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NGSS Connections to the Nature of Science

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NGSS Connections to the Nature of Science

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Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

Science Knowledge Is Based on Empirical Evidence

Scientific Knowledge Is Open to Revision in Light of New Evidence

Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena
Science Is a Way of Knowing

Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems

Science Is a Human Endeavor

Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World

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Claim-Evidence-Reasoning

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The variables are any factor in your research that could affect what you discover as a result or measure/observe.
Independent/Manipulated Variable: The one factor that is managed/applied to be different intentional.  It was is being tested.
Dependent/Respondent Variable: is what happens as a result that is measured or observed and collected as data.
Controlled Variables or Constants: All of the other factors other than the two above that are kept the same throughout the research to make it a fair test or comparison.

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Theories are never absolutely proven..just supported or shown as false. They need to be written so they can be tested. Science is building on previous knowledge with critical analysis by those who study the topic (peer review).

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Traditional Scientific Method (it is very dynamic-the process can be changed at anytime)

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Traditional Scientific Method (it is very dynamic-the process can be changed at anytime)

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1.State a Problem or Question

2.Hypothesize/Predict

3.Investigating: Design an Experiment (Variables)-one to change and others to control and keep constant. Carefully written and performed procedures.

4.Take Data/Observations-Data tables or measurements-to gather evidence to disprove or support ideas.

5.Analyze Data-graphing & statistical analysis.

6.Draw Conclusions and Publish/communicate research.

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Two Types of Data/Observation:  Quantitative (numbers from measurements) &. Qualitative (descriptive) Information
With this data scientists can discover patterns and principals in Nature.
Sample size is important in gathering useful data. Obviously the greater the sample size the more significant the information.
Also doing many repetitions helps in gathering enough data to have significant results.
Best data is both accurate (close to reality) and precise (consistently similar).
Often the average (mean) is most significant but sometimes outliers (extremes) are important.

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Click on "View Original."

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Science flowchart - Understanding Science

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This flowchart represents the process of scientific inquiry, through which we build reliable knowledge of the natural world. You can use it to trace the development of different scientific ideas and/or the research efforts of individual scientists. Most ideas take a circuitous path through the process, shaped by unique people and events.

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What are some kinds of questions that scientists might explore?

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What are some kinds of questions that scientists might explore?

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How can I find out about what I can’t see, what happened before, what could have happened?
How can I find out how it works?
How can I find out what causes what?
How can I know it or test it to see if it’s true?
What evidence can I find to what I infer (explain) is true?
What patterns can I find? How can I show the pattern I found to others?
How can I measure it?
How can I use data to support my theory?
Forming arguments on issues from evidence.

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Observation & Measurement -- collecting data (information).
Experimenting- controlling and isolating variables
Designing solutions & Constructing explanations.
Engineering applications-test designs and solutions
Evaluating and communicating information.
Use computers, maths, logical thinking, and data programs, etc.
Modeling and Simulating natural phenomena.
Often use high tech equipment-sensitive to variables tested.
Internet-sharing research, communicating ideas, etc.
Graphing of data and statistical analysis to see if it is significantly useful.
Track data over time, surveying information, and comparing data & results.
STE-A-M: Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, & Mathematics.
Peer Review-analyzing each others research conclusions etc.
Replication Studies-fact checking each others procedures and results.

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Curiosity &  Observant
Fairness & Openness to New Ideas
Diligence/Perseverence
Honesty/Integrity-attending to precision.
Creativity
Intelligent and educated
Skepticism-questioning what is known.
Adventurous-at least intellectually.

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Basic Principals of Modern Science: It is a way of knowing (sense making) the truths of reality (Natural Universe) and to solve problems (i.e. engineering and technology) but is does not apply well to issues such as ethics, values, and the supernatural (metaphysical) as well. Science can be experimental or observational.