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Mooza Albuainain
11 A

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There three sustainability requirements and they are:

1. nutrient availability

2. detoxification of waste products

3. energy availability

With these 3 things an ecosystem can live for a long time

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Organisms absorb the elements that they need as inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment, use them and then return them to the environment with the atoms unchanged.
The elements are passed down from organism to organism as it changes but eventually goes back to its original form, returning to the abiotic environment.

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An abiotic environment is the non-living surroundings of air, water, soil or rock.

A community depends on an abiotic environment in order to survive

Sometimes an abiotic environment influences the organisms to adapt to it so they can survive

The opposite can happen, the organisms may also have an effect of the abiotic environment.

Not only there is an interaction between species( community) but there is also an interaction between those species and their surroundings, known as an ecosystem.

An abiotic environment provides autotrophs and heterotrophs inorganic nutrients that they need in order to survive.

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A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other.

An important part of ecology is to investigate the relationships between organisms.

Sometimes, a relationship only benefits one organism while it harms the other. Sometimes it benefits both organisms where its a win-win situation.

All species depend on other species for long time survival. For that reason, a population of one species could never be in isolation.

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They secrete digestive enzymes into the dead organic matter and digest it externally. Then they absorb the product that comes from that reaction.

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They ingest dead organic matter and then digest it internally and absorb the products of digestion.

They eat wastes, feces from animals, hairs and feathers of dead animals and dead plants.

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Consumers feed off of other organisms. These organisms are either still alive or have been dead for a short time.

Consumers ingest their food. They take in undigested material from other organisms, then digest it and absorb the energy it needs through its digestive system.

Consumers are divided into trophic groups depending on what organisms they consume:

1. Primary: feeds on autotrophs

2. Secondary: feeds on

3. and so on...

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All organisms need a supply of organic nutrients. They are needed for growth and reproduction.

There are two types of obtaining energy and they are:

1. Autotrophic: self-feeding

They make their own supply of carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and other chemical compounds and elements.

2. Heterotrophic: feeding on others

They obtain their carbon compounds from other organisms.

Some organisms are not exclusively autotrophic or heterotrophic, they are called mixotrophic.

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A population is a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.

If two populations live in different areas they are unlikely to meet so they cannot interbreed.

If two populations of the same species never interbreed then they might develop different characteristics.

Even though they look different ,if they still can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring, they still are a part of the same species.

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They are groups pf organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Sometimes members of different species interbreed this is called cross-breeding, but the offspring that is produced could be infertile.

Reproduction seperation is a reason why some animals that have similar characteristics are not the same specie.