. there was much ignorance and superstition.
Heresy: Denying or not believing the teachings of the church and going against them

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Black Death ("Hollaback Girl" by Gwen Stefani)

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Depending on your class, that determined what clothing you wore.
Females and Males wore different clothing.
Clothing was a representation of how wealthy you were, the more clothes you wore would mean the wealthier you are. This usually meant that many rich folk would have excess fabric on their clothing to show off their money.

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Key points:
The pope is gods representative on earth
the pope advised the kings
The serfs paid 10% of their income to the church
People had a fear of hell ( Irrational)
People felt a sense of belonging to the church
Cathedrals inspired a awe of god
The is the head of the catholic church is  the pope
most schools were only run by the church
There was a lot of ignorance and superstition
The power of the pope-through political alliances

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It was based on beliefs and was not scientifically proven and normally ended in people dying. This proved that the medical knowledge in the past was inadequate. It was believed that the black death only affected people who have sinned so praying was a highly considered treatment

treatments:
Blood letting: Performed to renew the blood by flushing out the bad    blood
Applying Leeches: Believed to suck out the bad blood to help with sickness
Drinking/Eat herbal medicine: often more bad than good
Surgery: Cut off limbs by barbers  if black spots are found on the body because they are the most skilled with knives
Pray to god: so they go to heaven.

four humors:
Flegment=skin=brown
Sangvin=blood=red
jmelang=bone=grey
Coleric=internal organs=yellow

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Housing:
-Made of stone and had 2 rooms. No chimney
-Peasants made their houses out of sticks/straws/mud. Had only 1 room
-For better protection from weather, Wattle and Daub houses were built.
Food:
-Peasants ate dark bread made from rye grain. They kept chickens which provided eggs. Fish were plentiful. Peasants could hunt rabbits/hares, but could get punished.
-Baron food included bread, ale/mead, vegetables, and meat.
-For the barons, bread would be eaten with every meal. Vegetables included peas, beans, and onions.
-The rich would have jugglers/tumblers/musicians to entertain them.
-The knight stood behind the barons to protect them.
-Plates and cutlery were made from wood and there were no forks.

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Medieval language was mainly Latin or French, however the death of educators meant that schools had to resort to teaching English.
In the 1380s, Geoffery Chaucer wrote poems in English and was later known as the 'father of English literature.
Here is a poem written in Middle English:

And whom I sawgh he wolde never fine
To reden on this cursed book al night,
Al sodeinly three leves have I plight
Out of his book right as he redde, and eke
I with my fist so took him on the cheeke
That in oure fir he fil backward adown.
And up he sterte as dooth a wood leon
And with his fist he smoot me on the heed
That in the floor I lay as I were deed.
And whan he sawgh how stille that I lay,
He was agast, and wolde have fled his way,
Till atte laste out of my swough I braide:
“O hastou slain me, false thief?” I saide,
“And for my land thus hastou mordred me?
“Er I be deed, yit wol I kisse thee.”

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1. King
2. Barons
3. Knights
4.Peasants and serfs .

The king grants land to the Barons, the Barons grant land to the knights, the knights grant land to the peasants.
The peasants provide food and services to the knights, the knights provide protection and military services to the Barons, the Barons provide money and knights to the king.

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Catholic
Feudal system of its own.
God
Pope
Cardinal, Archbishop, Bishop
Monks
Believers (everyday people)

People had a real fear of hell and so they obeyed the church in hope of a better life after death. Peasants did not argue on their position as they were told that it was a part of God's will.
words definitions:
Clergy- Religious officials who work for the church.
Heresy-  It is committed when someone opposes the Catholic Church.
Excommunication: Limitations and restrictions of religion, e.g who can receive sacraments.

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Cause: the Crusades were commenced by Pope Claremont (christian States) .
Purpose: Was to rescue the holy places of Palestine from Saladin
Took place in Jerusalem
Important dates
The First Crusade~ 1096-1099
The Second Crusade~ 1144-1155
the third crusade~ 1187-1192
the forth crusade~ 1202-1204
the children's crusade~ 1212
the fifth crusade~ 1217-1221
the sixth crusade~ 1228-1229
the seventh crusade~ 1248-1254
the eighth crusade~ 1270
the ninth crusade~ 1271-1272

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This picture illustrates the four components that made someone healthy. Therefor if one component was out of balanced you would be described as unhealthy.

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-Introduced by Charlemagne in
-The king and pope/religious ruler were on the same level.
-Peasants and Serfs worked the land of the higher ranks and payed taxes in the form of seeds.
-Maintained social order
-Serfs worked the land of the church
-Went out of order after a large number of peasants were lost due to the plague. Monarchy was affected as the peasants revolted and demanded a higher wage.

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1347CE- 1351CE
Causes: Fleas on rats [Yersinia Pestis]. There were myths that rats caused the Black Death. The Black Death was allowed to spread easily through Europe and London in particular because of the huge density of people concentrated in one place. The fact that the streets were dirty and hygiene was poor back then also contributed to the 1.5 million loss of life in London alone.
Cures: Putting a chicken's head on your head
Types:
-Bubonic: Buboes were pus-filled swellings of the lymph nodes.
-Pneumonic: Attacked lungs and caused coughing.
-Septicemic: Attacked the bloodstream, causing bleeding under the skin. Death could occur within 24 hours of infection.
Medical Treatment;
- Blood letting: Replacing blood by draining it.
- Applying leeches: Sucking out blood.
- Herbal medicines: Contained poison and could be worse than the actual plague.
- Surgery: Amputations of injured/diseased limbs performed by barbers.
- Prayer: Due to strong religious beliefs.
-WORD DEFINITIONS-
- Endemic: A disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.
- Epidemic: A sudden outbreak of a certain disease.
- Pandemic: An epidemic which affects whole countries/nations.

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- Medieval Period Started: c475CE
- Medieval Period Ends: c1500CE
- Black Death: 1347-1351 CE