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Food Industry

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1. Food system activities, including producing food, transporting it, and storing wasted food in landfills, produce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. Of these sources, livestock production is the largest, accounting for an estimated 14.5 percent of global GHG emissions from human activities. Meat from ruminant animals, such as cattle and goats, are particularly emissions-intensive.

link: https://www.foodsystemprimer.org/food-production/food-and-climate-change/

2. Indonesians lost or wasted around 115-184 kilogram of food per capita per year on average, according to the study, which conducted by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) in collaboration with think-tank World Resources Institute and a management consulting firm Waste for Change.
Most of the food loss occurred in the processing, storing, transporting, and selling of food crops, particularly grains. In contrast, most of the food waste occurred in the consumption stage when leftover food on the dining table is thrown away.

link: https://jakartaglobe.id/business/foods-thrown-away-in-indonesia-are-enough-to-solve-its-malnourishment-problem

3. Researchers in Europe have revealed an unprecedented picture of the climate impact of the food we eat, all the way from its production to its consumption. The new findings show that more than a third—34%—of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions are generated by food systems. They also show that food generates an average of 2 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions per person annually.

link: https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/03/10/how-much-does-our-food-contribute-to-global-warming-new-research-reveals-all/?sh=7526033f27d7

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Background

The environmental challenge we are undergoing, and its human roots, concern and affect us all.

- Pope Francis

Concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Prior to the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of GHGs remained relatively stable for thousands of years. Human activities, are considered the dominant cause of the recent and dramatic rise in GHG concentrations. ¹ Globally, livestock production accounts for an estimate 14.5 percent of GHG emissions related to human activities. ⁶
Image adapted from the IPCC, 2007.³

The term "weather" refers to how the atmosphere behaves in a specific area over a short period of time, usually hours or days. "Climate" refers to general weather patterns over a broad area for a long period of time. Both weather and climate account for qualities like temperature, precipitation, and humidity.

The global climate is warming at an unprecedented rate. ¹ An overwhelming body of evidence suggests global temperatures will continue to rise, and that human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and agriculture are the dominant cause. 1,2 These activities release greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, that trap the sun's heat and warm the atmosphere-hence the name "greenhouse." Natural processes also produce GHG emissions; however, these have generally been counterbalanced by the capacity of trees, soil, oceans, and other sinks (storehouses) to sequester (capture and store) emissions. ³

Climate change is among the greatest threats of our generation-and of generations to come-to public health, ecosystems, and the economy. The projected impacts of climate change, many of which are already occurring, include:

More frequent and intense hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and other extreme weather events

Increased heat-related deaths

Food and water shortages

Forced migration from rising sea levels and natural disasters

Increased damages from flooding and wildfires

Spreading insect-borne and water-borne diseases⁴

Scientists and world leaders have called for immediate and dramatic action to reduce GHG emissions, enhance emissions sinks, ² and prepare for the impacts that are expected to occur. ⁵ The food system is one of the areas where urgent interventions are needed most.

Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture

Texas corn crops affected by drought.

For most of the world's farmers, the effects of climate change-including worsened problems of droughts, flooding, cyclones, heat waves, and pests-are expected to reduce the amount of food they can grow. Impacts to agriculture can in turn lead to higher food prices. ⁷
Photo credit: Bob Nichols, USDA, 2013. Creative Commons CC BY 2.0.

Agriculture has always been at the mercy of unpredictable weather, but a rapidly changing climate is making agriculture an even more vulnerable enterprise. In some regions, warmer temperatures may increase crop yields. The overall impact of climate change on agriculture, however, is expected to be negative-reducing food supplies and raising food prices. ⁷ Many regions already suffering from high rates of hunger and food insecurity, including parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, are predicted to experience the greatest declines in food production. ⁷⁻⁹ Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ₂) are also expected to lower levels of zinc, iron, and other important nutrients in crops. ¹⁰

With changes in rainfall patterns, farmers face dual threats from flooding and drought. Both extremes can destroy crops. Flooding washes away fertile topsoil that farmers depend on for productivity, while droughts dry it out, making it more easily blown or washed away. Higher temperatures increase crops' water needs, making them even more vulnerable during dry periods. ⁷

Certain species of weeds, insects, and other pests benefit from higher temperatures and elevated CO ₂, increasing their potential to damage crops and creating financial hardship for farmers. Shifting climates also mean that agricultural pests can expand to new areas where farmers hadn't previously dealt with them. ¹¹

With higher temperatures, most of the world's glaciers have begun to recede-affecting farmers who depend on glacial melt water for irrigation. 1,5 Rising sea levels, meanwhile, heighten flood dangers for coastal farms, and increase saltwater intrusion into coastal freshwater aquifers-making those water sources too salty for irrigation. ¹²

Climate change is also expected to impact ecosystems and the services they provide to agriculture, such as pollination and pest control by natural predators. Many wild plant species used in domestic plant breeding, meanwhile, are threatened by extinction. ¹³

Food System Contributions to Climate Change

Slash-and-burn rainforest clearing in Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Over 18 percent of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest has been cleared since 1970, ¹⁶ primarily for cattle ranching. 17,18 The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's most important sinks (storehouses) of carbon, holding the equivalent of 11 years worth of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. ¹⁹ Clearing rainforests releases stored carbon, making Brazil among the highest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. ²⁰
Image credit: Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center.

Food system activities, including producing food, transporting it, and storing wasted food in landfills, produce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. Of these sources, livestock production is the largest, accounting for an estimated 14.5 percent of global GHG emissions from human activities. ⁶ Meat from ruminant animals, such as cattle and goats, are particularly emissions-intensive. ¹⁴

World leaders have agreed that in order to avoid the most catastrophic climate change scenarios, average global temperature rise must not exceed 2° Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Even if this goal is met, many climate impacts, such as sea level rise, will likely still continue for centuries. ⁴

Imagine a scenario in 2050 where societies have transitioned away from coal and natural gas to wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources. In this scenario, public policy and infrastructure investments have made walking, cycling, and public transit the most accessible and popular forms of transportation. Air travel is used only as a last resort. In what is otherwise a best-case scenario, if global trends in meat and dairy intake continue, our chances of staying below the 2° Celsius threshold will still be extremely slim. ¹⁵ This is why urgent and dramatic reductions in meat and dairy consumption, alongside reductions in GHG emissions from energy use, transportation, and other sources, are crucial to avoiding catastrophic climate change. The responsibility for eating lower on the food chain falls most heavily on countries like the U.S. with the highest per capita consumption of meat and dairy. Changing diets on an international scale will require more than just educating consumers - national policies will need to shift in ways that support more plant-centric diets. ¹⁵

Resources

The following list of suggested resources is intended as a starting point for further exploration, and is not in any way comprehensive. Some materials may not reflect the views of the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future.

For teachers

Reports

Academic journal articles

Country-specific dietary shifts to mitigate climate and water crises. Brent F. Kim, Raychel E. Santo, Allysan P. Scatterday, Jillian P. Fry, Colleen M. Synk, Shannon R. Cebron, Mesfin M. Mekonnen, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Saskia de Pee, Martin W. Bloem, Roni A. Neff, Keeve E. Nachman. Global Environmental Change. 2019

Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change. Springmanna M, Godfray CJ, et al. PNAS. 2016.

The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets (open access). Hedenus F, Wirsenius S, Johansson DJA. Climatic Change. 2014.

Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation. Bajželj B, Richards KS, et al. Nature Climate Change. 2014.

Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Tilman D, Clark M. Nature. 2014.

Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, et al. Nature. 2014.

Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security. Wheeler T and Braun JV. Science. 2013.

Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Weber CL, Matthews HS. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008.

References

1. SUSTAINABILITY For all. The IPCC Report on Climate Change Declares that Human Activity is the Main Cause of Global Warming. 2021. https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/ipcc-report-climate-change-2021/?_adin=02021864894

2. IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, et al., eds. Climate Change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

3. IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2007.

4. IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

5. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, et al., eds. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

6. Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, et al. Tackling Climate Change through Livestock - A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013.

7. Nelson GC, Rosegrant MW, Koo J, Robertson R. Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2009.

8. Gornall J, Betts R, Burke E, et al. Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2010;365(1554):2973-2989.

9. Schmidhuber J, Tubiello FN. Global food security under climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104(50).

10. Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, et al. Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Nature. 2014;510:139-142.

11. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi: Cambridge University Press; 2009.

12. Backlund P, Janetos A, Schimel D. The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States. 2008.

13. Jarvis A, Upadhyaya H, Gowda C, Aggarwal P, Fujisaka S, Anderson B. Climate Change and Its Effect on Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and Associated Biodiversity for Food Security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2010.

14. Tilman D, Clark M. Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Nature. 2014;515(7528):518-522.

15. Kim B, Neff R, Santo R, Vigorito J. The Importance of Reducing Animal Product Consumption and Wasted Food in Mitigating Catastrophic Climate Change. Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future; 2015.

16. Butler RA. Calculating Deforestation Figures for the Amazon. Mongabay.com. 2014.

17. Greenpeace. Amazon Cattle Footprint: Mato Grosso: State of Destruction. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Greenpeace Brazil; 2009.

18. Barona E, Ramankutty N, Hyman G, Coomes OT. The role of pasture and soybean in deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res Lett. 2010;5(2):024002.

19. Butler RA. Amazon rainforest locks up 11 years of CO2 emissions. Mongabay.com2. 2007.

20. World Resources Institute. CAIT 2.0. 2014.

Concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Prior to the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of GHGs remained relatively stable for thousands of years. Human activities, are considered the dominant cause of the recent and dramatic rise in GHG concentrations. ¹ Globally, livestock production accounts for an estimate 14.5 percent of GHG emissions related to human activities. ⁶
Image adapted from the IPCC, 2007.³

Texas corn crops affected by drought.

For most of the world's farmers, the effects of climate change-including worsened problems of droughts, flooding, cyclones, heat waves, and pests-are expected to reduce the amount of food they can grow. Impacts to agriculture can in turn lead to higher food prices. ⁷
Photo credit: Bob Nichols, USDA, 2013. Creative Commons CC BY 2.0.

Slash-and-burn rainforest clearing in Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Over 18 percent of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest has been cleared since 1970, ¹⁶ primarily for cattle ranching. 17,18 The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's most important sinks (storehouses) of carbon, holding the equivalent of 11 years worth of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. ¹⁹ Clearing rainforests releases stored carbon, making Brazil among the highest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. ²⁰
Image credit: Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center.

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Food and Climate Change | Food System Primer

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The environmental challenge we are undergoing, and its human roots, concern and affect us all. - Pope Francis The term "weather" refers to how the atmosphere behaves in a specific area over a short period of time, usually hours or days. "Climate" refers to general weather patterns over a broad area for a long period of time.

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Fashion Industry

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Transportation Industry

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1. "Factories dump tonnes of toxic waste into the Citarum, making it one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Locals say that the textile dyes are even changing the color of the river every day." – Yuyun Ismawati, from the Nexus3Foundation, an environmental health NGO in West Java.

Link: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-26/Indonesia-s-fast-fashion-pollution-problems-fueled-by-consumer-demand-11ohJceggmc/index.html#:~:text=If%20the%20current%20trend%20continues,tonnes%20of%20textiles%20a%20year.&text=He%20says%20that%20the%20fashion,billion%20tonnes%20of%20greenhouse%20gases

2. One of the most common materials used in the production of clothing is polyester. Polyester
made with plastic base materials and plastic made from petroleum. Unfortunately, when washing the cloth, polyester will release microfibers, increasing the plastic content in the sea. The microfiber
difficult to decompose will have a bad influence on living things. Small creatures like plankton
will consume these microfibers and will become a food chain that ends in humans.

Link: https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine

3. The cotton material is usually mixed with large amounts of water and pesticides, which poses a hazard to workers and increases the risk of drought, creates enormous pressure on water sources, degrades soil quality, and other environmental problems.

Link: https://zerowaste.id/zero-waste-lifestyle/mengenal-fast-fashion-dan-dampak-yang-ditimbulkan/

4. The fast fashion industry is usually also the cause of reducing the number of animal populations because most of them also use animal skins as raw materials and will be mixed with various chemicals. Like snakes, tigers, and other animals.

Link: https://zerowaste.id/zero-waste-lifestyle/mengenal-fast-fashion-dan-dampak-yang-ditimbulkan/

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Globally, an estimated 92 million tonnes of textile waste is created by the fashion industry each year - to put that into perspective, that means that the equivalent of one truck full of clothes being dumped in a landfill or burnt every second. If the current trend continues by 2030, we are expected to be discarding 134 million tonnes of textiles a year.

Alan Wheeler is the UK's Textile Recycling Association Director, a trade body representing commercial businesses and charities that work in the sector. He says that the fashion industry is the world's second-largest polluter producing 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases.

Wheeler is worried about the role of fashion in climate change. He told CGTN, "Some estimates make the fashion industry responsible for 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. That's more than aviation and maritime put together. And you hear an awful lot of people saying we shouldn't be flying around so much. People don't say you shouldn't be buying so much clothing. And yet, it has more of an impact on climate change issues than flying does. So that is obviously a really serious concern."

This is not the only pollution problem the fashion industry faces - there is also the issue of microplastic pollution. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic that are not biodegradable and are found in synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon and acrylic.

It's estimated that 35 percent of all microplastics in the ocean come from washing synthetic fabrics and are being ingested by a variety of marine wildlife.

Believe it or not - washing clothes releases a staggering 500,000 tons of microfibers into the ocean each year - the equivalent of 50 billion plastic bottles.

Last year scientists at the University of Manchester discovered the highest levels of microplastic ever recorded on the seafloor at the bottom of the Mediterranean near Italy. They found up to 1.9 million plastic pieces per square meter.
The toxic manufacturing processes
Another big issue concerning the garment industry is the chemical waste discarded during manufacturing. This is most prevalent in Indonesia, which produces 2.4 percent of the planet's textiles and is one of the countries biggest export industries.

On the banks of the Citarum River, there are over 1,000 factories and they are releasing toxic chemicals, such as mercury, cadmium and arsenic, into the river - the same water that locals use to bathe and wash their clothes in.

Yuyun Ismawati is from the Nexus3Foundation, an environmental health NGO in West Java and she is very concerned by what is happening in her country. She told CGTN, "Here in Indonesia the clothing industry is causing a lot of environmental damage and health problems."

- Yuyun Ismawati, The Nexus3Foundation
How did it all get so bad?
Under the UN Sustainable Development Goals, many countries have committed to "ensuring sustainable consumption and production". In the UK, for example, people are buying more clothes than ever - the average consumer buys 60 percent more clothes than they did 15 years ago.

Remember the days when there were fashion seasons? Now, many major retailers offer something different each week through their social media channels and advertising - fueling fashion addiction.

Some large fashion firms are doing their best to address the clothing waste issue by introducing recycling schemes where customers are offered a voucher or a discount in return for dropping off unwanted garments. But is it enough? Shouldn't consumers ultimately all be buying less and making clothes last longer? Some experts in the fashion industry say education is the key.

Fashion Revolution is now the world's largest fashion movement working towards a fair, clean, safe and more transparent industry. Carry Somers, the group's founder and global operations director has overseen the launch of an online course to educate consumers about sustainable fashion.

"We have to empower people," Somers told CGTN. "We have to make them realize that they have the power and the ability to create change and have a fashion revolution.

"Be curious, find out and do something about it. For instance, we have a really fantastic course called Fashion's Future and the Sustainable Development Goals. It's had over 30,000 learners now. And that's what we want people to say. 'We want to engage and to learn.' "
This story is part of the CGTN Europe Trash or Treasure special - a look at the challenges, innovations and solutions around Europe's waste disposal.

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Indonesia's fast fashion pollution problems fueled by consumer demand

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Globally, an estimated 92 million tonnes of textile waste is created by the fashion industry each year - to put that into perspective, that means that the equivalent of one truck full of clothes being dumped in a landfill or burnt every second.

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Activist / NGO (Sea and its animals)

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Plastic Industry

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QUESTION 1: What's your role in causing the climate change?

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QUESTION 1: What's your role in causing the climate change?

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1. Due to the ever increasing amount of vehicles in Jakarta, the megacity’s transport sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.
2. The number of land vehicles in Indonesia experienced an increase of 10-15% per year.
3. In Indonesia, the transport sector contributes 28% of national energy-related GHG emissions (Climate Transparency, 2019).
4. The environmental effects of transport is significant because transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum.

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1. Pledge to protect oceans to fight climate change is 'weak' - NGO

Link: https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/pledge-protect-oceans-fight-climate-change-is-weak-ngo-2021-11-03/

2. Ocean Outdoor Launches Green Ad Fund – But Has No Plans To Stop Working With Polluters.

Link: https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/11/01/ocean-outdoor-launches-green-ad-fund-has-no-plans-stop-working-with-polluters

3. Bulgaria Slammed Over 'Irreversible' Ecological Impact of Black Sea Shipwreck

Link: https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/10/14/bulgaria-slammed-over-irreversible-ecological-impact-of-black-sea-shipwreck

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Nov 3 (Reuters) - More than a dozen countries, including the United States, pledged on Tuesday to step up protection of their national waters, but activists said the promise lacked the ambition needed to reverse the ongoing destruction of oceans.

The pledge is among a series of commitments being made at the U.N. COP26 climate conference in Glasgow, where leaders and negotiators have gathered to keep alive a receding target of capping global temperatures at 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.

Among the deals made so far is a pledge to end deforestation by 2030, and cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030 from 2020 levels.

Scientists and activists have called on countries to also recognise the link between oceans and climate change, arguing that sustainably managing the seas can help better regulate the Earth's climate.

U.S. climate envoy John Kerry announced the United States would become the 15th country to sign up to the oceans pledge, which is endorsed by other ocean-dependant economies including Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Chile and Norway. It calls for greater investment in ocean-based renewable energy, decarbonisation of industries, and further research.

But the statement made no mention of ending massive annual government subsidies that prop up activities such as industrial fishing, a major driver of over-exploitation of the seas.

Greenpeace, an environmental NGO, called the declaration "weak".

"We need to see action to create a network of ocean sanctuaries that cover at least 30% of our oceans by 2030," said Louisa Cason, oceans campaigner at Greenpeace UK.

"We need areas with zero commercial extraction, where nature and fish populations that fisheries depend on can recover and thrive."

Two-thirds of the planet is covered in water, and oceans absorb both heat and carbon dioxide and distribute it across the planet. But with greenhouse gas concentrations at their highest levels ever seen and temperatures warming at an alarming rate, marine ecosystems are struggling to keep pace.

Dawn Wright, chief scientist and oceanographer at ESRI, a U.S. mapping data company, told Reuters in an online interview that understanding the relationship between oceans and climate change is crucial for delegates at COP26 to be able to table a plan to sustainably manage oceans.

"We are currently severely undercounting carbon emissions that result from human activities in the ocean. Things like trawling by fishing fleets, activities that disturb the seabed. We must include oceans in how we account for emissions and pollution, and I hope COP26 will recognise this problem."

Reporting by Kanupriya Kapoor in Singapore; Editing by Lincoln Feast.

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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Pledge to protect oceans to fight climate change is 'weak' - NGO

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Nov 3 (Reuters) - More than a dozen countries, including the United States, pledged on Tuesday to step up protection of their national waters, but activists said the promise lacked the ambition needed to reverse the ongoing destruction of oceans. The pledge is among a series of commitments being made at the U.N.

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Role of plastics as a climate change driver to grow, researchers say

Link: https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2021/10/role-of-plastics-as-climate-change-driver-to-grow-researchers-say.html

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1.  There in fact are a number of ways to help support climate-friendlier food production. Improving soil health, on a large-scale, is one key way forward.
- Nutrient-rich soil stores carbon better than degraded, overworked soil.
- Consumers can boost these efforts, by supporting farmers and ranchers who engage in sustainable practices like cover cropping and composting.
- Reducing meat consumption is another way to reduce the climate impact of food production.
- In addition to consumer actions, there are interesting new ways forward on the industry side.
- Convert methane from manure into electricity. And seaweed is gaining scientific interest for its potential in making cattle burp less often.

link:  https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/09/a-brief-guide-to-the-impacts-of-climate-change-on-food-production/

2. three strategies for policymakers to reduce food waste in Indonesia:
A. Support and invest in traditional food retailers
Indonesians are generally taught to not waste food.

B. Education in schools and through social media*
The importance of not wasting food should be taught in schools.

C. Innovation and collaboration
From fish feed to compost, many Indonesian companies are popping up with ideas and solutions to transform food scraps into new and useful products.

link: https://theconversation.com/three-solutions-for-indonesia-to-reduce-food-waste-130413

3. As the world’s population continues to grow, our challenge should not be how to grow more food, but to feed more people while wasting less of what we already produce. Thankfully, there are plenty of actions we can take at the consumer level to make a significant difference. We can all take small steps to curb our emissions, Here are a few tips to help you get started:

Plan ahead and buy only what you need

Use your freezer

Be creative with leftovers

Blend, bake, or boil

Talk it up

link: https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/fight-climate-change-by-preventing-food-waste

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A brief guide to the impacts of climate change on food production " Yale Climate Connections

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Food may be a universal language - but in these record-breaking hot days, so too is climate change. With July clocking in as the hottest month on Earth in recorded history and extreme weather ramping up globally, farmers are facing the brunt of climate change in croplands and pastures around the world.

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QUESTION 2: What are the existing solutions to the climate change?

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QUESTION 2: What are the existing solutions to the climate change?

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1. Governor’s Instruction No. 66/2019 on Air Quality Control
2. The creation of environmentally friendly public transportation, the company that produces environmentally friendly vehicles in Indonesia is VIAR.
3. Green Logistic, DHL is a pioneer of green logistics in Indonesia.
4. Bike Sharing by PT Gowes Teknologi
5. Green Transportation Indonesia, a company that provides rental services or land transportation services using a fleet hat uses CNG or LNG

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1. Mauritian Climate Activist Holds Underwater Protest To Protect Seagrass

2. Indonesian Activists Build Museum Out of 10,000 Items of Plastic Waste

Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/06/indonesia-plastic-waste-museum/

3. YouTuber Mr. Beast Raises Over $10 Million to Clean Up Ocean

Link: https://www.vulture.com/2021/11/youtuber-mr-beast-raises-over-usd10-million-to-clean-up-ocean.html

4. UN Honors Young Activist Trying to Make Greece’s Fishing Industry “Greener”

Link: https://greekreporter.com/2021/10/11/un-honors-young-activist-save-greece-fishing-industry/

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SAYA DE MALHA BANK, Indian Ocean (Reuters) - In a remote stretch of the western Indian Ocean, a 24-year-old Mauritian marine scientist donned a snorkel and dived below the choppy waves to float in protest above the world's largest seagrass meadow.

Holding a placard reading 'Youth Strike for Climate,' Shaama Sandooyea held her breath and hoped the images from her action would help spark more aggressive global action to fight climate change.

The vast stretch of seagrass at the Saya de Malha Bank has become a priority for conservation partly for its role in absorbing climate-warming carbon dioxide. Elsewhere, the world is losing some 7% of its seagrass cover per year due to dredging, rising ocean temperatures and other factors.

Thousands of marine species also rely on the Saya de Malha seagrasses for food and habitat, including endangered green sea turtles and rabbitfish, a crucial species for artisanal fisheries in the region.

"There is a lot of life in the ocean that we don't know exists and which is magical. It shouldn't be suffering because of the decisions that other people are making," Sandooyea said on the deck of a Greenpeace boat, called Arctic Sunrise, while sailing out to the area with scientists and environmentalists in early March.

The campaigners are hoping to draw attention to a U.N. goal of persuading countries to protect at least 30% of the planet's land and ocean by 2030 - an interim target that many scientists say must be met to address the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss.

For Sandooyea, the Saya de Malha is also part of her home. The island nation of Mauritius shares jurisdiction over the surrounding seabed with the Seychelles. But while the remoteness of the seagrass fields hundreds of miles from shore has provided some protection up to now, the young activist scientist worries that could change if oceans become busier.

Global shipping traffic increased four-fold between 1992 and 2012 with the Indian Ocean seeing one of the sharpest rises, according to a 2014 study in Geophysical Research Letters.

Meanwhile, Mauritius is also still grappling with its worst-ever ecological disaster, caused in July when a Japanese ship hit a coral reef and spilled some 1,000 tonnes of oil into aquamarine waters that then washed up onto beaches.

Against the backdrop of such events, Sandooyea said she felt compelled as a teenager to become an activist: "It was simply unacceptable to see no action, no concrete action."

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Mauritian climate activist holds underwater protest to protect seagrass

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SAYA DE MALHA BANK, Indian Ocean (Reuters) - In a remote stretch of the western Indian Ocean, a 24-year-old Mauritian marine scientist donned a snorkel and dived below the choppy waves to float in protest above the world's largest seagrass meadow.

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Plastic ban and other key measures: Here’s what TN is doing to save the planet

Link: https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/plastic-ban-and-other-key-measures-heres-what-tn-is-doing-to-save-the-planet/

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1. Implementation of sustainable fashion

Link: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20151027091152-277-87571/saatnya-menggerakkan-industri-fesyen-yang-ramah-lingkungan

2. The existence of a community that cares for the environment that focuses on fast fashion issues, namely Philomath

Link: https://bebassampah.id/kolaborator/700/philomath

3. Upcycling and downcycling

Link: https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/343556/memanfaatkan-limbah-kain-sisa-pakaian

4. Slow fashion

Link:
https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/04/20/saving-the-planet-with-slow-fashion.html

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Saatnya Menggerakkan Industri Fesyen yang Ramah Lingkungan

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Baju yang Anda kenakan setiap hari merupakan satu dari miliaran baju di dunia yang mungkin ikut menyumbang pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim.

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1. Using Public Transport
The event aimed to showcase the best practices supporting DKI Jakarta’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction agenda. The event also aimed to inspire other local government participants to build and plan cities and regencies that are sustainable and responsive to climate change.
Link : https://urban-leds.org/dki-jakarta-showcases-public-transport-climate-village-to-other-idn-cities-and-regencies/
Business : MRT and Transjakarta

2. Use Shopping Bag
Reducing plastic bags use is yet to be a habit but people are slowly catching on. Sixty-five-year-old Lidya Listianti always takes her own plastic bags whenever she shops at the market near her house in Cilandak, South Jakarta.
Link: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/02/reduce-and-reuse-plastic-bag-plight.html
Business : The Goods Dept, sells tote bag made of eco friendly material.

3. Having a Plant-based Lifestyle
Meet 33-year-old Paula, better known on Instagram by her nickname "Pupu," a retro fashion designer. Besides her love for vintage wear, she also loves sharing her love for a plant-based lifestyle.
Link : https://jakartaglobe.id/news/vegan-indonesia/
Business : Dharma Kitchen, a vegetarian restaurant in Jakarta

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Jakarta, Indonesia - Around 30 participants representing local governments across Indonesia took part in a mobile workshop on public transportation services and citizen engagement last April 2019.

The event aimed to showcase the best practices supporting DKI Jakarta's greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction agenda. The event also aimed to inspire other local government participants to build and plan cities and regencies that are sustainable and responsive to climate change.

DKI Jakarta serves as the model city of the IKI-funded project, Ambitious City Promises ¹ implemented by ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability. This mobile workshop was co-organized with the Urban-LEDS II 2 project. The activity was supported by resource persons from DKI Jakarta's Department of Transportation and the Environmental Service. Representatives from PT Trans Jakarta who conveyed the history and development of public transport such as bus rapid transit (BRT) and mass rail transit (MRT) services in Jakarta were also present.

EXPERIENCING PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN DKI JAKARTA

At the onset, Ms. Naning of DKI Jakarta's Transportation Agency explained the city's commitment to providing mass and environment-friendly transportation. She stressed that DKI Jakarta's efforts to develop road infrastructure to support citizen mobility started since 2004 along with the emergence of regional regulations concerning air pollution control. This policy explicitly states that it is necessary to control air pollution from mobile sources including motor vehicles.

Ms. Naning from DKI Jakarta Transportation Agency explains the city's plans to promote public transport.

This was further strengthened by Governor Regulation No. 131 of 2012 concerning DKI Jakarta's GHG Emission Reduction Action Plan (RAD GRK) where the energy sector and motor vehicles are identified as major sources of GHG emissions. Hence, DKI Jakarta prioritizes programs on the development of mass transportation, improvement of pedestrian infrastructure and facilities, and the creation of bicycle lanes.

MRT public relations official, Kartika Tri Utami, stated that the MRT officially started its operation last 01 March 2019. To date, it carries an average of 78,000 passengers per day but it is expected that this will increase to 150,000 passengers per day once the facility is fully operational. The MRT is committed to serving the Jakarta public in supporting daily mobility and the agenda of reducing GHG emissions. The MRT also promotes its so-called BMW campaign which stands for "Bus, MRT, and Walking."

Meanwhile, the PT TransJakarta management, represented by Mr. Wibowo, stated that TransJakarta, the city's BRT system, currently has 13 corridors and serves as many as 668,000 passengers/day throughout the DKI Jakarta area. Several corridors have been connected to other transportation modes such as the MRT, Commuter Line, and feeder buses from the cities around Jakarta such as Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, and Tangerang.

The delegation visited an urban village in Sunter Jaya, North Jakarta which took part in a national program called Climate Village (Proklim). Led by Indonesia's Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), Proklim recognizes active participation of local communities in implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation actions, which contribute to the achievement of national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target. Proklim is also instrumental in increasing the community's resilience to climate change. Participants met directly with environmental activists and prominent figures in the village.

Ms. Susi Andriani of DKI Jakarta's Environmental Service explained the importance of collaboration between local government and communities. She said that leaders who mobilize the village people have very high commitment and dedication; these local champions help make the villages become green and sustainable by encouraging citizens to properly manage their waste and start urban farming.

ENGAGING CITIZENS TO BECOME ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDS

Representing the residents, Mr. R.B. Sutamo, said: "We are grateful if we get assistance and guidance from the government or business world, but if we don't, we will continue to run and continue to develop creative initiatives so we can continue to survive in greening this village." Initially, he explained that it was not easy to make residents understand the importance of environmental protection and waste management.

However, after showing proof of concept that proper waste management can be an economic opportunity, residents became more interested in the waste bank scheme. Under this scheme, residents can sell their organic waste containing plastic, steel, paper, aluminum, etc. In the long run, residents were also encouraged to start making compost, which is then used for urban gardens. Produce from the urban gardens can later be sold to local markets which serve as residents' additional income. Through this approach, urban farming and gardening activities expanded in the village contributing both to environmental sustainability and local economic development.

A green corridor in Sunter Jaya Climate Village.

REPLICATING LESSONS FROM THE FIELD

One workshop participant, Ms. Dwi from Bogor City, said that the initiatives in Jakarta on promoting public transport and supporting the Climate Village are good examples for other cities and regencies in Indonesia. She is optimistic that such initiatives can be integrated into other Indonesian local governments' priority list of development projects. Participating cities and regencies included Jambi City, Bekasi City, Tangerang City, Tanjung Pinang City, Balikpapan City, Tarakan City, Bontang City, Yogyakarta City, Bogor Regency, Tangerang Selatan City and DKI Jakarta Province.

ICLEI Indonesia Country Manager Gina Karina added that this activity was a good culmination of the series of activities that ICLEI Indonesia organized including the Talanoa Dialogue and SIGN Smart Training. "The mobile workshop allowed participants from outside Jakarta to take lessons and knowledge to develop [their] low emission development plans," she said.

1 Funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through the International Climate Initiative (IKI), the Ambitious City Promises is a 3.5-year international project which aims to support selected large cities in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam to establish strong GHG reduction commitments, local climate action plans directed by concrete targets, enhanced multi-stakeholder engagement, and integrated strategies.

2 Supported by the European Commission (DG DEVCO), the Urban-LEDS II project addresses integrated low emission and resilient development in more than 60 cities in 8 countries: Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa (from Phase I) and countries added in Phase II: Bangladesh, Colombia, Lao PDR, and Rwanda. UN-Habitat and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability jointly implement this global project.

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DKI Jakarta showcases public transport, climate village to other IDN cities and regencies

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The event aimed to showcase the best practices supporting DKI Jakarta's greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction agenda. The event also aimed to inspire other local government participants to build and plan cities and regencies that are sustainable and responsive to climate change.

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1. Vehicle Emissions
In Indonesia’s larger cities such as Jakarta, cars, trucks and road traffic contribute a significant amount of air pollution. Motor vehicle emissions in Jakarta contributed around 31.5 percent of PM2.5 air pollution in 2008-2009. Motor vehicles in these cities contributed an even larger proportion to the city’s PM10 air pollution (larger particulate matter).
Link: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/where-indonesia-jakartas-air-pollution-come-from/

2. Plastic Waste
According to the UN, around 8 million tonnes of plastic are dumped into the ocean every year. Indonesia contributes more than 600,000 tonnes of that, estimates the Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Link : https://chinadialogueocean.net/17615-indonesias-plastic-waste-emergency/

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Where Does Indonesia and Jakarta’s Air Pollution Come From? – Smart Air

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Jakarta and Indonesia’s air pollution levels have been getting worse and worse. Where does Indonesia and Jakarta’s air pollution come from?

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Where Does Indonesia and Jakarta’s Air Pollution Come From?

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BLUE ECONOMY

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BUSINESS IDEA
Name : 0% Plastic
What do you do ? Produce shopping bags that don't use plastic materials.
What you sell ? Non-plastic / Eco-friendly shopping bag.
The purpose of your business ? The purpose of the business is to reduce the use of plastic bag in society.