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1400-1150 BC

"With the destruction of Knossos the power in the Aegean shifts to Mycenae."

"Both Knossos and Phaistos remain active centers of influence, they do not act as the central authority of the island any longer."

"During the postpalatial period the western part of Crete flourishes. Several important settlements developed around Kasteli and Chania, while Minoan religion begins to exhibit influences from the Greek mainland."

During this period, Helladic god names such as Zeus begin to appear in tablets, new shapes develop in pottery, and vaulted tholos tombs appear for the first time.

("History of Minoan Crete" )

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1500-1100 BC

Neopalatial - 1700-1400 BC

"This is the time when Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Zakros were built, along side many smaller palaces which stretched along the Cretan landscape."

"Small towns developed near the palaces and the dead were buried in pithoi and larnakes, along rock-cut chambers and above-ground tholos tombs."

"For the first time smaller residencies that we call villas appeared in the rural landscape, and were modeled after the large palaces with storage facilities, worship, and workshops."

"During this period we see evidence of administrative and economic unity throughout the island, and Minoan Crete reach its zenith. "

"Women played a powerful role in society, and the gold artifacts, seals, and spears speak of a very affluent upper class.

"The paved road network was vastly expanded to connect most major Minoan palaces and towns, and we have evidence of extensive trade activity."

"The Minoan culture's fusion with the Helladic (mainland Greek) traditions of the time eventually morphed into the Mycenaean civilization, which in turn challenged the Minoan supremacy in the Aegean."

"The affluence of the culture during this period is evident in the frescoes found in the Cretan palaces and in Thera, Melos, Kea, and Rodos."

("History of Minoan Crete" )

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3000-2100 BC
Graphic: https://kbagdanov.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/minoan-bull-rider.jpg

“sport” of bull-leaping

Prepalatial - 2600-1900 BC

"Neolithic life in ancient Crete consisted of major settlements at Myrtos and Mochlos. During this period the Minoans had contact with Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria with whom they traded for copper, tin, ivory, and gold."

" The palaces of this period are focused around communities, and circular tholos tombs were the major architectural structures of the time. The manner by which the dead were buried in these tombs indicate a society without hierarchical structure. The tholos tombs were used for centuries by entire villages, or clans and older corpses and offerings were placed aside to make room for a new burial. "

("History of Minoan Crete" )

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Cartwright, Mark. "Mycenaean Civilization" Ancient History Encyclopedia May 24th, 2013. http://www.ancient.eu/Mycenaean_Civilization/.

Cartwright, Mark. "Troy" Ancient History Encyclopedia August 2nd, 2012 http://www.ancient.eu/troy/

Cartwright, Mark. "Greek Colonization" Ancient History Encyclopedia October 28th, 2014. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Colonization/.

"History of Greece: The Dark Ages" Ancient-Greece.org 2002- 2016. http://ancient-greece.org/history/dark-ages.html.

"History of Minoan Crete." Ancient-Greece.org 2002- 2016. http://ancient-greece.org/history/minoan.html.

Scarre, Chris. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Inc., 2013

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8th Century BC

Greeks established around 500 colonies which included up to 60,000 Greek citizen colonists.

By 500 BCE these new territories would eventually account for 40% of all Greeks in the Hellenic World.

First the islands around Greece were colonized and then prospectors looked further afield.

Greek colonies targeted Sicily and southern Italy in sufficient quantity that the region became know as Magna Graecie ("Great Greece") (Scarre 2013)

(Cartwrigh 2014)

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1,000 - 750 BC
Graphic: http://people.ucls.uchicago.edu/~bwildem/art_hist_laba/myceneaen/myc_warriorvase.png

“Like burials, pottery styles throughout Greece during the Dark Age saw the emergence of regional variations, unlike during Mycenaean times when pottery displayed a stylistic unit."
("History of Greece: The Dark Ages")

"Within these three hundred years, the people of Greece lived in small groups that moved constantly in accordance with their new pastoral lifestyle and livestock needs, while they left no written record behind leading to the conclusion that they were illiterate. "

Between 950 - 750 BC - "Greeks relearned how to write once again, but this time instead of using the Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans, they adopted the alphabet used by the Phoenicians “innovating in a fundamental way by introducing vowels as letters. The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the base of the alphabet used for English today.”"

("History of Greece: The Dark Ages")

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16th - 13th Century BC
Graphic: http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/preview-1235.jpg?v=1431036321

“The most famous of the golden masks, dating to the 16th century BC, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in Grave Circle A at Mycenae in 1876. Schliemann, who relied heavily on myth in his interpretations, believed he was gazing upon 'the face of Agamemnon'."
(Scarre 2013)

3000 BC - 2000 BCE- "First inhabitation of Myceanae area."

2100 BC - "First evidence of building structures at Myceanae."

1900 BC - "First recorded settlement at Eleusis."

1700 BC - 1600 BC - "First shaft graves onstructed at Myceanae"

1600 BC - First evidence of elite buildings at Myceanae."

1600 BC - 1200 BC - "The Mycenaean settlement of Serayia flourishes on Kos."

1550 BC - "Gold death-masks and the first tholos tombs built at Myceanae"

1500 BC - 1400 BC - "First palace structure and Treasury of Atreus tomb built at Myceanae."

1500 BC - 1300 BC - "Myceanae Thebes at its peak of prosperity and influence."

1500 BC - 1200 BC - "Sphinxes are represented in Myceanae art, particularly in pottery and ivory carving."

1400 BC - 1300 BC - "Mycenaean palace architecture at Tiryns "

1400 BC - 1300 BC - "Mycenaean fortifications, palaces and tombs constructed at Argos."

1400 BC - 1100 BC - "Culture in the Cyclades is increasingly influenced by the Myceanae civilization of mainland Greece."

1200 BC - "Earthquake severely damages Tiryns"

1200 BC - 1100 BC - "Argos takes over from Myceanae as most important regional power in the Argolid."

(Cartwright 2013)

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3000 - 320 BC

"One of the most distinct mainland pottery types." Mainland ceramics "led to the discovery of many hundreds of settlements, very few of which exceed small hamlet size." (Scarre 2013)

3000 BC - 2550 BC - Troy I - First stone-walled village settlement

2550 BC - 2300 BC - "Troy II - origin of gold 'treasure' found by Schliemann"

2300 BC - 1750 BC - Troy III - Troy V

1750 BC - 1300 BC - "Troy VI - probable Troy of Homer's Iliad."

1300 BC - 950 BC - Troy VIIa - VIIb: "Notable decline in architectural and artisitic standards"

950 BC - 550 AD -

Troy VIII and Greek Ilion

Troy IX Roman Ilium

301 BC - 320 BC - "Doric temple to Athena and fortifications of Lysimachos built at Troy."

(Cartwrigh 2012)

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2100-1500 BC

Protopalatial - 1900-1700 BC

"The protopalatial era began with social upheaval, external dangers, and migrations from mainland Greece and Asia Minor. During this time the Minoans began establishing colonies at Thera, Rodos, Melos, and Kithira."

2000 BC: "A new political system was established with authority concentrated around a central figure."

"The first large palaces were founded and acted as centers for their respective communities."

"Distinctions between the classes forged a social hierarchy and divided the people into nobles, peasants, and perhaps slaves."

-The Minoans continued to trade with Egypt and the Middle East. They then began constructing a paved road network to connect the major cultural centers.

-"This period also marks the development of some settlements outside the palaces, and the end of the extensive use of tholos tombs."

- "The palaces of the period were destroyed in 1700 BC by forces unknown to us . Speculation blames the destruction either on a powerful earthquake, or on outside invaders."

("History of Minoan Crete" )

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4th - 2nd Millennium BC

Began with the early Holocene and continued through the Neolithic period and the Copper Age.

Bronze Age infers immediately to a key change that initiated the further development of metallurgy.

"Later stages of the Mediterranean Bronze Age, bronze created from the alloying of copper and tin predominates, although the use of arsenical copper for artifacts is far from rare."

3rd-millennium BC - Troy

Mid-2nd Millennium BC - The use of metal ores emerge.

(Scarre 2013)