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Cleveland Beginnings events are in this color

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Cleveland Beginnings events are in this color

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Add Cycle of Poverty events in this color

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Add Cycle of Poverty events in this color

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There are timestamps every 15 years. Fit in your event as best you can chronologically. Some events span multiple years, and sometimes many events occur in a single year, so the order isn't always perfect.

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Moses Cleaveland surveyed land and decided it was the ideal location for Connecticut Western Reserve; city named after him, but he never returned.

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Constitutional Convention--Slavery excluded from (by a single vote!), but blacks were denied suffrage and the right to give testimony in court against white persons, and they were declared ineligible to hold public office or serve in the state militia. Additional "Black Laws" prevented people of color from settling in the state without filing a $500 bond and were required to submit their certificate of freedom before obtaining employment.

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First black resident in Cleveland

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Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street was known as Doan Street. Nathaniel Doan owned a tavern, a hotel, and other businesses there. It was a staple spot for people to stop at on their way from Cleveland to Buffalo, NY.

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Cleaveland incorporated.

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Two men convicted by Cleveland jury on charge of kidnaping when they attempted to return two fugitive slaves who had settled in the city (abolitionist stirrings). Cleveland Register protested the inclusion of slavery in the State Constitution stating that the "practice of trafficking in the human species is too contemptible an occupation for a citizen of Ohio."

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White opinion in Cleveland was to avoid sectional conflict: 1826 the Cuyahoga County Colonization Society was formed and proposed that the solution to the race question was "gradual abolition and the colonization of blacks in Africa or South America;" the Herald advocated this position as well.

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Name changed to Cleveland.

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Cuyahoga County Anti-Slavery Society pressured local politicians to take a stand against Black Laws.

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Cleveland Herald came out in support of repealing Black Laws stating that in the future such laws would "be cited as evidence of the barbarous character of the state of Ohio in the early part of the 19th century.”

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Abolitionist, Joshua Giddings, led a mass defection to the Free Soil Party, which ultimately led to the repeal of most of the state's notorious Black Laws.

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Ohio legislature passed laws pertaining to the public education of black youths, allowing for separate, segregated schools.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was virtually ignored, and local abolitionists made it very difficult for southern slaveholders to capture runaway slaves once they reached NEO.

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Constitutional Convention--Cuyahoga County voted unanimously against anti-black provisions. A white Cleveland delegate advocated for black suffrage stating, "the truth is, if we apply to them the same measure of qualification that we do to the whites, they are as well qualified to exercise the right of suffrage as thousands of white voters in this or any other state."

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Frederick Douglass visited the city, staying in an integrated hotel; however, he was not allowed to dine with white guests. (Examples of segregation existed; however, they were often the exception not the norm.)

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The Plain Dealer (Democratic competitor to the Herald and the Leader) supported the extension of slavery into NEO and backed the Fugitive Slave Act stating, "The right to reclaim fugitives from labor is in the Constitution." Additionally, they supported the voluntary colonization of blacks to Africa .

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John Brown executed, and the city generally united:

•Shops shut down.

•Banner raised across Superior Avenue, "I do not think I can better honor the cause I love than to die for it." (John Brown)

•Flags flown at half staff.

•1400 individuals attended town hall meeting, including many individuals of wealth and standing (judges, ministers, local politicians).

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Acquittal of people who assisted in the freeing of a slave who had run away and was captured; marks resistance to national fugitive slave legislation

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A group of whites from the sixth ward offered to pay for a separate school for black youth; however, the city Board of Education firmly rejected this offer. Board member, William Fogg stated, "There are 16 colored children scattered in five different rooms. I am opposed to any action like seating three or four in rooms by themselves, thereby creating distinction and degrading these unfortunate children in their schoolmates' eyes...I don't think my child is disgraced or contaminated by sitting next to these colored children...Rather than consent to what I consider an act of injustice and oppression to any class or race of children, I would resign my seat as a member of the board."

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Abolitionist, James Freeman Clarke, stated "The feeling towards them in Cleveland and throughout the Western Reserve is very kind, and there they do better than in most places. There you find them master carpenters, master painters, shopkeepers and growing rich every year." This statement doesn't represent the dominant narrative of black economic status of Cleveland Residents, but there were notable economic successes in the black community.

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Civil War:

•Cleveland Democrats and Republicans united to form Union party to support Lincoln and his war efforts.

•Economic boom--tobacco, wool, and US Naval crafts (to avoid supporting Southern industries

•Newspapers disputed over Emancipation Proclamation (Herald and Leader--support; Plain Dealer--opposed)

Plain Dealer argued against emancipation claiming that making "citizens of the entire black population" would tarnish the white race.

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Black soldiers permitted to fight in the Civil War.

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Courts mandated that integration be mandatory.

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Mt. Zion Congregation (first middle class black church) was founded.

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Constitutional Convention--Cuyahoga County voted in favor of granting suffrage to Ohio's black population; however, the state rejected the proposal.

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62% of all employed black women in Cleveland worked as personal or domestic servants, which did not differ drastically from the entire female labor force; 65.7% of all employed women worked in this field.

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After the Civil War, all resistance to integrated education faded away. The Leader stated that there is "no sound or reasonable objection" to integration of schools, and that the "opposition to it springs wholly from that small and narrow prejudice which is no longer tolerable in this country."

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Black ppl in Cleveland are under represented in factories with little opportunity to hold skilled working jobs within the factories. White employers assumed migrating African Americans from Southern plantations did not have the ability to work "higher level" jobs.

Labor unions start to form after WW1. Factories recognize/observed the "value" of having black ppl working but many unions refused to include black men.

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As unions take rise, so do union strikes. Many black men who may have been without work were hired back to be Strike breakers-- tasked with dispersing white strikers outside of the factories.  This instigated an "us vs. them" mentality and in-sighted race riots and lynchings.

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Several months of riots/protests ensued at Brown Housing Machine Company in which Black strike breakers felt the need to carry arms to protect themselves from angry union protesters.

Later the Cleveland Waiter Union Barred black people , and patrons attempted to intimidate/drive black people out of Downtown.

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The grand Alhambra Theater opened at 10403 Euclid Avenue. This stimulated population to move eastward into neighborhoods like Hough, Glenville, and Wade Park.

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In Cleveland, of 1700 men enrolled in apprenticeship programs, only 7 were black.

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European immigrants offer cheap labor. Many trade unions refused "Negro" participation and representation.

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-Before World War I, there was very little discrimination noticed. -After 1915, Cleveland’s hospitals and schools copied the rise of discrimination
-Schools subtly changed—public schools remained integrated, trade schools discouraged African Americans to attend
- Jane Adams Vocational School and the Cleveland Trade School had no black students.
-Right before the Great Depression, 89% of Cleveland’s black junior high school students were enrolled in only 4 out of 23 schools.
-In 1933, African Americans were upset because most black students were forced to attend Central High, even though those families lived much closer to other schools.

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News article used scare tactic as a response to the Great Migration due to feeling scared of losing their jobs and property values.

Several papers print racist slurs.

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The Birth of a Nation and other racist films come to Cleveland and have success  at the box office before eventually being banned.

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A peak of violence against black people. Two different instances occurred within a week of each other.
1. A white woman loudly yelled that a black man was making fun of her so in response, 200 whites prepared to storm the house until the police showed up.
2. An outbreak of fighting and violence in the streets , police do not know how it began

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3 instances where mobs of white men and boys stone groups of Black youth. Luckily, none of these resulted in serious injury.

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NAACP hosts annual convention in Cleveland, praising the city for it's liberal history despite rising racial tension and the fact that restaurants were denying services on the basis of race.

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Republican administrations regularly deny services to Central and lower Woodland Ave. districts. Black people are blocked from obtaining major political positions.

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George Meyers claims that while Cleveland is progressing, there are 2 unrestricted prejudices left and those were "ballots and the public schools."

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East Technical High Schools (which was located in the heart of the ghetto) was only 4% black.

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Board of Education accelerates segregation via selective transfer.

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The Cleveland NAACP discovered that more than 50% of 10th grade students didn't receive any mathematics education at all.

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-In 1935, Cleveland was chosen to host the Republican National Convention

-Since Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, the African American vote was always predominately Republican

-In 1936, there was a lack of black representation within the Republican Party due to the dislike of the Republican nominee, Alfred Landon”

-FDR (the Democratic candidate) was highly liked and appreciated—he earned 71% of the African American vote and the New Deal voting coalition.

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CLEVELAND IS THE FIFTH LARGEST CITY IN THE NATION

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African Americans comprised only 2% of Glenville's population, a predominately Jewish neighborhood.

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The African American population increased to 40% in Glenville. This change was supplemented by Jewish businesses leaving and large one-family homes being converted to multi-family dwellings. However, unlike non-Jewish neighborhoods, Jewish families were often willing to sell their houses to African American families.

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In the early 1950s a series of bombings rocked the Towne Casino, a music club that attracted interracial patronage in Euclid area. The venue finally closed amid fears of attacks possibly calculated to stave off integration.

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In the early 1950s a series of bombings rocked the Towne Casino, a music club that attracted interracial patronage. The venue finally closed amid fears of attacks possibly calculated to stave off integration. 

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Relay Parents March. Protests occurred in order to bring change when predominantly black communities had long waiting lists for schools, while predominately white suburban schools were under enrolled.

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University Circle institutional leaders and municipal officials eyed the Euclid district for urban renewal, envisioning an extension of their collective campus to replace its dense urban core.

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African Americans were moving into Glenville, while the Jewish population (former majority) was moving out. The African American population was soared and the neighborhood suffered from overcrowding, deteriorating buildings due to lack of maintenance of rental properties. Businesses also began to leave the neighborhood.

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1960's: White Flight and Suburban Sprawl

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1960's: White Flight and Suburban Sprawl

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White flight began in the 1960's in Cleveland and continued throughout the 20th century. The population of Greater Cleveland did not increase during this time, leaving many areas and homes vacant. A decreasing population led to less tax revenue and increased poverty. Businesses, such as department stores, also began moving out of downtown Cleveland, which had a severe negative impact on the economy. There factors continued to have a negative impact on the Cleveland economy throughout the 20th century.

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Black Clevelanders launched a yearlong
protest in an effort to end de facto segregation and other discriminatory policies
within the Cleveland public schools.

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Revered Bruce Klunder, protesting the building of a new school in a predominately black area, was crushed by a bulldozer in attempts to stop the construction.

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The Glenville Plan was created. The plan claimed to help stop the disorder and overcrowding of the neighborhood, and instead keep the place well-ordered and livable. The plan claimed to protect most neighborhoods already standing, yet new housing, shopping centers, parking and an updated school building were promised. These additions would have altered peoples’ living situations overall. Leo Jackson and other African American professionals opposed the plan and spoke out with their concerns of this plan. Overall, due to different circumstances, the plan fell through and did not happen.

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Beginning in the 1960's more Black families took up residence in Collinwood. Over the next 20 years Collinwood transitioned from a racially integrated area to a predominately Black neighborhood as white families moved away.

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Collinwood High School experienced the first serious racial clash between students.

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By 1965 black Clevelanders accounted for 34.4 percent of the population, with more
than 99.9 percent of them living in the rigidly segregated black East Side corridor.

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The owner of Seventy Niners' Cafe on Hough Avenue and East 79th Street posted on the door "No Water For N******."

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Cleveland fell out of favor with the federal government for its abysmal record of urban renewal failures. The plan became a fairytale. Leo Jackson spearheaded opposition, and the black professional class moved to the large homes of East Boulevard and Wade Park (separated them from Glenville).

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CLEVELAND: NOW! was a joint public and private funding program for the revitalization of Cleveland which was announced by Mayor Carl B. Stokes 1 May 1968.  Local businessmen agreed to cooperate with the city in a fundraising program to combat the ills of Cleveland's inner city in order to preserve racial peace.

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On July 23, 1968, there was a gun battle between the Cleveland Police and the Black Nationalists of New Libya, led by Fred "Ahmed" Evans. There were three police killed and three Black Nationalists were murdered; potentially more were injured by the house fire the police started, but no one looked for bodies when the house was demolished the next few days. As a result, Evans was convicted on seven counts of first degree murder (1969) and sentenced to death by electrocution (later changed to life in 1972). Glenville experienced an uprising for four days, causing $2.6 million in property damage. Mayor Carl Stokes' CLEVELAND: NOW! redevelopment plan was discredited after this event because it was rumored that Evans purchased his firearms with a grand from the program.

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The Cuyahoga River catches on fire due to pollution for the 13th and final time.

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White people opposed the bussing of children for the purpose of creating racial balance in schools.

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-In 1970, the Jewish Community Federation worked with the Cleveland Board of Education to organize the Glenville Summer Tutoring Program

-Glenville and the Jewish Community Federation worked together to produce programs to assist the Glenville community

-With migration trends, Jewish people moved out of Woodland and into the Glenville area-- Glenville then had the largest Jewish population within Cleveland.
-During the Second Great Migration, African Americans moved away from the south and into the northern, urban areas (Cleveland).
-Many Jewish families were willing to sell their homes to African American families that were in the middle of racial discrimination within real estate

-After selling their homes, Jewish families moved more towards the suburbs while African American families moved into the Glenville community
-Glenville is unique with the connection between the African American and Jewish communities.

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The Jewish Community Federation collaborated with the Cleveland Board of Education to organize the Glenville Summer Tutoring Program. This action represents the continued relation between the Jewish and African American Communities even after the majority of Jewish Residents had moved to the Heights.

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During desegregation efforts, many residents abandoned Cleveland public schools. Many middle class families either moved to the suburbs or put their kids in private schools

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On April 6, 1970, 350 to 400 white students began throwing rocks at a school that all black students attended. These white students broke windows, damaged furniture and threw clubs at Collinwood High School staff.

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Four Black Collinwood High School students killed in continued episodes of racial violence. After these tragedies, racial violence at Collinwood High School declines.

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-August 31, 1976: Federal District Judge Frank J. Battisti found Cleveland guilty of intentional segregation in its schools
-With the desegregation program into play, 93,000 students were going to be bused in order to desegregate the schools—65% of those students were black.
-An anti-busing organization wanted to protest the busing, but protesters were controlled and kept away on the first day.

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Federal court order to desegregate schools through comprehensive busing program

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Cleveland becomes the first city since the Great Depression to default on their loans.

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Due to schools being unmaintained, a roof collapsed at East High School.

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In the 1980s, nearly all of Willis’s properties (African American real estate developer Winston E. Willis who purchased many of the commercial properties around East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in the 1960s which was called Cleveland's "Gold Coast") were demolished to make way for the William O. Walker Center

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In the early 1980s, nearly all of Willis’s properties  were demolished to make way for the William O. Walker Center

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1994: The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Cleveland A Racially Polarized City

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1994: The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Cleveland A Racially Polarized City

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Cleveland gained a reputation for being racially segregated, making for race tentions and the Hough Riots.  Desegregation of public schools triggered lawsuits and busing was implemented. Cleveland homeowners left the city and sent their children to parochial schools

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In the Fairfax community, residents and policymakers get together and form the FRDC to rebuild the community. Fairfax lost about 80% of its population in the latter half of the 20th century. Houses were abandoned, decayed, and were torn down. The FRDC has since built hundreds of home on these once vacant lots.

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Cleveland Schools are placed in emergency mayoral control.

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40% of jobs in Cleveland are lost between 1960 and 2000.

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SINCE THE 1950'S 80% OF FAIRFAX'S RESIDENTS MOVED AWAY

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The roof of the East High School gymnasium collapses due to neglect and underfunding. No one is seriously harmed or injured.

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The Galleria sells for 2/3 of its value. This has a domino effect as businesses in downtown Cleveland began to demand lower taxes based on property value. This has a direct negative impact on Cleveland schools, which soon become $25 million in debt.

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A multi-million dollar tax levy to invest in the school system failed which resulted in cuts to academic programs, cuts to safety and security, staff layoffs, and potential school closings.