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The section in chapter two labeled Illness Behavior discusses how people react and behave because of the chronic illness they have. A common chronic disease that greatly affects behavior is diabetes. The patient must control their eating habits, monitor their blood sugar, and take multiple medications and injections including insulin. Furthermore, if they are on dialysis, the disease controls even more of their life. Larsen (2016) explains this in relation to what a person experiences with illness behavior, "The person is exempt from normal social role. The person is responsible for his or her condition. The person has the obligation to become well"(p.25). This quote relates to the common, broad feelings of a patient with a chronic disease.

Furthermore, there are many definitions for illness behavior. The most common definition explained by Larsen (2016) is that illness behavior how people respond to the reactions of their body to the disease, how they monitor themselves, how they explain and interpret their symptoms and feelings, and finally, how the patients seek care for their chronic disease (p.25-26).  Chronic diseases directly affect the afflicted person's behavior.

Larsen, P. D. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (20-41).Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning

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Chapter three deals with the psychological and psychosocial adjustment and the impact, interventions, and outcomes that people with a chronic illness endure. Pamela D. Larsen states in this chapter that when you are caring for a person with a chronic illness, there is more than just addressing the physical domain. The disease encompasses interpersonal, cognitive, emotional, and social domains that all play a role within learning about an initial diagnosis. A quote from the text says that “Adjustment can only be viewed from the perspective of the individual” (Larsen, 2016, p.45). While support and connections are critical when learning about a diagnosis, the individual needs to come to terms and adjustment to the illness first.

The impact, along with interventions talk about coping and benefit-finding, which ties together with the chronic care model and self-management. The key component that is the chronic care model (CCM) is patient self-management. This model includes six major elements that involve high-quality care. The first is the healthcare system, second is clinical information, decision support, delivery system design, and then self-management, and lastly is community. It’s vital to look at each one of these six listed when dealing with a chronic disease and take the time to learn about what your body is going through in your specific illness.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (43-62). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
8/25

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At first the features of chronic diseases were found by the Commission on Chronic Illness. The features are permanency, residual disability, non-pathologic alteration, required rehabilitation, or a long time of supervision. The National Conference on Care of the Long-Term  Patient added chronic disease or impairment needing over 30 days of hospital stay, or medical supervision and rehabilitation of 3 months or more in another type of care setting. A chronic illness is never completely cured. Advances in medicine cause older people to need a bigger variety of specialized services for more complicated conditions. It is more important to see how the illness is affecting the patients and their families.

The cost of health care went up to $2.1 trillion in 2006. That would be $7026 per person. At the time the article was written this was the most current data available. The same year Medicare part D started and there were big changes in the sources of funds that paid for medicine. The United States still spends more than other industrialized countries in medical care. This is 2.5 times higher than the other countries. Even though the United States spends more money for healthcare it provides less accesses to healthcare then those other countries.  It is harder for people with low income and some minorities to access healthcare. The conditions that cost the most are heart disease, cancer, trauma related disorders, and pulmonary conditions. This information is just for healthcare services and does not include other costs.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Prevention (5-18). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Throughout the first chapter of the book, Larsen (2016) includes various information of specific vocabulary that can be useful to understand important medical conditions. Larsen’s (2016) overview of this section, simply examines the description of disease, illness, acute conditions and chronic conditions. In the section named Disease vs. Illness, the author mentions that disease refers to the pathophysiology of a certain condition, as opposed to illness which is considered the human experience of a disease. When viewing the illness concept, the factors evaluated include how the patient perceives the disease, how they lived with it, or how the individual responded. Another point mentioned described that although it is fairly important know the process of how disease develops it is important for the care of the patient to know how the patient is experiencing the illness (Larsen, 2016). This way health providers can provide better care.

In the second section, Larsen (2016) explains the difference between acute and chronic conditions. Acute disease is described as having a sudden onset of the signs and symptoms that relate to the development of the disease. Acute disease is characterized as a condition that lasts for a short time, with recovery of the illness or death. On the other hand, chronic illness continues for an indefinite amount of time. Chronic conditions are described as being able to take many forms, and having no pattern when it begins. It can be a sudden onset or be a dormant case depending on the disease. A way that this kind of condition is treated is through wellness or keeping the symptoms of the disease in remission (Larsen, 2016). In conclusion, although both acute and chronic illness can lead to uncertain outcomes, it is important to acknowledge the definition of these conditions in order to provide the patient with the best treatment.

Larsen, D.P. (2016). Chronicity. Lubkin’s Chronic Illness impact and intervention (4-5). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

05/30

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In Chapter One, Larsen (2016) discusses the differences between an "illness" and a "disease." An Illness is a disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind, where a disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism, and it refers to the pathology of a condition. They can be used in each others place but are not exactly the same in nature.

In this chapter Larsen (2016) also goes on to explain the difference between chronic and acute. Chronic conditions cannot be cured and last for a very long period of time. A couple examples of chronic diseases include asthma and osteoporosis. An acute condition is usually more severe and happen over a short period of time. An example of an acute condition would be a broken bone. Chronic diseases affect families, the person's lifestyle, and can be very tough financially.

Larsen, P. D. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention(1-18). Burlington, MA: Jones and Barlett Learning.

02/08

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This chapter, Larsen (2016) addresses the issue of chronicity, focusing its affects on a global scale. There is an increase in chronic disease numbers in both diagnosis and death. A possible cause of this issue could be due to the rising number of elderly in the population. People are living longer, this greatly increases the risk for complications.

Chronic diseases affect everyone, mainly affecting those who are 65 years and older. More often than not, treatment for these diseases are a life long commitment after diagnosis. Prevention is the best option, since a chronic illness is never entirely cured. Issues in prevention may be a notable cause for onset of the illness including education, access to care, quality of care, and physical health. Minorities especially have voiced issues of poor quality and access to care.

Larsen, P. D. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (1-18). Burlington, MA: Jones and Barlett Learning.

12/25

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Chapter 2: The Illness Experience (Illness Behavior)

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Chapter 2: The Illness Experience (Illness Behavior)

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In this chapter, Larsen (2016) discusses the experience of being chronically ill for both the patient and their family. This particular section of the chapter focuses on illness behavior for those living with a chronic illness and their family. Illness behavior does not have a distinct definition as it is a combination of several different definitions from historical references. But the most current definition describes illness behavior as any behavior that is displayed as a result of being ill. Behaviors range from negative ones, such as an overreactive emotional response to positive ones, such as stopping smoking.

Larsen addresses several reasons that influence one's illness behavior. These include gender, race/ethnicity, martial status, age, and education level. All of these influence how people behave in response to their illness because they influence how people define themselves normally. An example was given for gender and seeking health care. Women are sometimes considered more likely to be sick than men, but the reality is that women are just more likely to take action to improve their help. This shows how gender can impact how someone deals with being ill.

Larsen, P. D. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (20-41).Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning

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According to Larsen (2016), when a person is faced with chronic disease, their behavior changes in order to accommodate the disease (Larsen, 2016, p. 21). The individual and their family often develop a new perception about the condition and therefore respond differently to the illness. Individuals are unique in the way they view and handle their illness. The patients illness perception has an influence on their emotional and physical well being. It is important that health care professionals understand the patients illness perception because their perception has a influence on the treatment plan succeeding or failing.

Identifying the illness is an crucial step to individuals. Some illnesses have a specific criteria for diagnosis while others are not as well defined. This can be frustrating to an individual so an individual may consult different doctors in order to diagnosis their condition. It becomes a relief when a individual can finally put a name to their illness and begin to understand the illness.

During hospitalization, individuals with chronic illness and the healthcare professionals often view the situation of the disease differently. Healthcare professionals need to listen to and understand what the patient is going through rather than only focusing on managing the current acute disorder. A better outcome for the patient occurs when the healthcare professionals understand their illness perception.

Larsen, P. D. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (21-41). Burlington, MA: Jones and Barlett Learning.

12/30

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NEEDS MORE COMMAS. In chapter 3, titled Psychosocial Adjustment, Pamala Larsen discusses the impact that chronic illness have on a patient and the ways in which patients have to learn to adapt and adjust to life post-diagnosis. Larson describes how in the clinical setting the family and friends of the patient suffering from a chronic disease are often forgotten. The Health Care Providers have to place their main focus on the patient's treatment plan and the impact that the illness is having on the other people in the patient's life are not often accounted for.

One section of chapter 3: Impact, Larson discusses this role specifically by describing the importance of considering how the illness impacts the patient outside of the hospital and any additional stresses that the patient might also be under. One example was given was about a patient suffering from hypertension who was stressed that he wouldn't be able to pay for his medication. When he went into the doctors office he had elevated blood pressure and so the doctor changed the type of medication the patient was prescribed hoping new medication would lower the blood pressure. What the doctor didn't consider was that it wasn't the medication not working that was causing the increased blood pressure but the stress the patient was under. New medication wasn't going to help, but solving the stressful situation for the patient would have. Or maybe a patient is worried about a family member and that is the causing a change in symptoms, not something directly related to the chronic illness. Larson encourages Healthcare Providers to really try and understand what is going on in the patients life outside of their chronic illness. Whether it be stress stemming from financial, family, or occupational matters, it is important to remember that the patient life is about more than just the chronic disease they are suffering from.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (43-62). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
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In this chapter, Larsen (2016) defines the chronicity of diseases and illnesses and how these affect the lives of those that live with a chronic disease or illness. The author also identifies the differences between the terms “disease” and “illness” which is usually used interchangeably, although they are not considered the same. Illness is used to describe the experience of one who lives with a disease and how it affects their daily lives and disease, in general, is the condition itself.

Continuing on in the chapter, chronicity is defined as being complex with multiple situations causing the chronicity of an illness or disease. Some of these situations may include the permanency of the condition, the amount of care that needs to be provided, and how it may affect the life of the one that is experiencing the condition. An individual living with a chronic disease may be impacted by the perception of the condition that they are living with. The value of life is heavily stressed, since the care of an individual also stems out to how they live their lives.

Larson, D.P. (2016). Chronicity. Lubkin’s Chronic Illness and Intervention (4-5). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Material covered in this chapter included how patients and their families live and experience chronic illnesses. One section in particular was about illness behavior and what can influence such behavior. Illness behavior is impacted by a variety of variables based on the patient, the physician, and the illness. By examining the sick role, a better understanding of illness behavior comes about. The sick role is made of four parts. People with illnesses are 1. exempt from normal roles of society, 2. not responsible for their conditions, 3. obligated to want to get better, and 4. obligated to seek help. Illness behavior, then, is how people react to their illness.
There are many influences on a patients illness behavior. People who are married tend to be healthier so they don't need to utilize many health services. Gender is another variable. Women tend to get sick more than men and also utilize more health services than men. Another variable impacting illness behaviors is age. Older people get sick more often than younger people but do not do very much about it. They do not believe they are as ill as they really are. One major variable impacting illness behavior is the patient's past experiences and perception. Past experiences of a patient will greatly affect how he or she will behave when dealing with an illness. If the patient had great care, he or she will be more positive about what is going to be happening in the future. Those patients who had poor experiences will have negative perceptions of what is to come. Since there are many things that can impact illness behavior, it is important not underestimate these them and their effects on the outcomes of the illness.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic              Illness Impact and Intervention (21-37). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Chapter 2: The Illness Experience

This chapter fills the reader in on how a chronic illness can be detrimental to not only the diagnosed, but also the loved ones surrounding them. Perceptions and behaviors concerning the illness vary from person to person. Patients and families try to make sense of an event. How each person goes about this shapes their behaviors and perceptions. Sometimes we don't know why things happen to us, they just happen without reason. By not knowing why or how something happens to someone, this can cause emotional instability for the patient and the family. I thought it was interesting in this chapter that Gender can play a role in how people react to perceptions and behaviors toward illnesses. The chapter states that women may be more likely to become sick, but they are not more fragile than men. Women try to seek help quicker than men because they are more self-protective and proactive when it comes to them being ill.

A Chronic illness disrupts the way the family and the patient's lives were going previously. The one you love and care about is sick and there isn't a lot you can do about it. There is a sense of powerlessness, anger, and sadness built up in the patient, the family, and friends. No one knows what may come next. The chapter refers to this unsteadiness as a "roller coaster" effect.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic              Illness Impact and Intervention (21-37). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Disease vs Illness and Acute Conditions vs Chronic Conditions
Many people use the terms disease and illness interchangeably, but they don't mean the same thing. Disease refers to the pathology of a condition while illness refers to how a disease is perceived by someone (Larsen, 2016). While understanding the pathology of a condition, it is important to recognize how it makes the patient feel. Many illnesses cannot be cured so it's important to know how to make the patient feel as comfortable as possible.
There are two separate kinds of conditions. Illnesses that are acute appear suddenly, are usually severe, and only last a short period of time. Illnesses that are chronic last a long period of time. There is no set pattern for chronic illnesses. They may appear slowly over time or they may appear suddenly. An example of an acute illness is the flu. People get the flu suddenly, it lasts about a week, and then they get better. An example of a chronic illness is diabetes. Diabetes is a something the patient will have life-long. Chronic illnesses usually become part of the patient's identity (Larsen, 2016).

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Chronicity. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and         Intervention (4-5). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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This chapter covers the topic of experiencing an illness.  There are examples of different stories of people who have been diagnosed.  Patients have their own perceptions on their chronic illness and these perceptions will influence their actions and behaviors.  There are five components that show how a patient views their own illness.  Identity of the illness, timeline, causes, consequences, and controllability are these components.  Sick roles an element of illness behavior.  Many different things can influence someone's illness behavior.  Different studies were done in this chapter regarding various chronic illnesses along with perceptions and behaviors.  People respond differently to being diagnosed with a chronic illness but it is important to stay professional.  The authors talk about there being a lack of norms with chronic diseases.  There are a variety of intervention models that healthcare workers can use.  Shifting perspectives of chronic illness, motivational interviewing, internet-based interventions, and the trajectory framework are just a few examples of models used.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (21-37). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Coping
Chapter three of the Larsen text focuses on the psychological adjustment after chronic illness. An important part of this is the ability to cope. Coping is recognized as a process that "unfolds" in a way that is unique to each person and the situation they are in (Larsen, 2016, p. 46). The coping process begins after personal goals have been harmed, lost, or threatened (Larsen, 2016). Coping is a complex mechanism depending on several aspects, including the environment, availability of resources, and personal characteristics (Larsen, 2016).

Understanding and predicting why and how others cope is difficult to do given the fact there are so many variables involved (Larsen, 2016). Illness intrusiveness is associated with the degree of severity of the disease, as well as the mechanism by which one copes (Larsen, 2016). There are two main types of coping, avoidant/emotion-focused and active coping (Larsen, 2016). Studies indicate psychological interventions may have the ability to reduce the perceived illness intrusiveness to lead to healthier, active forms of coping (Larsen, 2016).

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (46-47). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Pamala Larsen takes this chapter of Lubkin's Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention (2016) to look at the experience, perceptions and behaviors that patients with chronic illness and their families experience. Larsen takes a sociological point a view other the medical view of chronic illness. One of the point of view that Larsen looks at is the perception from patients and their families about chronic illness.

Everyone has a different perception on everything, and those perceptions are based on everyday social interactions, past experiences, sociodemographic factors, and culture (Larsen, 2016). Larsen brings up an interesting perception comparison of physicians and patients. A number of studies show that there is a vast difference in the perceptions of what is most important in a chronic disease to a physician and the patient. The vast differences in perceptions may make it difficult to treat the patient if physicians professional perceptions do not match those of the patient's. For example, a study researched patients with multiple sclerosis in Canada about their relapse frequency, general health, and quality of life. Researchers asked patients and their neurologists what was most important to them. It was found that neurologists found the physical part of the disease as important, and the patients found the mental health part of the disease more important.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (43-62). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Pamala Larsen states that a patient diagnosed with a disease is a life adjustment. However, there is sometimes another factor leading to adjustment in their lives that is related or not related to the illness. A few examples written in the book are family issues, financial trouble, or owning a business. Healthcare providers often make the biased assumption that a patient's illness is the main concern. This is not always true.

When a chronic illness is diagnosed there are certain perceptions that are looked at. These perceptions include, powerlessness, intimacy, uncertainty, and social isolation. However, there is another type of concept used when looking at adjustment. This concept is the type of chronic illness. The type of illness is very important because some illnesses are incurable or have long-lasting effects.

There is a final phenomenon described by Larsen known as coping. Coping is not a single concept but a whole network of processes. It is seen as being related to adaptation. The patient would find a psychological way in adapting to the diagnoses of a chronic illness. An healthy way to cope with a chronic illness was found when veterans with a chronic illness were analyzed. This study found that avoidance coping had a higher chance of making the illness more intrusive.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). Psychosocial adjustment. Lubkin's Chronic Illness Impact and Intervention (43-62). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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Impact of Chronic Illness on the Patient and Family 

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Impact of Chronic Illness on the Patient and Family 

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According to Larsen's writings, a chronic illness is defined as a kind of experience in which the structures of everyday life are disrupted. They usually involve recognition to the words pain and suffering, possibly even death if symptoms move quickly enough. Because of these factors, chronic illnesses are known to cause an impact not only on the patient's lives, but on the lives of the family members of the patient.

When experiencing knowing someone whom you love have a chronic illness,certain perceptions and behaviors are usually recognized. Among the most popular include loneliness, powerlessness, and the feeling of loss. Loved ones, along with the patient,are living with what is known as the roller coaster effect, meaning that they never know what will happen next.

Patients and their families do not develop their own personal illness beliefs and perceptions within in vacuum, rather they are molded each day. These perceptions are molded through social interactions, past experiences, sociodemographic factors, and culture. The perceptions that are being made may be irrational or even invalid. Regardless of whether they are right or wrong, these perceptions form the basis of patients' and families' behavior when confronted with a chronic illness.  Once these perceptions are formed, patients and their families build mental models to make sense of such an event.

Larsen, D. P. (2016). The illness experience. Lubkin's Chronic Ilness Impact and Prevention (21-41). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

0512

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Hello class! I was impressed with the information you found in your journal articles! I'm excited for you to practice more scholarly writing in this course! :) For this Padlet assignment, we will use the Lubkin Chronic Disease text. Please complete ONE of the following for this Padlet 1)write a summary of the assigned chapter OR 2)write a summary of a section of the assigned chapter that you found to be very interesting. Your summaries should be a couple of paragraphs and should be in a style as if you were writing a scholarly research paper (not first person, not casual language, etc.). Please list the reference in APA style at the end of your entry. Either write your name at the bottom, or you can write your birth date as we did before. Please complete this BEFORE class on Friday, September 23. Thank you! Prof. Nelson

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Hello class! I was impressed with the information you found in your journal articles! I'm excited for you to practice more scholarly writing in this course! :) For this Padlet assignment, we will use the Lubkin Chronic Disease text. Please complete ONE of the following for this Padlet 1)write a summary of the assigned chapter OR 2)write a summary of a section of the assigned chapter that you found to be very interesting. Your summaries should be a couple of paragraphs and should be in a style as if you were writing a scholarly research paper (not first person, not casual language, etc.). Please list the reference in APA style at the end of your entry. Either write your name at the bottom, or you can write your birth date as we did before. Please complete this BEFORE class on Friday, September 23. Thank you! Prof. Nelson

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*Chapter Assignments:
Chapter One: Melida, Mohamed, Katy, Shannon, Miranda, Kim, Myles
Chapter Two: Blake, Kaela, Ashley, Alex, Sydney, Imani, Gretchen
Chapter Three: Shaina, Layne, Taylor, Rachel, Megan, Ashley