# data[].attributes.body
sectionalism, SC secedes

# data[].attributes.body
republican: we deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States.

southern democrat: all citizens of the United States have an equal right to settle with their property in the Territory, without their rights, either of person or property, being destroyed or impaired by Congressional or Territorial legislation.

# data[].attributes.headline
Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

# data[].attributes.subject
Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

# data[].attributes.body
the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution...

And no word can be found in the Constitution which gives Congress a greater power over slave property or which entitles property of that kind to less protection than property of any other description....

The right to traffic in it, like an ordinary article of merchandise and property, was guaranteed to the citizens of the United States, in every state that might desire it, for twenty years.

# data[].attributes.body
Sack of Lawrence (K-N Act)
abolitionism

Our hearts sicken at the atrocities perpetrated daily upon the innocent and unoffending.-Ossawattamie has been laid in ashes, every house burned, and four of our men killed.-The gallant Brown, while searching after his saddle, was shot dead in the street. Fifty Ossawattamie families shelterless, are now living in their wagons in the woods, endeavoring to escape these fiends in human form-Heaven and Elijah's ravens to feed them! This was a beautiful town, about the size, I think, of Lawrence. Jude Wakefield's house and four of his neighbor's were burnt night before last. The ruffians have burnt every Free State man's house in Leavenworth, pressed the men into their service, at the peril of their lives, driven the women and children, with just the clothes on their backs, into the boats and sent them down the River.

# data[].attributes.body
Wilmot Proviso
Trying to ban slavery in newly acquired land from Mex

Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

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jim crow laws  - after black codes, disenfrtanchised blacks in the south and new soouth

# data[].attributes.subject
jim crow laws  - after black codes, disenfrtanchised blacks in the south and new soouth

# data[].attributes.body
hayes would be president and win the 20 electoral votes in dispute instead of dem Tilden
IF he would take away the 5 military districts and take out the troops

# data[].attributes.headline
fall of reconstruction: election of 1876

# data[].attributes.subject
fall of reconstruction: election of 1876

# data[].attributes.body
dem tilden v. repub hayes
electoral votes in dispute, couldn't decided who won

# data[].attributes.body
bourbon victories in congress
blacks that were voted in were kicked out

# data[].attributes.body
led to end of reconstruction bc abolitionist northerners focused on their own economy first
want for lower taxes

# data[].attributes.body
Grant (r) v. Seymour (d)
Grant won due to success during the civil war

# data[].attributes.headline
sharecropping becomes the main employment of blacks due to white supremacy in the south

# data[].attributes.subject
sharecropping becomes the main employment of blacks due to white supremacy in the south

# data[].attributes.body
crop lien system
indebtedness
practically slaves again

# data[].attributes.headline
race riots in the south, whites trying to take back black republican governments

# data[].attributes.subject
race riots in the south, whites trying to take back black republican governments

# data[].attributes.headline
supreme court decided that the 14th amend did not protect blacks if discriminated by individuals

# data[].attributes.subject
supreme court decided that the 14th amend did not protect blacks if discriminated by individuals

# data[].attributes.body
many whites got back their voting rights
many blacks disenfranchised again

# data[].attributes.body
aka bourbon dems
tried to get rid of black reublicans govts installed from radical reconstruction
white supremacy, limit blacks

# data[].attributes.body
used violence against blacks and freemen sympathizers
southern states
white supremacy, protestant, anti immigrant

# data[].attributes.body
carpetbaggers = northern repubs in south, sympathized with freedmen
scalawags = southerners who cooperated with reconstruction
kkk
redeemers

# data[].attributes.headline
congressional reconstruction / radical (republican) reconstruction / military reconstruction

# data[].attributes.subject
congressional reconstruction / radical (republican) reconstruction / military reconstruction

# data[].attributes.body
first reconstruction act = military districts, new state const, ratify 14th amend.
second reconstruction act = military authorities supervise elections to make sure blacks can vote

# data[].attributes.headline
first black congressmen = hiram revels, 1870

# data[].attributes.subject
first black congressmen = hiram revels, 1870

# data[].attributes.body
tried to remove southern congressmen from office
impeached johnson (first prez impeached) for firing cabinet member w/o senate approval

tenure of office act

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ironclad oath
14th amendment: gave all blacks citizenship... Due process clause (equal protection clause)
15th amendment: gave every man right ti vote regardless of race
military reconstruction act: split up south into 5 military districts

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1866-1867
republicans
tried to pass Wade Davis Bill: ironclad oath of 51% swesring they neber seceded
tried to pass civil rights bill of 1866 which wouldve given civil rights to freedmen
freedmens bureau: help for blacks to get started, edu and hospitals and churches
goals: give equality to freedmen, punish south
republicans: benjamin wade, charles sumner

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similar to slave codes
hindered blacks socially and economically
segregation

curfews

inability to move

had to work for whites and in ag. (sharecropping)

cant carry guns

can't trade

# data[].attributes.body
civil rights bill of 1866
freedmens bureau 2
Thaddeus Stephens "40 acre and a mule"

# data[].attributes.body
1865
super lenient w/ letting confed states back into union
pardoned ex confeds (confed VP stevens)
supported/allowed black codes

# data[].attributes.body
1864
thought it was prez responsibilty bc it was a war effort
10% plan: 10% of confed states pop. took oath of allegience, ban slavery
fairly lenient

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Lincoln assassinated in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth @ Ford's theater

# data[].attributes.subject
Lincoln assassinated in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth @ Ford's theater

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made slavery illegal

# data[].attributes.body
took role of man if he was off fighting
still significantly stuck in republican motherhood

# data[].attributes.body
north had better industrialization and transportation
more food and weapons
more men
draft actually worked

south had less men and lacked on industrialization and supplies
had worse inflation than the north -- needed food!

# data[].attributes.body
Transcontinental Railway act - create a railroad across the country (nebraska to cali)
Homestead Act - gave free land out in the west for 5yrs
Morrill lan grant act - ag. universities
banking act - first national currency

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april 9th, 1865
Grant and Lee meet
negotiated terms for surrendering

# data[].attributes.body
Gen. Grant
take richmond
worked because north had more men --> more troops to continously send into warfare, many lives lost
VICTORY - union takes richmond, city is burnt down

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nearing the end of the war, union had the upper hand

# data[].attributes.subject
nearing the end of the war, union had the upper hand

# data[].attributes.body
Andrew Johnson, lincoln's VP
be super nice to the south
unsure on emancipation & civil rights

# data[].attributes.body
lincoln
deal less harshly w/ the south
free slaves
civil rights?? maybe

# data[].attributes.body
with slavery continued to be illegal...
led by Thaddeus Stevens
wanted to give freedmen full civil rights

# data[].attributes.headline
emergence of the copperheads (Peace Democrats)

# data[].attributes.subject
emergence of the copperheads (Peace Democrats)

# data[].attributes.body
just wanted immediate end to war
wanted north and south to stay peacefully separate
against the war/draft/emancipation
Clement Vallandigham

# data[].attributes.body
lincoln (r) v. old general McClellan (d)
lincoln won because really only northern repubs were able to vote
battle of atlanta secured reelection of lincoln

# data[].attributes.headline
naval blockade from anaconda plan causes south to experience inflation

# data[].attributes.subject
naval blockade from anaconda plan causes south to experience inflation

# data[].attributes.body
food shortages

# data[].attributes.body
upset about the draft and upset about how others could buy their way out of it

mostly immigrants lashing out

# data[].attributes.headline
many irish and german immigrants fought on the union side, drafted mostly

# data[].attributes.subject
many irish and german immigrants fought on the union side, drafted mostly

# data[].attributes.headline
Northern draft - 1st wartime draft in american history

# data[].attributes.subject
Northern draft - 1st wartime draft in american history

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conscription
could avoid draft if you could pay out or hire a sub

rich man's war, poor man's fight

confederacy tried a draft as well but the states power overruled the federal power

# data[].attributes.headline
Lincoln suspends writ habeas corpus, 1861

# data[].attributes.subject
Lincoln suspends writ habeas corpus, 1861

# data[].attributes.body
this allowed people to be arrested w/o going to trial
safety of the union in danger
13,000 arrested, suspected of being a confederate
Chief Justice thought this went against amendment

# data[].attributes.headline
54th massachusetts infantry = first black regiment

# data[].attributes.subject
54th massachusetts infantry = first black regiment

# data[].attributes.body
black soldiers but white generals and colonel
segregated units

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effective on Jan 1st 1863
claimed all slaves in the confederate states were freed

able to do this b/c slaves considered contraband

didn't actually free the slaves
reminder: the slave states in the union still held slavery!
Lincoln used commander in chief position to promote proclamation - he can take away resources, the resources being slaves

turning point → war now about ending slavery

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William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864

# data[].attributes.subject
William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864

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thru georgia
total war
destroy the moral and motivation of the south
burned and destroyed everything in their way

civilian casualties

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Union led by William Tecumseh Sherman
Union victory, took the city (his total war plan - march to the sea)
destroyed everything
huge blow to the south
assured lincoln's reelection
continued March and Anaconda plan

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battle that finally took the mississippi river --> anaconda plan
Union Victory, took last confed for in the west

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burial of those lost @ gettysburg
dedicated ceremony to the lives lost
Lincoln wrote the speech and was told to keep it short
United StateS is to United States are

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Lee invaded the North (Meade)
thre long days
Lee retreated, Union victory
beginning of the end of confeds

couldnt replace loss

south would never invade the north again

# data[].attributes.body
first war w/ ironclad ships
battle of Hampton Roads
Monitor(north) v. Merrimack(south)
union won --> blockade successful and would starve out the south

# data[].attributes.body
bloodiest single day of the war
23,000 casualties
union victory
important because it caused Brit NOT to join the south

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1st all out battle
virginia
confederate victory

# data[].attributes.headline
longest serving union general = Ulysses S. Grant; best confederate general = Robert E Lee

# data[].attributes.subject
longest serving union general = Ulysses S. Grant; best confederate general = Robert E Lee

# data[].attributes.body
battle of bull run
antietam
gettysburg
vicksburg
atlanta

# data[].attributes.body
south wouldn't export cotton to Britain
believed Britain would fall to help the south in the civil war because they so desperately needed the cotton
FAIL - other countries like Egypt and India had cotton for Britain to import

# data[].attributes.body
1. create naval blockade around south - starve them out
2. gain forts on the mississippi river and win the vital waterway
3. capture the Confederate capital: Richmond, VA
SUCCESS

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Justification of Civil war at first = secession was illegal and Lincokn wanted to preserve the union

# data[].attributes.subject
Justification of Civil war at first = secession was illegal and Lincokn wanted to preserve the union

# data[].attributes.body
not to end slavery until after Proclamation

# data[].attributes.headline
old techniques of warfare + new weapons of warfare = DEADLY

# data[].attributes.subject
old techniques of warfare + new weapons of warfare = DEADLY

# data[].attributes.body
North Advantages

higher population

more industrialized

higher production rate and food

South Advantages

only had to defend, not invade

better military leader Lee

total commitment fighting spirit

# data[].attributes.body
prez = Davis
vp = Alexander Stevens

# data[].attributes.body
senator from know-nothing party
last try to stop the civil war
would return everything to 36/30 line of MO comp
FAILED

# data[].attributes.headline
four upper south states secede after Fort Sumter, 1861

# data[].attributes.subject
four upper south states secede after Fort Sumter, 1861

# data[].attributes.body
Virginia
North Carolina
Tennessee
Arkansas

# data[].attributes.body
union fort in Charleston Harbor (the south) attacked by southerners after lincoln tried to re-supply it
lincoln called for volunteers
union surrenders at the fort --> war was imminent

# data[].attributes.headline
William Tecumseh Sherman insanely predicts a civil war, 1860

# data[].attributes.subject
William Tecumseh Sherman insanely predicts a civil war, 1860

# data[].attributes.body
"This country will be drenched in blood…the people of the North… are not going to let the country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it… you are rushing into a war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical and determined people on earth – right at your doors… Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war.  In all else you are totally unprepared.”

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the 4 slave states that didn't want to secede

# data[].attributes.subject
the 4 slave states that didn't want to secede

# data[].attributes.body
Delaware
Maryland
Kentucky
Missouri
(and later, West Virginia)

# data[].attributes.body
prez Buchanan did nothing
Lincoln couldn't do anything because he wasn't inaugurated yet
6 other states secede as well

1. Georgia

2. Florida

3. Alabama

4. Mississippi

5. Louisiana

6. Texas

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goal: keep union unified
stop the spread of slavery

# data[].attributes.body
dems split: Breckinridge = south dem...... douglass = north dem
repub = lincoln
Constitutional union= bell
LINCOLN WON (greater northern voting pop.)
SC claimed they would secede if lincoln won, he did win, they did secede

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John Brown Raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859 VA

# data[].attributes.subject
John Brown Raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859 VA

# data[].attributes.body
John brown = abolitionist
him and followers captured weapons from ferry
planned to have slave revolt - didn't work, was arrested

# data[].attributes.body
Lincoln - US cant be half free half slave

house divided speech

Douglass argued for pop. sovereignty --> Freeport Doctrine
Illinois

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free."

Lincoln

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Uncle Tom's Cabin (1858) - revealed conditions of slavery to northerners, southerners hated the book

# data[].attributes.body
dred scott v. sanford
Tawney court (racist guy)
scott = slave, taken to territory w/o slavery and he was sued for his freedom
decision = territories could not prohibit slavery --> so technically SLAVERY WAS STILL LEGAL EVERYWHERE nice going Tawney
nullified MO comp
angered northerners

# data[].attributes.body
Charles from MA was antislavery politician
Brooks from SC was pro slavery
things got heated in congress...(; NOT LIKE THAT BUT LIKE ARGUMENTS
Brooks beats Charles w/ a cane.. wow, way to go

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American Party
Nativist
many whigs went here!!
ended up filtering into Repub

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sectionalism - north w/ repubs, south w/ dems

# data[].attributes.subject
sectionalism - north w/ repubs, south w/ dems

# data[].attributes.body
Buchanan

# data[].attributes.body
specifically, downfall = K-N Act

# data[].attributes.headline
republican party founded in 1855, after K-N Act

# data[].attributes.subject
republican party founded in 1855, after K-N Act

# data[].attributes.body
first actual repub running = lincoln
repubs:
ban slavery in territories
northern

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pro slavery constitution for kansas agreed upon by "pop. sovereignty" (eh maybe)
Prez buchanan accepted this state const.

# data[].attributes.headline
John Brown - advocate for ending slavery

# data[].attributes.subject
John Brown - advocate for ending slavery

# data[].attributes.body
Pottawatmoie massacre
raid on harper's ferry

# data[].attributes.body
revenge of northern/iowans/antislavery peeps on border ruffians for sack of lawrence

# data[].attributes.body
corrupt vote - infiltrating kansas with many southerners to sway vote for yes for slavery

***border ruffians attack the antislavery town of Lawrence

# data[].attributes.body
pro slavery missourians infiltrate kansas to get the slavery vote for Kansas
Border Ruffians = pro slavery missourians
anti slavery iowans
fight between north and south - first glimpse of civil war

# data[].attributes.body
kansas and nebraska would decide on slavery via pop. sovereignty
Senator Stephen Douglass

# data[].attributes.headline
most controversial of comp. of 1850 - Fugitive Slave Law

# data[].attributes.subject
most controversial of comp. of 1850 - Fugitive Slave Law

# data[].attributes.body
this now pulled in northerners and made them return any slaves
sometimes any black would be brought into slavery, even if a free man! Oh no

# data[].attributes.headline
compromise rejected and passed as separate 5 pieces of legislation by Stephen A. Douglas, 1850

# data[].attributes.subject
compromise rejected and passed as separate 5 pieces of legislation by Stephen A. Douglas, 1850

# data[].attributes.headline
Compromise of 1850 - HENRY CLAY (and racist Calhoun and mr. cool man Webster)

# data[].attributes.subject
Compromise of 1850 - HENRY CLAY (and racist Calhoun and mr. cool man Webster)

# data[].attributes.body
1. CA would be free
2. New Mex. and Utah would decide by pop. sovereignty
3. Fugitive Slave Law
4. slave trade abolished only in D.C.
5. Texas ceded land to New Mex. and Utah

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1850 - Cali had enough ppl to apply for statehood

# data[].attributes.subject
1850 - Cali had enough ppl to apply for statehood

# data[].attributes.body
debate of slavery re-LIT

# data[].attributes.body
won b/c of mex-amer. war effort and treaty efforts
DIES IN OFFICE

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Taylor - Whig, indifferent on slavery
Cass - Dem, pop. sovereignty for slavery
Van Buren - Free Soil

# data[].attributes.body
Free Soil Party - just didn't want expansion of slavery; wanted land in west to be free (no slavery)
Lincoln started on this party

# data[].attributes.body
Lewis Cass
territories can decide if they want slavery or not