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Prepositions are short words that link/connect nouns, pronouns or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. There is a very large variety of prepositions, therefore, here are the most common.

Types of prepositions:

time preposition: They are used to help indicate when something happened, happens or will happen. Basic examples: on, in, at before, after.

I was born on July 4th, 1982. (on-dates, days or specific holydays)

I was born in 1982. (in-years, months, centuries and times of the day)

I was born at exactly 2am. (at-a certain pint of time)

I was born two minutes before my twin brother. (before-earlier than a certain time)

I was born after the Great War ended.(after-following something that has happened)

Phrasal preposition: prepositins can have more than one word, sometimes they are followed by a verb which woud change the outcome and create a phrasal preposition.
Example:

turn on.

turn off.

because of.

instead of.

in spite of.

Position preposition: they are used to indicate position
Example:

The cat is on the table.

The dogs are in their homes.

We can meet at the crossroads.

Preposition of agent and things: indicate a relationship between nouns and other parts of the sentence, some of the most common are of, for, by, with and about.
Example:

This article is about smartphones.

Most of the guests have already left.

I will always be here for you.

He is playing with his brothers.

https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/preposition#:~:text=Prepositions%20of%20agents%20or%20things%20indicate%20a%20casual%20relationship%20between,prepositions%20of%20agents%20or%20things.
https://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/prepositions.html
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/esencial-ingles-britanico/after_1
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions

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What is it?
A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, idea, etc., in a sentence.

When do we use it?
We use a noun in every sentence.

How to know how to use it?

It mostly comes after articles

Normally it is described by adjectives

They can be used as subject, direct object, indirect object, object of preposition,  possession.

Types

Common: things in big quantity or in general

Proper: specific names

Countable: things that you can count

Non-countable: things that cannot be pluralized

Abstract: things that cannot be perceived

Concrete: objects recognized with our 5 senses

Possessive: works the same as some pronouns

Collective: represents a group of things

Compound: noun made by two or more words

Rules

Sometimes nouns have gender

When the noun ends up with s, z, x, ch or o, it needs es.

When it ends up with f or fe, it needs ves.

Proper nouns = capital letter

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Adverbs of Frequency: used to express time or how often sth occurs .
- "I always make the shot"
- I get paid monthly"
Adverbs of time: used to tell when sth happens.
- "She wrote to me yesterday"
Adverbs of manner: used to tell how sth was made
- "She passed the exam easily"
Adverbs of place: used to tell where an action happens.
- "Here comes the sun"
Adverbs of degrees: used to tell the degree of sth.
- "Im fully prepared"

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WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?
An adjective is a word you use to describe the qualities of a person, place, or thing. They can also describe the quantity of nouns.

WHEN DO YOU USE IT?
We use it to tell the reader how much or how many of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want.

For example:  Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

Descriptive adjective: these adjectives provide information and attribute to the nouns/pronouns they modify or describe.

ex: I have a fast car.

Quantitative adjective: provides information about the quantity of the nouns/pronouns, asking the question  ‘how much’ and ‘how many’.

ex: I have 20 bucks in my wallet. (How much)

Proper adjectives:  When proper nouns modify or describe other nouns/pronouns, they become proper adjectives. ‘Proper’ means ‘specific’

ex: I love KFC burgers.

Possessive adjective: indicates possession or ownership. It suggests the belongingness of something to someone/something.

ex: Our job is almost done.

Interrogative adjective: asks a question. An interrogative adjective must be followed by a noun or a pronoun. The interrogative adjectives are: which, what, whose.

ex:What game do you want to play?

Demonstrative adjective: directly refers to something or someone. Demonstrative adjectives include the words: this, that, these, those.

ex: That building is so gorgeously decorated.

Indefinite adjective:  They provide indefinite/unspecific information about the noun. The common indefinite adjectives are few, many, much, most, all, any, each, every.

ex: I don’t have any money.

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective.html
https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/adjective
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective/#:~:text=Uses%20of%20Adjectives,and%20white%20are%20modifying%20flowers

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They are words that describe actions. They tell what the subject is doing and they are the main part of a sentence.

There  are two types of verbs: regular and irregular.

Regular —> when referring to the past we put the verb with “ed” at the end

Walked

Danced

Moved

Irregular —> when the verb is in past and doesn’t end in “ed”, it’s called an irregular verb.

Sing- sang - sung

Fly - flew - flown

Think - thought - thought

In addition, when the action is in the present, we ALWAYS add “ing” at the end, it doesn’t matter if its regular or irregular

She is crying on her bed

We are going for a milkshake

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They are certain words that define the noun as specific or unspecific.

They go before the noun.

Specific or definite

Is used when you are referring to one specific noun (object, person, animal…)

The

—> the dog is walking down the street

—> those kids are very problematic (plural)

Unspecific or indefinite

Is used when talking more generally

An

a

—> I bought a pair of shoes yesterday (not specific)

—> I want a car (it doesn’t specifies the color, or the brand…)

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There

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What is it?

A pronoun is a word or phrase that is used as a substitution for a noun or noun phrase, is like a noun but not too specific, pronouns are short words such as he, she, you, me, I, it, they, etc, In the same way with the pronouns we can replace a certain adverbs, adjectives

when do we use it?

As we said that are usually used to replace nouns, Almost anytime you refer to a person, animal, place or thing, Without pronouns, we’d constantly have to repeat nouns, and that would make our speech repetitive, Just Imagine telling a story about your friend and only being able to say her name to refer her. Which means no “she”, “my friend” and other pronouns that make our speech be easy to understand

Examples

> We were playing poker with friends.

-> We are going on vacation.

-> She loves watching movies, especially if they are comedies.

Types of pronouns

Indefinite pronouns – referring to one or more unspecified objects (Whoever, Other, Something, Nobody)

Personal pronouns – associated with a certain person, thing, or group ( they, he, we, you)

Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves. ( yourself, themselves, herself)

Demonstrative pronouns – used to point to something specific within a sentence (this, that, these, those)

Possessive pronouns –  designating possession or ownership. (Mine, yours ours)

Interrogative pronouns –Those which introduce a question (who, whom, whose, what, which)

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Definition: they are words used to connect words or sentences so that they make sense

Types

Coordinating conjunctions: for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so

When: you use it when you need to connect clauses or sentences and a comma has to be in front of the conjunction

example: I was up late last night, so I am tired today

Conjuctive adverb: additionally, in addition, moreover, also, consequently, furthermore, otherwise, instead, for instance, for example, however, on the other hand, conversely, nevertheless, accordingly, therefore, generally, in fact, in other words, in conclusion, finally.  Unlike

they show how the 2nd clause, or sentence, is connected to the first

When: is used between 2 sentences and the comma is after it

How: I was up late last night consequently, I am tired today

Correlative conjunctions: are conjunctions that come by pairs and you need to use them in different place of the sentence so they can make sense

When: are used when you need to connect 2 sentences that give options

ex: either/or - I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake.

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/conjunctions
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conjunctions/

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- When we want to provide a description of how, where, when, etc. (adverbial function)
- To extend a sentence and make it more interesting
- To intesify an adjective and its meaning

Without adverb: "The dog was running"
With adverb: "The dog was running excitedly"

Without adverb: "He's good at tennis"
With adverb: "He's extremely good at tennis"

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An adverb is a word that complements or modifies a verb, adjective, clause, another adverb or any other word.
They can also be called as the words that provide context.
They are often formed by ading the letters -ly to adjectives

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What is an Adverb?

An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase, with the exception of determiners and adjectives, that directly modify nouns. A good way to understand adverbs is to think about them as the words that provide context. Specifically, adverbs provide a description of how, where, when, in what manner and to what extent something is done or happens. Normally, we can spot an adverb by the fact that it often ends in - ly, but there are lots of adverbs that don't end in this way. Moreover, adverbs can be used in many combinations with each other.

Traditionally considered a single part of speech, adverbs perform a wide variety of functions, making it difficult to treat them as a single, unified category. However, spotting an adverb, especially one that ends in -ly is easy. Adverbs normally help paint a fuller picture by describing how something happens, such as

When? She always arrives early.

How? He drives carefully.

Where? They go everywhere together.

In what way? She eats slowly.

To what extent? It is terribly hot.

This function of providing more information about how something is done is called the adverbial function, and it may be accomplished by using adverbial clauses and adverbial phrases as well as by adverbs that stand alone. There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon which type of adverb you are using. Remember these basics and using adverbs to make sentences more meaningful will be easier for you.

Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of these two sentences is much more interesting simply because it contains an adverb:

The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you don't really know much more about the scene.)

The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail, panting happily, and looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a much more interesting picture in your head when you know how or why the dog is running.)

Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters "-ly" to adjectives. This makes it very easy to identify adverbs in sentences. There are many exceptions to this rule; everywhere, nowhere, and upstairs are a few examples.

An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the meaning it conveys. For example:

He plays tennis well. (He knows how to play tennis and sometimes he wins.)

He plays tennis extremely well. (He knows how to play tennis so well that he wins often.)

As you read the following adverb examples, you'll notice how these useful words modify other words and phrases by providing information about the place, time, manner, certainty, frequency, or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences.
Types of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of manner are adjectives with -ly added to the end, but this is certainly not always the case. In fact, some adverbs of manner will have the same spelling as the adjective form. Some examples of adverbs of manner include:Adverb of manner examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

She passed the exam easily.

They walk quickly to catch the train.

The dinner party went badly.

John answered the question correctly.

Notice how the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives bad, correct and quick, although there is a slight spelling change when forming an adverb with the adjective easy. As mentioned, some adverbs of manner take the same spelling as the adjective and never add an -ly to the end:
Adverbs of place

An adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, will help explain where an action happens. Adverbs of place will be associated with the action of the verb in a sentence, providing context for direction, distance and position: southeast, everywhere, up, left, close by, back, inside, around. These terms don't usually end in -ly. Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification. Directions

New York is located north of Philadelphia.

They traveled down the mountainside.

First, I looked here, and then I looked there, but I can't find them anywhere.

Notice that here and there are often used at the beginning of a sentence to express emphasis or in exclamation. Many times, adverbs of place can be used as prepositions as well. The difference is, when the phrase is used as an adverb, it is modifying a verb; when it is used as a preposition, it is always followed by a noun.

New York is located north of Philadelphia -> New York is on the map.

They travelled down river -> They travelled in the first compartment.

That puppy was walking around by itself-> We put a collar around its neck.

Distance Position In addition, some adverbs of position will refer to a direction of movement. These often end in -ward or -wards.
Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are used to express time or how often something occurs. Adverbs of frequency can be split two main groups. The first, adverbs of indefinite frequency, are terms that have an unclear meaning as to how long are how often something occurs: usually, always, normally. These adverbs will usually be placed after the main verb or between the auxiliary verb and infinitive. Adverbs of frequency examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification. Adverbs of definite frequency will usually be placed at the end of the sentence.

We get paid hourly.

I come here

The situation seems to change monthly.

The newspaper is bought daily.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time, while seemingly similar to adverbs of frequency, tell us when something happens. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I will see you

Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday and again today.

I have to go now.

We first met Julie last year.

While it's almost always correct to have the adverb of time at the end of the sentence, you can place it at the start of the sentence to put a different emphasis on the time if it is important to the context.
Adverbs of Purpose

Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why something happened. They can come in the form of individual words - so, since, thus, because - but also clauses - so that, in order to. Notice in the examples that the adverbs of purpose are used to connect sentences that wouldn't make sense if they were formed alone. Adverbs of purpose examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I was sick, thus didn't go to work today.

I started jogging so that I wouldn't be late.

Because I was late, I jogged a little faster.

Since it's your birthday, I will buy you a gift.

Positions of Adverbs

The positions of adverbs are not a fixed or set thing. As you have seen, adverbs can appear in different position in a sentence. However, there are some rules that help us decide where an adverb should be positioned. The rules will be different depending on whether the adverb is acting to modify an adjective or another adverb, a verb or what type of adverb it is. Positional adverb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification. Adverb position with adjectives and other adverbs These adverbs will usually be placed before the adjective or adverb being modified:

We gave them a really tough match. The adverb really modifies the adjective .

It was quite windy that night. The adverb quite modifies the adjective .

We don't go to the movies terribly often. The adverb terribly modifies the adverb .

Adverb position with verbs This can be a bit trickier because, it will depend on the type of adverb - place, position, time etc. - and there are many exceptions to the rules. However, a basic set of guidelines is shown below: Adverbs of manner or place are usually positioned at the end of the sentence: As mentioned, if the adverb is of definite time it will be placed at the end of the sentence. However, if it is an indefinite period of time, it will go between the subject and main verb.
Order of Adverbs

Adverb order is so important it has clear rules. It's already mentioned that some adverbs will act to modify another, but how do you decide the structure of a sentence with several adverbs? Thankfully, there is a simple set of rules to follow, called the order of adverbs. Handily, the order of adverbs, sometimes also called the royal order of adverbs, can help us determine sentence structure too. In short, the adverbs get preference (are placed first) in the following order:

1. Adverbs of manner.

2. Adverbs of place.

3. Adverbs of frequency.

4. Adverbs of time.

5. Adverbs of purpose.

Consider this sentence: I run (verb) (manner) down the road (place) every morning (frequency) before school (time) (purpose) I might miss the bus. While it is good to remember the order of adverbs, there is always flexibility with language, and we have already mentioned that adverbs of time and frequency can be placed at the start of a sentence to change the emphasis. So, bottom line: think of the order of adverbs as more of a guideline than a rule that can't be broken.
Examples of Adverbs

As you read each of the following adverb examples, note that the adverbs have been italicized for easy identification. Consider how replacing the existing adverbs with different ones would change the meaning of each sentence.

1. She was walking rapidly.

2. The kids love playing together in the sandbox.

3. Please come inside now.

4. His jokes are always very

5. You don't really care, do you?

Adverbs Exercises

The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how adverbs work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The driver stopped the bus _______________. A. Financially B. Exactly C. Abruptly D. Now

Answer: C. The driver stopped the bus abruptly.

1. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling ______________ from trees. A. Everywhere B. Very C. Gently D. Loudly

Answer: C. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling gently from trees.

1. My grandmother always smiled _______________. A. Cheerfully B. Sadly C. Never D. Yesterday

Answer: A. My grandmother always smiled cheerfully.

1. After the party, confetti was strewn _________________. A. Blandly B. Everywhere C. Later D. Carefully

Answer: B. After the party, confetti was strewn everywhere.

1. It's time to go ____________. A. Before B. Now C. Yesterday D. Lightly

Answer: B. It's time to go now.
Adverbs List

There are many different words that function as adverbs. The following list is broken down into segments which list adverbs by function. After reading, you will be able to think of additional adverbs to add to your own list - after all, there are thousands. Many adverbs end in "-ly". This makes it very easy to spot the adverbs in most sentences. Abruptly Boldly Carefully Deliberately Excitedly Financially Horribly Mildly Naughtily Openly Poorly Quickly Sadly Terribly Willingly Yearly Some adverbs tell us where the action happened. These are known as adverbs of place. Everywhere Here Inside There Underground Upstairs Certain adverbs let us know when or how often the action happened. These are known as adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency. After Always Before Later Now Today Yesterday Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action. Almost Enough So Too Quite Rather Very Some adverbs are used as intensifiers. Absolutely Certain Completely Heartily Really Certain adverbs called adverbs of manner tell us about the way in which something was done. Briskly Cheerfully Expectantly Randomly Willingly Some groups of words serve the same functions as adverbs. These are known as adverb clauses. Be sure to read theadverb clause section to learn new ways to make your sentences even more interesting.

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Each couple  search and explain to the rest of the class one of the topics as : noun, pronoun, verb, conjunction, preposition, adverb, adjective, article, interjection. Answer the following questions:
what is it? when you use it? how you use it? what types of _____ are?