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It was a long and hard process to become a knight. Boys at the age of seven were sent by their family to the home of a wealthy noble where the training will begin. The boy would serve as a page (servant) and would improve his fitness and skills by playing sports and through exercise. At the age of fourteen and fifteen the boy would become a squire, looking after the lord's armour and horses and possibly accompanying the lord into battle.
Then at the age of twenty-one he would then become a knight.

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Chivalry became so engrained in the society that all sons of the nobles either became members of the orders of the knights or became members of the Church.

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The way in which a knight was supposed to behave and the ideas grew up in France during the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries before coming to England.
The knight was to show:
- loyalty
- morality
- generosity
In other words, the knight should always do the right thing and should be prepared to provide his time and energies for free. Chivalry is possibly best known for the courtly love between the knight and his lady.

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- 1st Earl of Wiltshire
- 1st Earl of Ormond
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- an English diplomat and politician in the Tudor Era
- married to Lady Elizabeth Howard
- has 2 daughters and 1 son ( Mary, Anne and George Boleyn)
- maternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I

Position Strata
In 1525, when King Henry began pursuing Anne Boleyn, he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Rochford.
He was created a Knight of the Garter at HenryVIII’s coronation in 1509.

Through his ability and the connections of his extended family, he became one of the king’s leading diplomats

In English law, matrilineal descent is not considered valid for earldoms, new leaders were chosen by election. These customs were in Boleyn’s case, outweighed by a more important consideration, he was the father of two pretty daughters.

On 8 December 1529, Thomas Boleyn, was created Earl of Wiltshire, when James Butler lost his life and title as 1st Earl of Wiltshire on 1 May 1461

Thomas also created Earl of Ormond on the same day after Henry pressured the main claimant to the earldom of Ormond, Piers Butler, to renounce all his claims in 1529 (Henry did it for Anne)

Clothing
His gown with paned, puffed sleeves is worn with a low-necked doublet decorated with slashing. He has a girdle around his waist and wears a red bonnet.

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An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is decorated with eye-catching initials, ornamental borders and miniature illustrations.

The Reformation during Henry VIII era cause a great sum of manuscripts to transfer into the royal library from dissolved monasteries.

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An informal portrait roughly A4 size, which  emerged in popularity during Henry VIII's reign.
It is called a cabinet miniature because that is where its normally displayed.

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he king personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (the throne or the crown),
or is selected by by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarchy.
Alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means.

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The Catholic Church's peak of authority over all European Christians and their common endeavours of the Christian community. This authority also used by local inquisition to root out all divergent elements (heresy) and create a religiously uniform community

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Introduction

Son of Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth  Boleyn.

George is the brother of both Mary and Anne.

Forced to marry someone he does't love.

Supportive of both of his sisters and is eventually executed after being accused of committing adultery with his sister, Anne.George.

The only son of the Boleyn family and is the heir to the family estate.

George is free-spirited, easy-going, emotionally unaffected, he is ambitious, kind-hearted, even though he can sometimes become extremely hot-tempered and bursts into fits of rage at the slightest insult.

George is extremely devoted to Anne and is fiercely determined to shield her from harm.

Position in Social Strata

George Boleyn is the brother of the English queen Anne Boleyn during the rule and influence of King Henry

Married to Jane Parker, Viscountess Rochford who was a sister-in-law of King Henry VIII of England. She was the wife of George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, brother of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn

Clothing
Shirts

Made of white linen, shirts were cut full and gathered into a round or square neckline.

The neckline was often decorated with embroidery or cutwork.

They had long raglan sleeves.

Doublet and Hose

These were laced together, the doublet being only waist length.

Hose were seamed into one garment with a codpiece at the front.

Laces could be used to hold open area together and to keep the sleeves in place.

Achievements

Assigned to the household of Cardinal Wolsey.

Held a post in the Privy Chamber.

George became cup bearer to King Henry VIII

George Boleyn was appointed as a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber

George was knighted and the title of Earl of Rochford

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Daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and Lady Elizabeth Howard

Born at Bickling Hall in Norfolk

2 siblings : Mary Boleyn & George Boleyn

Educated in the Netherlands and France

Gained honor of being educated under the new French queen Claude and became an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.

Most remarkable physical attributes : Large dark eyes and long black hair.

Descendent : Elizabeth I of England

Position in social strata

Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 ( second wife of King Henry VIIII )

Marquess of Pembroke ( it was the first hereditary peerage title granted to a woman)

Clothing

Tudor dressmade of luxurious fabrics such as satins, the finest linens and velvets with abandon.

The kirtle was a garment that supported the bust and created the correct silhouette for the period. It was worn over the petticoat a.k.a little coat.

The gown is the garment in Tudor Dress however the Smock and Petticoat are very much underclothes. The kirtle is usually only seen peaking out above the gown square neckline.
Sumptuous fabrics could be used such as velvets or damasks or Cloth of Gold. The wealthier a person was or the higher the status, the more sumptuous and expensive the fabrics.

Headwear : French hood

Highly decorated headwear as a sign of wealthy
Pearls and jewels in gold settings are worn as pendants attached to choker necklaces and there are ouches on sleeves too.

Achievements :

She was the second wife of King Henry, became the Queen of England.

Gave birth to her only legacy, Elizabeth I who became the queen of England during the golden age of England.

John Foxe, a contemporary English historian, holds that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism.

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-  Henry VIII is the king of the England back at 1500s.

- charming and intelligent

- the absolute ruler in England and once was the brightest star in the court.

- power over England and has a fine physique.

- vain with his power and woman he has.

Clothing

- The Tudor monarchs of England was the most significant impact on the western European fashions in the renaissance era and the most influential was King Henry.

- The Tudor Clothes for a King were made of the most expensive materials which included Brocade, Buckram, Calico, Damask, Felt, Flannel, Gauze, Lawn, Linen, Satin, Shag, Silk, Tabbinet, Taffeta and Velvet.

Achievement

- King Henry has been the king of England for the past 30 years.

-  generate power and wealth in England.

-  the power to execute a person and to heir the queen throne to his love ones.

- his marriage with Queen Catherine has brought admire and cheers from the citizen of England.

- made the right decision in annulling the marriage because Queen Catherine is a devoted wife and a inspiration to the citizen of England.

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In 1532, Stafford was listed as one of the two hundred people who accompanied Henry VIII to France.

In1545, Stafford was knighted in Scotland.

In 1547, Stafford became a member of Parliament for Hastings.

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He wore tights or stockings.For his torso,he wore a shirt and a tight coat which was also called a doublet. He wore a hat as well.

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Position in Social Strata

Initially the rightful heir to the monarch, but when King Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn was annulled, Queen Elizabeth became illegitimate.

After the brief reign of her step-siblings, she reigned the monarch as the Queen of England and Ireland. She also held the position of the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Achievement

Increase in literacy and the arts  - poets and playwrights (William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh)

Significant expansion overseas. Explorers were encouraged (Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Richard Greenville)

Defeating the Spanish Armada in 1558 and further invasion attempts in 1596 and 1597.

Had excellent advisors and statesmen but was not be dominated by them.

In control of all major policies in England.

Clothing

Chemise (a corset stiffened with wood or iron),
petticoat, farthingale, stockings, gown, sleeves, and a neck ruff and wrist ruffs.

Most of them were black and white, signifying virginity and purity

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Nobleman

Clothing:

Gospatric (his greatest ancestor Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria)

This clothing style was very much influenced with both the Celtic church and Roman Church

Contains Patterns of Crosses

Achievements:

In July 1522, he was made a member of the Council of the North

In October 1522, he was made deputy warden of the East Marches

In May 1527, he succeeded his father as sixth Earl of Northumberland; he was made steward of the Honour of Holferness on June 18th ; on December 2nd he became Lord Warden of the East and West Marches.

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Henry Percy was an English nobleman and served as a military officer in north England

He was born in 1502

The eldest son of Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland by Catherine, daughter of Sir Robert Spencer

From his Mother, he was William Carey’s (Anne Boleyn Brother-in-law) cousin.

At a very Young Age Henry was sent to Thomas Wolsey’s Household where he can get his training

He was knighted in 1519 where he got the title: Nobleman

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William Stafford was born from a noble family. But since he is just a second son,he is only a commoner. He served King Henry VIII as a soldier. He became a member of parliament which is the political party.

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-born in Chebsey, Staffordshire, England.
-Second son of Sir Humphrey Stafford.
-secretly married Mary Boleyn,an ex-mistress of Henry VIII in 1534
-remarried to his second cousin, Dorothy Stafford.
-had six children
-died May 5, 1556 in Geneva, Swiss Eidgenossenschaft

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Choir Dress
Traditional garment of clerics worn for public prayers and sacraments.
It is normally made of wool, cotton or silk.

Basic components of choir dress:
- Cassock, with or without fascia (fringed sash worn around the waist), ,
- Surplice (or rochet if the wearer is a bishop, cardinal, or canon), and
- Biretta (the head-wear).

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Nobility - Lord
Lord Chancellor, king's advisor, held so much power often considered as ‘the other king’

Cardinal Priest
Title rank of a bishop in modern days.

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Arranging the Field of the Cloth of Gold, the Tudor equivalent of a summit meeting, which he devised for Henry to meet the Francis I, King of France.

Founded Cardinal College at Oxford (later King's College).

Successfully negotiated the Treaty of London between Charles V Maximilian I, Francis I, and Henry VIII.

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Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Born in 1533, she became the Queen of England and Ireland in 1558 at the age of 25 and reigned the country for the next 44 years, until her death in 1603.

The Elizabethan Era, known as the Golden Age, was renowned for the growth of its theatre, poetry, music and literature with the likes of William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and many others.

This was mainly due to her personality as an intelligent, educated woman with a strong personality. She devoted her unmarried, childless life to building a magnificent and powerful England, and was known as the Virgin Queen.

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The Archbishop of York and Henry VIII's lord chancellor.
An efficient administrator who has near-complete control of England's foreign policy, but his ego and lavish living made him  unpopular and ultimately deposed.

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Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic was fully carried into effect in England at the time of Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD, with the Pope in Rome heading the Catholic Church. The papal jurisdiction has been ruling England since then, up to the 15th century.

English Reformation x Protestantism

The English Reformation occurred during the reign of King Henry, who decided to disconnect from the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy 1534 declared the King as the Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England, replacing the pope and thus further rejecting papal jurisdiction.

Protestantism, a movement initiated by Martin Luther who questioned and protested Catholic doctrines, was then adopted as the main religion in England. King Henry did not personally accept Protestant liturgy, though he tolerated and also promoted the practice in return for support for his separation with the Roman Catholic Church.

After the death of King Henry, Protestant in England was continued by his son, King Edward VI. Known as the Protestant King, Protestant power was further strengthened.

Revival of Catholic
Upon King Edward's death, Queen Mary, daughter of Queen Katherine of Aragon and King Henry VI reigned the country. As a devout Roman Catholic, she immediately began the restoration of Catholicism and requested to be in union with Rome once again. The Act of Supremacy was repealed in 1554 hence bringing back papal jurisdiction, and medieval heresy laws were restored in 1555.

Restoration of Protestant

Queen Elizabeth I reversed her half sister's establishment when she became queen. The Act of Supremacy 1558 holds that any person taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch, which was aimed at abolishing the Pope's authority within England again. However, she was lenient towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private.

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A Timeline of Religion and The Significant Reigning Monarch in England

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A Timeline of Religion and The Significant Reigning Monarch in England

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Early 1500

1533-34

1553

1558

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Introduction of character:

Mary Boleyn-  sister of English queen Anne Boleyn and aunt of queen Elizabeth I

Mary was born in 1508 year

One of the mistresses of Henry VIII (1521-1526)

Mary Boleyn was married twice: in 1520 to William Carey, and again, secretly, in 1534, to William Stafford , a soldier from a good family but with few prospects.

Character of Mary Boleyn  : Kind, sweet nature, impulsive and easily manipulated.

Appearance of Mary Boleyn, the Other Boleyn Girl: Mary Boleyn was considered prettier than her elder sister Anne. She was fairer in complexion and hair color

Position in social strata:

Mary Boleyn, also known as Lady Mary, was the sister of English queen Anne Boleyn, whose family enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of King Henry VIII.

Mary was the most famous member of her family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with King Henry VIII.

Clothing:

Clothes were a means of displaying how wealthy a person was. Rich people could afford clothing made of fine wool, linen or silk. Their clothes were decorated with jewels and embroidered with gold thread.

Ladies from court as Mary Boleyn usually wore padded skirts held up with loops. Over these went bodices and colorful floor-length gowns. ( dress)

Achievements:

Mary Boleyn was the mistress of King Henry VIII before he turned his attention to her sister Anne Boleyn. Although she was married to William Carey at the time of her affair with King Henry it is believed that her son, called Henry was the son of the King, although he was never acknowledged as such.

Mary's daughter Catherine Carey married Sir Francis Knollys. One of their daughters, Lettice Knollys, became the second wife of Robert Dudley, English nobleman.

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The Post Medieval Era Encompasses two major Eras During the events of the Movie, Tudor and Elizabethan:
Tudor Era (1503-1533)
Important Events:
1515: Anne Boleyn and her sister Mary were sent to France to finish their education as lady-in-waiting to Queen Claude of France
1522: Anne Boleyn met and fell in love with a wealthy young noble called Henry Percy.
1532: Anne Boleyn accompanied King Henry VIII on a State visit to Calais in France
1533: January 25th - King Henry marries Anne Boleyn
Elizabethan Era (1533-1536) :
Important Events:
1533: May 29: The coronation of Anne Boleyn
1533: September 7: Elizabeth, the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, is born 7 September 1533
1536: May 15th 1536 Anne Boleyn tried for treason, adultery and incest in the Great Hall of the Tower of London
1536: May 19th: Anne Boleyn executed on Tower Green behind the walls of the Tower of London. Anne's body and head were buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula

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one of the remarkable Tudor Style Building is the Hever Castle (Ann Boleyn Castle)

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the Tudor style interior, is mostly made of timber with many rooms having rich wood panels on the walls. Also, one of The key features of Tudor architecture include decorative half timbering and a steeply pitched roof with prominent cross gables. Ex. Hever Castle

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1-The Tudor style employs a lavish use of timber with the fronts of the houses displaying a great deal of decorative as well as structural timber work
2- Very detailed chimney brickwork
3-Oriel or bay windows are a common feature of Tudor architecture, more commonly appearing on the upper floors of large buildings.
4-Tudor doors were substantial and often made of oak many of which were shaped at the top unlike medieval rectangular doors

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The Tudor architectural style is the final development of Medieval architecture in England, during the Tudor period (1485–1603) where the events of this movie occur

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Up until the Renaissance, women with knowledge of plants and herbs were respected as healers. However, as the culture changed during Enlightment, people began to blame the healers for causing unexplained things and labelled them as witches. The witches were divided into two types.

White Witch - They were considered as the healers by village members, who had knowledge of magic but only practiced it to help others, mainly to cure illnesses.

Black Witch - These witches were the devil worshipers who practiced magic only to cause harm and bring misery to others.

How to test a witch?
The most common way was to tie up the accused and duck them in a river or pond. If the person drowned, they were accepted innocent. But if they floated, they were accused of being a witch and convicted.

Punishment - Not all the witches that were convicted were killed, some were given lesser punishment of banishment or imprisonment. But two of the most common sorts of punishments were burning and executing.  20% out of the 270 convicted witches were executed at the time and some were also burned.

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The kind of food people in the Renaissance period eat depends on their status and how wealthy they are. Water in that period were very dirty, so they preferred to drink wine or ale. They eat using their hands, sometimes using a knife. Forks were mostly used by the rich.

Peasant Food - The average family in the Renaissance period are peasants. They only eat mush,soup and bread for every meal. Mush is something like the oatmeal we eat today. The soup is cooked from scraps, usually vegetables and carrots.

Wealthy Food - The rich eat soups or broths that contains exotic spices and sugar. They eat more meat than the peasants, like large roasts of beef or stag.

Feasts - During special occasions,like weddings or festivals,they will eat more meat than usual. They would eat large birds like swans, peacocks, or cranes. This is a time where lots of meat are being eaten. They will eat fruit for dessert, which are mostly nuts, fruits and cheese.

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Weapons

During the renaissance era, all kind of weapons are used for hunting and war. The weapons for war has to be practical with the utmost protection and functionality without much body movement because of excess weight of the weapon. Whereas the weapons in hunting which includes bows, crossbows and firearms, swords and spears.

Clothing

The Tudor monarchs of England was the most significant impact on the western European fashions in the renaissance era and the most influential was King Henry. He had methods such as slashing and puffing and stuffing sleeves and shoulders was wildly popular during his region and remained after his death.

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Partly because of the new revenue raised from the dissolution of monasteries, Cromwell created revenue courts to allot the royal income properly to various departments. These were the six courts or departments of state, each fully organised with its own specialized officials, equipped with seals and habitat, and responsible for a particular kind of revenue. Although this new financial system did not work with admirable precision, it was an improvement in that it did not involve the excessive formality of the old Exchequer or the excessive informality of the chamber system. Its drawback was the multiplication of departments whose sole unifying agent was Cromwell; his fall raised difficulties necessitating further reforms, which, however, followed his principle of relying on bureaucratic institutions.

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Half-sister to Queen Mary.

She became the queen in 1558.

Supports Protestantism.

Sectarian violence due to the shift to Protestantism was suppressed as Queen Elizabeth was lenient towards followers of Catholicism.

Queen Elizabeth created specific laws such as fining those who did not attend church, in effort to consolidate and keep the Church of England firmly in place.

However, some laws which prevented Catholics from worshipping publicly had risen resentment among them.

Queen Elizabeth's reign and life were even threatened by the Catholic factions as they were supported by Catholic countries including Spain.

Died of blood poisoning on 24 March 1603.

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Mary, daughter of Queen Katherine of Aragon and King Henry VI, ruled for 5 years from 1553-1558.

A devout Roman Catholic

Repealed Reformation legislature to be in union with Rome again.

Catholic mass was restored in December 1553.

Married clergymen were ordered to leave their wives or lose their posts by 1554.

November 1554, the Act of Supremacy was repealed.

After 1555, medieval heresy laws were restored and Mary would persecute Protestants by burning them.

Nearly 300 Protestants were killed.

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Took over the throne at the age of nine upon the death of King Henry.

Known as the Protestant king and bolstered the power of the Protestant Church in England.

King Edward introduced The Book of Common Prayer which mentioned to do away with the statues as well as stained glass in Roman Catholic churches, and allowed marriage for English clergy.

Died of tuberculosis at the age of fifteen in 1553.

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The reformation occurred during the reign of King Henry VIII who desperately wanted a male heir which his wife, Katherine of Aragon, failed to produce. In order to annul his marriage with the Queen and marry Anne Boleyn, the King separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1533. This led to the establishment of the Church of England a year later, and subsequently the spawn of Protestantism.

Other factors that contributed to the reformation:

rise of nationalism, decline of feudalism system

rise of common law

printing press helped to spread new ideologies and knowledge

increased circulation of Bible among scholars, upper and middle classes, and readers in general

the Act of Supremacy 1534 declared King Henry was the “Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England”, thus voiding papal jurisdiction

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It is developed through the teachings of Martin Luther at 1517 and the questionings of Roman Catholicism.

Protestant churches reject the idea of priesthood.

The position of priest as the linkage between followers and God no longer exist.

Followers seek forgiveness directly through God.

Church services and bible reading are to be carried out in common languages of the population.

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An exclusive religion at the early 1500.

Latin was used in conveying church services as well as bible reading.

Pope was believed to be ordained by God.

Priests were recognised as the "link to God"

Forgiveness could only be obtained through confession or penance to the priests

The Pope and general councils of the Church decided on doctrines.

Church law was governed by the canon law, with final jurisdiction in Rome.

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A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves (“rifling") cut into the barrel walls It was created in England, around 1500 years.
The origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe - England during the 15th century. Riffle was very important invention, because at this time in England among rich people was very famous hunting. Riffle could be used only in hunting, because it is not comfortable to use it for war, due to it's mechanism. Every time after you shot, you need recharge it, it take lot of time, but for hunting it was perfect

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Mainsprings appeared first time in 15th century Europe - England. It replaced the weight hanging from a cord wrapped around a pulley, which was the power source used in all previous mechanical clocks. Around 1400 coiled springs began to be used in locks. Mainsprings gained fame very fast, due to it's portability and light weight.

The first mainsprings were made of steel without tempering or hardening processes. They didn't run very long, and had to be wound twice a day. Henlein was noted for making watches that would run 40 hours between windings.

The first mainspring

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Paintings in English Renaissance were slow as the English Reformation brought about iconoclasts (removal of idols of Catholic saints in churches) which halted visual art development in England.

Most paintings in this era were portraits and landscapes.
Themes of paintings were usually of Secession of English Church from Rome and naval advancements of England.

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A best known English Renaissance composer who wrote extensively for every instrumental medium and developing the English madrigal, a form a chamber choir music.

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A famous English Renaissance composer skilled in playing the lute.

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Newly introduced stringed and keyboard instruments replaces sacred music in popularity during the English Renaissance.

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Bacon's Novum Organum (New Method) which introduces the Baconian Method in science.

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A prominent English statesman and author who also revolutionized science by advocating inductive reasoning.

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He contributed 96 poems to Tottel's Miscellany, the first printed anthropology of English poetry in 1557.

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16th-century English ambassador and lyrical poet. He is known for introducing the sonnet in English literature.

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An incomplete English epic poem which follows the story of a few knights and exploration of virtues.

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The printing press became more commonplace in England at this era, which influenced a vigorous production of literature and drama .

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Dominant art forms were literature and music.
Visual arts were less prominent compared to Italian Renaissance.

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In this era, there had been wars. Wars between different countries were not the only type of armed conflict that poor citizens had to endure. There are also battles for power among the nobles in various regions in England.

Slowly, powerful monarchs succeeded in unifying each country. England united in around 1509 when Henry VII died while ruling England.

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England starts its monarchy in 10th century, when Anglo-Saxon England (early medieval England), which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland. And in 1066, the last crowned Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy was then passed to the Normans’ victorious leader, William the Conqueror, and his descendants.

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According to University of Houston, during the Renaissance Period (1485 - 1688), Most of Europe lived under monarchy, which is rule by a king or queen including England.

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In the Renaissance period, hunting was a sport that was only exclusive to the royalty and the aristocracy. It was a sport practiced by both men and women and was a means of putting fresh meat on the table for the nobility.

Weapons and clothing -
Rather than wearing practical hunting clothes,the nobles would wear costly silks and furs. The weapons used for hunting would mostly be the same as those used for war, but bows and spears were the most commonly used.

The Prey -
Wild boars were the most dangerous prey and were hunted only by the men . Another common prey that was hunted was the deer.

The hounds -
The hounds were very important in the hunts. They were used for their good sense of smell to lead the hunters and were also sometimes used to lure the prey while the hunters silently awaited.

Communication - The hunters would always carry a horn to communicate with each other. After the prey was killed, the huntsmen would blow the horn to let others know that the chase had ended.

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Court dancing in the Renaissance period was a way for the wealthy to socialise and an elegant form of exercise.

The rich usually dance to celebrate a special occasion,like marriage.The people in the Renaissance period will be dressed in formally when they dance.

Dancing masters in the Renaissance Period :
-Dancers who choreograph and teach the nobles the steps of the dance.
-Almost every noble houses have a dancing master.

2 Types of dances in the Renaissance period:
Pavanne - A slow dance in which the ladies kept their eyes lowered and used to show off ceremonial robes by the aristocracy.The dance consisted of walking,gliding and curtseying.

Allemande -The only dance where the partners have to hold each other's hands.

Music they danced to:
-Mostly sung in churches. A few voices with different melodies blend together to create music. It was called polyphony, which is the same as choir.
-Madrigal is another type of music that is sung at the same time by three or six singers who have the same melodies. Usually for romantic poems and sung with emotion.

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1283
Edward I conquers Wales

1295
Edward I summons first official English Parliament.

1315-1317
The Great Famine causes around 500,000 deaths in England ; Millions across Europe.

1337
Edward III proclaims himself as rightful heir to French throne ; wages the Hundred Years War with France.

1348
Nearly half of English population perished from Black Death.

1485
House of Lancaster claims victory in War of the Roses; Henry Tudor rules as Henry VII

1534
Henry VIII parts English Church from Catholic Rome to marry Anne Boleyn

1558-1603
England flourished in a golden age under  Elizabeth I.

1588
England gains sea dominance after defeat of Spanish Armada.

1642-1651
English civil war between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Parliamentarian victory; Monarch's power greatly diminished.

1707
Formation of United Kingdom between England and Scotland.

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Eddie Redmayne

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Oliver Coleman

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Juno Temple

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Ana Torrent

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Benedict Cumberbatch

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Mark Rylance

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Jim Sturgess

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Eric Bana

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Scarlett Johansson

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Natalie Portman

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This is a dramatic and romantic genre movie. It is an adaptation from a novel. I like this movie because it talks about how to control people psychologically.The costumes in the movie is in a very bright color.For example, Mary's costume was in gold color when King Henry visited the Boleyn estate.The acting of Mary(Scarlett Johansson) proves to the audience that she is very pure. As for Anne(Natalie Portman), her crying scene at the end really brought up the emotions, and it is very powerful. I feel empathy for a moment for her. But then.... I realized what she has done, then the feeling went away.

The whole movie is about two sisters, Anne and Mary. Anne was misunderstood about Mary betraying her and taking King Henry away from her. She then proceeds by taking King Henry from Mary as an act of revenge. And all of this, was started by their father and uncle, who were blinded by greed. King Henry was manipulated by Anne. The power of manipulation is so strong that King Henry divorced Katherine of Aragon, Queen of England and it causes a lot of political issue.

I wonder if Anne didn't misunderstand Mary at the first place, will it become a good ending? And I also wonder if Mary told King Henry that Anne was secretly married to Henry Percy, will it end without having to kill Anne?

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Anne Boleyn, Mary Boleyn and George Boleyn are siblings. Mary is married to William Carey. The Boleyn sisters' scheming father and uncle planned to make Anne the mistress of King Henry VIII when they know that the King Henry needs a heir. And when King Henry go to the Boleyn estate, King Henry had an accident that is indirectly caused by Anne. Mary was then ordered by her uncle to nurse King Henry. Henry then has an affection for Mary and invites her to court. Mary and his husband reluctantly agreed despite knowing the king desires Mary. Seperated from her husband, Mary also fell in love with Henry too. In the meantime, Anne secretly married to a nobleman, Henry Percy. Although Percy is betrothed to Lady Mary Talbot. George Boleyn then tells this secret marriage to Mary. Fearing Anne will ruin Boleyn family, she alerts her father and uncle. The father and uncle confront Anne, annul the marriage and exile her to France. Months later, Mary becomes pregnant. Her family receives new grants and estates, their debts are paid and Henry also arranges George's marriage to Jane Parker. When Mary nearly suffers a miscarriage, she is confined to her bed until she give birth. Anne was then called back by her father to distract King Henry and not let him fall in love with someone other than Mary. Instead, Anne successfully seduced King Henry VIII and Mary soon was sent out of the country after her son was born.Although Anne had King Henry's baby,King Henry wasn't satisfied enough because Anne gave birth to a baby daughter.The King wanted a son,so he went and court another lady.Desperate to bear a son so that she can become Queen of England,Anne turned to her brother,George Boleyn,for help.To bear a son,she wanted George to have sex with her,but they ended up not going through that.Anne and George are found guilty for treason,adultery and incest,as George's wife was the witness of the "incest" crime between Anne and George.Anne was sentenced to executed at the end although her sister Mary pleaded King Henry to cancel the execution.Anne was executed and her daughter,Elizabeth was raised by Mary.