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W3 - Radical vs Methodological Behaviorism

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W3 - Radical vs Methodological Behaviorism

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What was your term in the assigned article? Include a picture or a meme that signals whether you thought the argument related to the term was necessary or superfluous. You may include a short additional description of your thoughts.

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The Concept of Consequences in the Analysis of Behavior 

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The Concept of Consequences in the Analysis of Behavior 

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Select a hypothetical research topic. Then pose 2 research questions using: (a) inductive reasoning) and (b) deductive reasoning.

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This resource covers using logic within writing-logical vocabulary, logical fallacies, and other types of logos-based reasoning.

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim. Avoid these common fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in the arguments of others.

Slippery Slope: This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to occur either. Example:

If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers.

In this example, the author is equating banning Hummers with banning all cars, which is not the same thing.

Hasty Generalization: This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Example:

Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.

In this example, the author is basing his evaluation of the entire course on only the first day, which is notoriously boring and full of housekeeping tasks for most courses. To make a fair and reasonable evaluation the author must attend not one but several classes, and possibly even examine the textbook, talk to the professor, or talk to others who have previously finished the course in order to have sufficient evidence to base a conclusion on.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' Example:

I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.

In this example, the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second. But the illness could have been caused by the burrito the night before, a flu bug that had been working on the body for days, or a chemical spill across campus. There is no reason, without more evidence, to assume the water caused the person to be sick.

Genetic Fallacy: This conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example:

The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.

In this example the author is equating the character of a car with the character of the people who built the car. However, the two are not inherently related.

Begging the Claim: The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example:

Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.

Arguing that coal pollutes the earth and thus should be banned would be logical. But the very conclusion that should be proved, that coal causes enough pollution to warrant banning its use, is already assumed in the claim by referring to it as "filthy and polluting."

Circular Argument: This restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Example:

George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.

In this example, the conclusion that Bush is a "good communicator" and the evidence used to prove it "he speaks effectively" are basically the same idea. Specific evidence such as using everyday language, breaking down complex problems, or illustrating his points with humorous stories would be needed to prove either half of the sentence.

Either/or: This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices. Example:

We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

In this example, the two choices are presented as the only options, yet the author ignores a range of choices in between such as developing cleaner technology, car-sharing systems for necessities and emergencies, or better community planning to discourage daily driving.

Ad hominem: This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments. Example:

Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.

In this example, the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merits. Instead, the author attacks the characters of the individuals in the group.

Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal: This is an appeal that presents what most people, or a group of people think, in order to persuade one to think the same way. Getting on the bandwagon is one such instance of an ad populum appeal.

Example:

If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.

In this example, the author equates being a "true American," a concept that people want to be associated with, particularly in a time of war, with allowing people to buy any vehicle they want even though there is no inherent connection between the two.

Red Herring: This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them. Example:

The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?

In this example, the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish. While one issue may affect the other it does not mean we should ignore possible safety issues because of possible economic consequences to a few individuals.

Straw Man: This move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument.

People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor.

In this example, the author attributes the worst possible motive to an opponent's position. In reality, however, the opposition probably has more complex and sympathetic arguments to support their point. By not addressing those arguments, the author is not treating the opposition with respect or refuting their position.

Moral Equivalence: This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities, suggesting that both are equally immoral.

That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler.

In this example, the author is comparing the relatively harmless actions of a person doing their job with the horrific actions of Hitler. This comparison is unfair and inaccurate.

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Fallacies - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

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This resource covers using logic within writing-logical vocabulary, logical fallacies, and other types of logos-based reasoning. Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.

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The Basics of Philosophy: A huge subject broken down into manageable chunks

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The Basics of Philosophy: A huge subject broken down into manageable chunks

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What scientist are you following on social media and which philosopher does the scientist resemble? Explain.

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React to this article on Pepper's World Hypotheses (Hayes et al., 1988). What are your thoughts? Did you make any connections? Can you illustrate your understanding with more relatable examples?

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random picture of dogs to make this post more catchy

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To respond to the discussion prompts, you can choose to create a new post by clicking the "+" icon. You can include an image, video, or link in your post. You can also color code your post to match the color with the selected discussion prompt.

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Provide one example of a logical fallacy that has resulted in negative impact in an organization (e.g., school, university, corporation, nonprofit) or a community (can be city, state, national, global level)

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Stimulus Control Shaping and Stimulus Control Topographies 

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Stimulus Control Shaping and Stimulus Control Topographies 

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Generalized Imitation and Generalized Matching to Sample

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Generalized Imitation and Generalized Matching to Sample

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Couldn't find (or think of) a good meme, but response cost reminds me of this always happening in Harry Potter!

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Feedback is Not a New Principle of Behavior

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Feedback is Not a New Principle of Behavior

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Seems silly at the beginning of the article but using a new term is well-justified by the author.

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How do you motivate yourself to complete daunting tasks? Provide some context and describe an example.

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Research topic: impact of wearing makeup out versus not wearing makeup. Deductive- When I don't wear makeup I don't get hit on. Will someone hit on me if I wear makeup to the bar? Inductive- Every time I wear makeup to the bar someone asks for my number. Will someone ask for my number every time I wear makeup in public?
P.S. I do not actually believe that wearing makeup is the key to having someone hit on you, everyone is beautiful without makeup!

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Create vocabulary flashcards using the ABA vocab list provided. Take a picture of your flashcards and post it here.

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What is a misconception about ABA that might be rooted in misinterpretations of Skinner's theory of behavior? Provide an example of what you have encountered or observed.

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Find a website that looks professional and credible. Identify misinformation or disinformation on this website using the fact-checking and lateral reading procedures described in the crash course videos. Post (1) the website link and (2) using about 4-8 sentences, describe 1-2 pieces of misinformation or disinformation you identified through your lateral reading process. Due March 15th noon.

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1. If you could address any global issue, what would it be?

2. Using a behavior analytic lens, explain why we are not saving the world/ producing a positive change on a global scale with behavior analysis? (a paragraph of 4-8 sentences)

Due March 22nd 8:44am

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This website claims that reduced fat peanut butter is better for you than normal peanut butter. But in reality, it has way more added sugar and in the end does not actually end up being a healthier option compared to normal peanut butter. While it may have 25% less fat normal PB, the added sugar makes it just as unhealthy.

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One of the biggest issues I wish we could address is child pornography/unethical porn. From a behavioral lens, the people recruiting/selling these videos are being reinforced by major financial profits. The people viewing/consuming are benefitting from free services that require the lowest response effort to obtain the reinforcer. It is really hard to combat such a powerful reinforcer such as money that cannot be put on extinction. From a behavioral standpoint, the automatic reinforcer of behaving ethically and lawfully would have to be stronger than the conditioned reinforcer of money. Alternatively, there should be external consequences for engaging in these unethical acts that are greater than the reinforcers people are currently receiving.

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Does Skinner's conceptualization of "freedom" and dignity" go against or align with the systems in which we operate? Use an example to explain your point.

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Post a picture (e.g., your own photo, a meme, a picture from an ad, a public image) that illustrates a part of your culture/subculture or relates to your own culture/subculture. You do not have to provide a text description; you may be asked to explain your picture in class.

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No Padlet post required this week. Submit your weekly activity on Canvas.

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Based on what you have learned from Skinner's Freedom and Dignity, identify (a) an example of when you would provide credit for an individual's behavior and (b) an example of when you would not provide credit for an individual's behavior. No Canvas submission is needed this week.

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I would give credit to an individual who creates their own unique clothing line. I would not give credit to an individual who emits a reflexive behavior, such as sneezing or getting goosebumps.