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The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites.The first of these wars was the result of Rome's intervening to rescue the Campanian city of Capua from a Samnite attack. The second one was the result of Rome's intervention in the politics of the city of Naples and developed into a contest over the control of much of central and southern Italy.

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The story of the three Samnite Wars. Track One: Sunset of Ages by Anathema Track Two: Drive Home by Steven Wilson Track Three: Head by OSI Track Four: My Ashes by Porcupine Tree

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According to Livy the Gauls reached Rome at about sunset on the day of the battle, but decided not to risk entering an unfamiliar city in the dark. This gave the Romans time to prepare for a siege.

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Rome defeats the Latins.(498 BCE - 493 BCE)

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Rome defeats the Latins.(498 BCE - 493 BCE)

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Roman soldiers forced the Latin people to surrender. but they refused,so they went to war.

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Foundation of the Roman Republic.(509 BCE)

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Foundation of the Roman Republic.(509 BCE)

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The traditional date for the founding of the greatest city of the Western world was the product of guesswork by Roman writers of the late centuries BC, working backwards from their own time. the where legends stating that Romulus and Remus

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Sargon of Akkad (the Great) reigns over Mesopotamia(2334 BCE - 2279 BCE)

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Sargon of Akkad (the Great) reigns over Mesopotamia(2334 BCE - 2279 BCE)

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the size and scope of the empire based in Akkad is disputed, there is no doubt that Sargon the Great created the first multi-national empire in the world.The language of the city, Akkadian, was already in use before the rise of the Akkadian Empire (notably in the wealthy city of Mari where vast cuneiform tablets have helped to define events for later historians.

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Assyrians control the Fertile Crescent.(600 BCE)

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Assyrians control the Fertile Crescent.(600 BCE)

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After the Assyrians took control of the Fertile crescent they torched the children and rapped the women.

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What two civilizations did Sargon The Great Conquer to create the world's first known empire?

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Invasion and annexation of the Fertile Crescent(116 CE) 

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Invasion and annexation of the Fertile Crescent(116 CE) 

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The Fertile Crescent, often called the "Cradle of Civilization", is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt. The region has long been recognized for its vital contributions to world culture stemming from the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant which included the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, all of whom were responsible for the development of civilization.

Virtually every area of human knowledge was advanced by these people, including:

Science and Technology

Writing and Literature

Agricultural Techniques

Mathematics and Astronomy

Astrology and the Development of the Zodiac

Domestication of Animals

Long-Distance Trade

Medical Practices (including dentistry)

The Wheel

The Concept of Time

The term was first coined in 1916 CE by the Egyptologist James Henry Breasted in his work Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, where he wrote:

This fertile crescent is approximately a semi-circle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the south-east corner of the Mediterranean, the centre directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf. (193-194)

His phrase was widely circulated through the publications of the day becoming, finally, the common designation for this region. The Fertile Crescent is traditionally associated in the Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths with the earthly location of the Garden of Eden. The area features prominently in the Bible and Quran and a number of sites there are associated with narratives from those works.

Cradle of Civilization

Known as the Cradle of Civilization, the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history and organized religion and was first populated c. 10,000 BCE when agriculture and the domestication of animals began in the region. By 9,000 BCE the cultivation of wild grains and cereals was wide-spread and, by 5000 BCE, irrigation of agricultural crops was fully developed. By 4500 BCE the cultivation of wool-bearing sheep was practiced widely.

The geography & climate of the region were conducive to agriculture & hunter-gatherer societies shifted to sedentary communities.

The geography and climate of the region were conducive to agriculture and hunter-gatherer societies shifted to sedentary communities in the area as they were able to support themselves from the land. The climate was semi-arid but the humidity, and proximity of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (and, further south, the Nile), encouraged the cultivation of crops. Rural communities developed along with technological advances in agriculture and, once these were established, domestication of animals followed.

The first cities began to rise in Mesopotamia in the region of Sumer. Eridu, the first, according to the Sumerians, in 5400 BCE, then Uruk and others. By c. 4500 BCE cultivation of wheat and grains had long been practiced in addition to the further domestication of animals. By the year 3500 BCE the image of the breed of dog known as the Saluki was appearing regularly on vases and other ceramics as well as wall paintings along with breeds such as the Dane, Greyhound, and Mastiff.

The unusually fertile soil of the region encouraged the further cultivation of wheat as well as rye, barley, and legumes and some of the earliest beer in the world was brewed in the great cities along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers under the auspices of the goddess Ninkasi. Beer was considered a gift from the gods and a source of daily nutrition as well as an intoxicant. It was used to pay people's wages but inscriptions also make clear it was brewed for celebratory purposes and the famous Hymn to Ninkasi praises the brew for making one's heart feel light.

This beer was quite different from that of the modern day as it was thick and had to be consumed with a straw to filter out residue from the fermenting process. Beer brewing probably evolved from the baker's craft as the barley and wheat they stored fermented. The most ancient evidence of beer brewing comes from the Sumerian outpost settlement of Godin Tepe in modern-day Iran.

Emmer wheat, barley, chickpeas, lentils, and many other crops were planted, harvested, and sent to the temples where food supplies were stored. From c. 3400 BCE, the priests of the temple complexes were responsible for the distribution of food and the careful monitoring of surplus for trade.

Trade routes grew up to form long-distance travel to the Kingdom of Saba in southern Arabia, Egypt, and the Kingdom of Kush in Africa. In time, this trade would establish the so-called Incense Routes which flourished between the 7th/6th centuries BCE and the 2nd century CE. The Incense Routes would facilitate cross-cultural exchange as merchants would carry innovations in various branches of knowledge along with their goods.

By 2300 BCE, soap was produced from tallow and ash and was in wide use as personal hygiene was valued in relation to one's standing with one's community and to honor the gods. Attention to one's person in terms of hygiene was stressed in that human beings were thought to have been created as help-mates to the gods and so should make themselves presentable in the performance of their duties.

As in Egypt, ritual bathing and personal grooming were especially important for the clergy. Those who attended to the gods were held to an even higher standard but, even for the most common laborer, cleanliness and grooming were important values. Artifacts from the region attest to this as mirrors, cosmetic jars, combs, hair brushes, and toothbrushes have been found as well as artistic depictions of bathing and inscriptions stressing its importance.

From 1900-1400 BCE trade with Europe, Egypt, Phoenicia & the Indian sub-continent was flourishing.

The people of the region lived in separate urban city-states until the rise of the first multi-cultural empire in the world: Akkad. From 2334-2279 BCE Sargon of Akkad ( Sargon the Great) ruled over Mesopotamia, allowing for the growth of great building projects, artworks, and religious literature such as the hymns to Inanna by Sargon's daughter, Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE), the first author in the world known by name.

By 2000 BCE, Babylon controlled the Fertile Crescent and the region saw advances in law ( Hammurabi's famous code), literature ( The Epic of Gilgamesh, among other works), religion (the development of the Babylonian pantheon of the gods), science (astronomical measurements and technological developments), and mathematics.

From 1900-1400 BCE trade with Europe, Egypt, Phoenicia and the Indian sub-continent was flourishing, resulting in the spread of literacy, culture and religion to these regions. The goddess Nisaba, patroness of writing, grains, literacy, and wisdom, became known and worshipped in regions far from her native Sumer. Mesopotamian beer was a valued commodity in trade and many of the most important Mesopotamian deities traveled to other regions along the trade routes.

The Promised Land

It is speculated that it was in either 1900 or c. 1750 BCE that the biblical patriarch Abraham left his native city of Ur for the 'promised land' of Canaan carrying the tales and legends of Mesopotamian gods with him which would in time appear, transformed, as biblical narratives. If it was not in fact Abraham who diffused Mesopotamian myth and legend it was certainly someone like him. It is clear the parallels between stories such as the Mesoptamian Atrahasis and Noah's Flood, and the Myth of Adapa and the Book of Genesis' tale of the Fall of Man, among many others, share significant similarities.

Prior to the mid-19th century CE, the Bible was considered the oldest book in the world and the stories it contained were thought to be original pieces written by God or God-inspired. After archaeological digs in the region of the Fertile Crescent, however, and the discovery of the Sumerian civilization, it became clear that biblical narratives were derived from earlier Mesopotamian works. Mesopotamian religion and literature, in fact, would inspire and inform that of many other later cultures.

Changing Empires

The region changed hands many times through the ages. By 912 BCE the Assyrians controlled the Fertile Crescent and developed their vast empire. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was ruled by some of the best-known kings from antiquity including Tiglath Pileser III (745-727 BCE), Sargon II (722-705 BCE), Sennacherib (705-681 BCE), Esarhaddon (681-669 BCE) and Ashurbanipal (668-627 BCE). Ashurbanipal prized knowledge highly and ordered all the literary works of the region copied and stored in his great library.

When the Neo-Assyrian Empire fell in 612 BCE, the invading forces set fire to the libraries of the cities but, since the works were written on clay tablets, they were only baked harder, not destroyed. The invaders, inadvertently, were responsible for the preservation of the very culture they sought to destroy.

By 580 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire under Nebuchadnezzar II (634-562 BCE) was in power and Babylon flourished as the greatest city on earth. Allegedly, at this time, Nebuchadnezzar had the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon created for his wife to remind her of her homeland. In 539 BCE Babylon fell to Cyrus the Great (d. 530 BCE) after the Battle of Opis and the lands fell under the control of the Achaemenid Empire, also known as The First Persian Empire.

Alexander the Great invaded the area in 334 BCE and, after him, it was ruled by the Parthians, among others, until the coming of Rome in 116 CE. After the short-lived Roman annexation and occupation, the region was conquered by the Sassanid Persians (c. 226 CE) and, finally, by the Arabian Muslims in the 7th century CE.

By this time the glorious achievements of the early cities which grew up beside the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers had long been disseminated throughout the ancient world but the cities themselves were mostly in ruins through the destruction caused by the many military conquests in the region as well as natural causes such as earthquakes and fire. Rampant urbanization and the over-use of the land also resulted in the decline and eventual abandonment of the cities of the Fertile Crescent.

Babylon's name would forever be linked to sin & corruption by the later Hebrew scribes.

The city of Eridu, considered by the early Mesopotamians to be the first city on earth, built and inhabited by the gods, had been abandoned since 600 BCE, Uruk, the city of Gilgamesh, since 630 CE and Babylon, the city known for high culture, writing, law, science, and all manner of learning in the ancient world was a vacant ruin. Babylon's name would forever be linked to sin and corruption by the later Hebrew scribes who wrote the biblical narratives but, in its time, was greatly respected as a center of learning and civilization.

The Fertile Crescent Today

In 2001 CE the National Geographic News reported that the Fertile Crescent was rapidly becoming so only in name as, due to extensive damming of the rivers as well as a massive draining works program initiated in southern Iraq from the 1970's CE on, the fertile marshlands which once covered 15,000 - 20,000 square kilometers (5,800 - 7,700 square miles) had shrunk to a mere 1,500 - 2,000 square kilometers (580 - 770 square miles).

As pleas from environmental groups and regional farmers to stop damming and drainage projects were ignored by the governments of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, the situation worsened so that, presently, the region which once was the lush paradise and cradle of civilization largely consists of dry, cracked plains of sun-baked clay.

Even after continued, long-term, threats to the environment were made clear to the governments of the region, no substantial efforts were made to preserve the land or reverse the damage. It has been observed by many scholars, historians, environmentalists, and writers through the centuries that human beings fail to learn from their pasts - whether individually or collectively. The philosopher George Santayana famously noted that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" and this paradigm rings as true for the Fertile Crescent as it does for any other region in the world today.

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The Fertile Crescent, often called the "Cradle of Civilization", is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt.

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the pre 13 century ce. These were the first chinese coins made.Then they were made as metal coinages.

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It is identified as an urban center. There were laws and government things done there. In (600BCE).

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They are the most imaginative and interesting in the world. In the period of 1600BCE and 1046).

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This wall was not made by Shi Huangti . In the time period of 221 BCE. IN this time period Qin Dynasty fell.

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It runs East by 13,171 miles . Qin Dynasty 221 to 206 BCE he was the first to start the wall.

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The country is located on the Mediterranean Sea . It is in North Africa. (8,000BCE to 525 BCE

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Between 1276 to 1178 BCE the sea peoples were part of the threatining to the security of the Egyptian.

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This time period was known as the period of the New Kingdom , (1570 to 1069 BCE) Their title for people was pharaoh.

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2181 to 2040 BCE
The states have separated and became independent and had different rulers.

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Early dynastic period
(2613 BCE)
King Menes was the king that had  conquered in 3118 BCE or 3150 BCE, he had conquered the north.

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(268 BCE) Ashoka becomes emperor of the Maurya dynasty in India.

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(268 BCE) Ashoka becomes emperor of the Maurya dynasty in India.

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Emperor Ashoka the Great was the third ruler of the Indian Mauryan Empire, the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka India had an estimated population of 30 million, much higher than any of the contemporary Hellenistic kingdoms. In the beginning,  Ashoka ruled the empire like his grandfather did, in an efficient but cruel way. He used military strength in order to expand the empire and created sadistic rules against criminals.

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Indus valley cities began to decline and no one knows why. There are 3 theories on what might have happened the Indus  people over farmed the land, the Indus changed the course so the cities were no longer next to the fertile land, and there was an invasion and the could not defend the cities becasue they had no weapons.

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the Aryans are a European group that crossed the Himalaya Mountains into the Indus River Valley. The Aryans quickly spread out and took over most of the Indian subcontinent. the Aryans only left behind their secreted literature called the Vedas, which had prayers, stories, and other stories about their everyday of the Aryan life in them.

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(3000 BCE - 2600 BCE) The rise of the great Indian cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

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(3000 BCE - 2600 BCE) The rise of the great Indian cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

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Mohenjo Daro was the most important prominent cities in India, and it was evacuated and no one knows why. The civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose and ended with apparent destruction

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(334 BCE) Alexander invades the Persian empire.

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(334 BCE) Alexander invades the Persian empire.

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Persia was the first real empire, an empire with an organizational structure developed from a realistic idea of how to govern different subject peoples. . When Alexander came to replace the dying Persian Empire with a vision of his own, he held the example of Cyrus in the front of his mind.

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 (800 BCE - 700 BCE) Homer of Greece writes his Iliad and Odyssey.

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 (800 BCE - 700 BCE) Homer of Greece writes his Iliad and Odyssey.

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Homer is possibly the greatest of all epic poets.  The Iliad is corresponding to each letter of the Greek alphabet.  The Iliad traces the anger of Achilles. the Odyssey takes place after the Trojan War has been won by the Achaean's. The Odyssey is concerned with the journey of the Greek hero Odysseus.

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The Peloponnesian Wars fought between Athens and Sparta. Sparta and Athens were the two major powers in Greece and it was inevitable that their spheres of influence would overlap and cause conflict.

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The Delian League in Greece led by Athens (478 BCE - 404 BCE)

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The Delian League in Greece led by Athens (478 BCE - 404 BCE)

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The Delian League also known as the Athenian League was an alliance of Greek-city-states led by Athens.  Athens became increasingly more aggressive in its control of the alliance.

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It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.The code consists of 282 laws and with scaled punishments.

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Mesopotamia (Roman province) - Wikipedia

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Later in the same year, Trajan marched into central and southern Mesopotamia (enlarging and completing the province of Mesopotamia) and across the river Tigris to Adiabene, which he annexed into another Roman province, Assyria. But he did not stop there. In the last months of 116, he captured the great Persian city of Susa.

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Sparta was well known for its powerful best trained feared fighters. Sparta became involved in two huge major damaging wars, the Peloponnesian War and the Corinthian War.

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Alexander the Great  attacks fertile crescent(334-BCE)

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Alexander the Great  attacks fertile crescent(334-BCE)

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Free Image on Pixabay - Alexander The Great, Battle, War

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Download this free picture about Alexander The Great Battle War from Pixabay's vast library of public domain images and videos.