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Very general overview of Beveridge Report with quiz 

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Very general overview of Beveridge Report with quiz 

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https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zsd68mn/revision/1

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In 1941, the Liberal politician William Beveridge set out to discover what kind of Britain people wanted to see after the war.

His report, officially entitled Social Insurance and Allied Services , was a key part of the plans to rebuild and improve Britain after the war had ended.

As a result of this research, he declared that there were five giants on the road to reconstruction . These were:

want - an adequate income for all

disease - access to health care

ignorance - a good education

squalor - adequate housing

idleness - gainful employment

To help make a better Britain and to tackle these five 'evil giants', he proposed setting up a welfare state.

Why did so many politicians and people want to establish a welfare state?

People had sacrificed so much during World War Two, they believed they had fought for a better future and deserved it for their contribution to the war. Many believed in a fairer society with:

The idea was to offer people a safety net from the cradle to the grave . It was a key Labour party policy, as promised in the 1945 election campaign.

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The Beveridge Report - Rebuilding the country after 1945 - WJEC - GCSE History Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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In 1941, the Liberal politician William Beveridge set out to discover what kind of Britain people wanted to see after the war. His report, officially entitled Social Insurance and Allied Services , was a key part of the plans to rebuild and improve Britain after the war had ended.

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Note taking from lectures - which system is for you? 

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Note taking from lectures - which system is for you? 

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How to Take Notes in Class: The 5 Best Methods - College Info Geek

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1. Read the article and make notes
2. Summarise the article in your own words - Bullet point the key points
3. Write down 2 things that you found particularly interesting or important
4. Share them with your table
2. Reference the article in the Harvard style

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Making your own paper summary table on this topic

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Making your own paper summary table on this topic

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FC305 8.5 Worksheet 4 Poverty Edited - Definitions (3)

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Rebuilding the country after 1945 test questions -

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Discussion qs - finding/summarising academic materials 

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Discussion qs - finding/summarising academic materials 

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Finding academic materials - some suggestions

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Finding academic materials - some suggestions

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Beveridge Report Lesson 1 Finding Academic Materials Answer Sheet

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Study Skills: How to read research/How to note take 

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Study Skills: How to read research/How to note take 

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-This type of table helps when you come to write your eventual project
-It allows you to look across multiple papers to find trends, themes, gaps in research, similar methodologies, etc.
-It is useful to have all of your research 'at a glance'

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1. Look at the three social sciences papers in the tiles below (paper one, paper two and paper three)
2. Scan through the papers, thinking about the most important elements - what is the research trying to uncover? What are the research questions? What methodology have they chosen? How have they chosen their participants?
3. Try to complete the research synthesis table with notes in your own words

*** some tips ****
When you are reading alot of research papers to find good ones for your essay, you will not have time to read each one in lots of detail. Focus on the abstract, read that carefully. Try to locate the research questions. Look at the methodology and focus on the main findings and read the conclusion carefully. Other parts of the paper might, at this stage, be less relevant - e.g. the literature review, the limitations, the suggestions for further research.

Remember that some writers don't explicitly state their research questions. You might need to find these yourself or even formulate them yourself, based on your reading of the paper. If they don't tell you exactly what their questions are, then ask: What questions do you think they are trying to answer?

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Paper One - Effect of Student Participation in International Study

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Paper One - Effect of Student Participation in International Study

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Paper Two: The social impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on urban slums in Thailand 

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Paper Two: The social impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on urban slums in Thailand 

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Paper Three: Residents' perceptions of the impacts of Tourism on Community

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Paper Three: Residents' perceptions of the impacts of Tourism on Community

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Finding academic materials - some suggestions

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Finding academic materials - some suggestions

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Beveridge Report Lesson 1 Finding Academic Materials Answer Sheet

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Study Skills: How to read research/How to note take 

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Study Skills: How to read research/How to note take 

# data[].attributes.body
-This type of table helps when you come to write your eventual project
-It allows you to look across multiple papers to find trends, themes, gaps in research, similar methodologies, etc.
-It is useful to have all of your research 'at a glance'

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https://uk.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/psychology-research-methods

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By Indeed Editorial Team

Published 13 April 2022

Psychology is a social science dedicated to researching the human experience and the mental process behind emotional behaviours. Psychologists tend to use various research methods in their field to set goals, develop therapy treatment plans and determine appropriate behavioural strategies. As such, having a clear understanding of the different psychology research methods is essential for being able to enact them properly. In this article, we look at the different procedures available and explain what psychology research methods are, where professionals use them and whether they're qualitative or quantitative.

What are psychology research methods?

Let's say a psychologist plans to research a wide variety of groups as part of an experiment. As a route to widening their knowledge base, they might call upon a range of different psychological research methods. On a basic level, a psychological research method refers to the process of choosing a topic to research and then selecting a procedure on how to gather information on the subject matter. It also includes collecting the information, analysing and writing up the results and then publishing them or using them in practice.

Related: Your guide to psychology jobs and common careers

When are psychological research methods used?

Professionals use psychological research methods so that they can gather more information on the human brain and the thought processes that surround it. They use these procedures to develop a treatment plan for patients suffering from a type of psychological illness. Professionals also use them to help train new psychologists so they can explain and evidence why they've come to the conclusion that they have. Often, research methods help a younger psychologist gain more experience. Yet all psychologists, no matter how much experience they have, use psychological research methods at some point in their careers.

Professional or student psychologists are not the only ones who use psychological research methods. Professionals in marketing settings commonly use them to ensure products resonate with consumers. For example, they may conduct psychological studies on a focus group to show that a certain colour may make them feel hungry. Advertisers then tactically use those methods by creating a series of advertisements focusing on that colour to provoke feelings of hunger. The hope is that consumers then associate this with the food product in the advertisement and eventually go out and buy it.

Related: 10 skills to be a psychologist and excel in your career

Are psychological research methods qualitative or quantitative?

A common debate surrounding psychological research methods is whether they're qualitative or quantitative techniques. They lie somewhere in the middle, as a psychologist often uses both. Qualitative psychological research methods revolve around more emotional responses based on the human experience. As a result of this, they're usually more word-based pieces of information rather than numerical. If psychologists require a particular type of data, it usually influences the research method used, although it's easy to convert qualitative data into statistics.

Conversely, quantitative psychological research methods focus more on the collection and analysis of numerical pieces of information. These types of results are often the outcome of meta-analyses and other like-minded investigative techniques. An example of this is a study that looks at the likelihood that a new treatment is successful on different patients, with the results presented as a percentage. These research methods are mainly used in psychological papers rather than in practice, but marketing can also use quantitative procedures to give advertisements more authority, which can make a brand or product more attractive and reliable to consumers.

Types of psychological research methods

There are several types of research methods that professional psychologists use to gain a better understanding of human behaviours, emotions and processes.

Questionnaires

Questionnaires are the most popular research method that psychologists use. This is because they're a quick and easy way to study the causes and effects of people's mental states. For example, questionnaires often include a series of fixed answers that ask people to scale their thoughts and/or emotions. A questionnaire is something that usually requires about ten minutes to fill out (depending on the size of the survey) and only needs a paper and pen unless participants do it online. This makes it a cost-effective way to survey a group of people quickly and provides little to no error.

Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging is an experimental method in psychology that involves the use of CT scans or MRI technology to look at the brain. Often, psychological behaviours are the result of a neurological process that is physically observable. It's a common misconception that emotions are impossible to map out. It's one of the psychologist's responsibilities to explain how this occurs and affects how we behave. If a patient has issues with this, it may be necessary for a psychologist to devise a treatment based on how to account for what is missing from their brain's processes.

Case studies

Case studies are also a popular type of psychological research method. Unlike a questionnaire, case studies are in-depth ways of studying either an individual or a small number of people. They involve an up-close analysis of how that individual or group behaved, thought or felt in response to a stimulus. Often, psychologists compare different case studies so they can pick out various similarities and differences to take a broader view. This is a useful way for psychologists to look at the symptoms of a mental illness or test a hypothesis, as it focuses on spotting common and isolated reactions.

Observations

Another common research method is to conduct a series of observations on patients when they're inside environments natural to them. This offers a real insight into their behavioural responses. It also allows a psychologist to see what triggers such reactions. This process could include observing a patient on their daily commute to work, inside a shop or during a specific, problematic situation. Often, when psychologists conduct observations inside their own offices, the atmosphere is too clean, which can be an issue as it might not produce useful results.

Experiments

Psychological experiments are a type of research method that focuses on why things happen. Psychologists usually use them to test out the effect that a drug may have on a specific mental illness. For example, do the chemicals involved in drug X have a positive effect on hormone regulation in conditions such as depression? As this is a more scientific approach towards data collection, it's much more costly than the methods mentioned below. This is because it involves time in the laboratory and the acquisition of the chemicals in question. Experimental methods often cause controversy regarding what society defines as being ethical.

Meta-analysis

Meta-analysis is a quantitative type of psychological experiment that doesn't require the physical presence of a specific patient at all. It's the practice of using a wide range of published papers to analyse a specific trend that professionals then use to prove a hypothesis. A psychologist uses a database that specifically relates to the hypothesis they're testing so that they can collect all instances of relevant data. Next, they analyse how this data interacts with other sources of research to see whether there is a direct correlation. If so, the researcher then puts this forward as a new finding.

Pilot study

A pilot study is a practice experiment conducted before the real procedure. It gives the psychologist using this type of research method a better idea of how to control certain variables, for example, to minimise potential risks. This is useful in terms of giving a set of results more transparency. Any ambiguities that occur during an experiment can cause confusion and inaccurate results. Pilot studies also allow psychologists to fine-tune their experiments. For example, an aspect may be too complex for participants and garner no results. The researcher then knows that their experiment requires simplifying.

Related: 10 common types of variables in research and statistics

Tips for conducting research

There are several tips to remember when conducting psychological research:

Standardise procedures: If the psychological research method in question has a set of variables, it requires a standardised procedure. This keeps all aspects fair and produces an accurate set of results.

Peer review: Before publishing a set of results, it's worth sharing psychological research with like-minded professionals in a peer review. This can give the results added credibility.

Develop a clear hypothesis: Before beginning an experiment, develop a clear hypothesis. This gives a piece of research a purpose, reducing potential digressions.

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A guide to the different psychology research methods

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By Indeed Editorial Team Published 13 April 2022 Psychology is a social science dedicated to researching the human experience and the mental process behind emotional behaviours. Psychologists tend to use various research methods in their field to set goals, develop therapy treatment plans and determine appropriate behavioural strategies.

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https://uk.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-methods-in-sociology

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uk.indeed.com needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vifGBH-0Wns

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What is Research Methodology? (See links below for our video lectures on Practical Research 1 and 2)

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link to website with definitions and video

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link to website with definitions and video

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https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/

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Definition of Cultural Hybridization

( noun) The process by which a cultural element blends into another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural norms.

Examples of Cultural Hybridization

Creole languages, a new language developed from simplifying and blending different languages that come into contact within particular population, at a specific point in time. For example, Louisiana Creole which is a combination of African, French, and English languages.

Global restaurant chains like Kentucky Fried Chicken or McDonald's (KFC), modifying their menus to suit the tastes or mores of different cultures. For example, in India, due to religious restrictions on eating beef, the Maharaja Mac is a McDonald's Big Mac made with a chicken or veggie patty.

Martial arts films in the United States that adapt traditional Asian cultural elements to fit the tastes of the viewing public.

Techno, a type of electronic dance music, began in Detroit in the 1980s and made its way around the world, from German Techno to Melbourne Bounce.

Cultural Hybridization Pronunciation
Pronunciation Usage Guide
Syllabification: cul·tur·al hy·brid·i·za·tion

Audio Pronunciation

Phonetic Spelling

American English - /kUHl-chuhr-ruhl hie-bruh-duh-zAY-shuhn/

British English - /kUHl-chuh-ruhl hie-bri-die-zAY-shuhn/

International Phonetic Alphabet

American English - /ˈkʌlʧərəl ˌhaɪbrədəˈzeɪʃən/

British English - /ˈkʌlʧərəl ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃən/

Usage Notes

Plural: cultural hybridizations

Variant spelling: cultural hybridisation

Related Videos

Additional Information

Word origin of "cultural" and "hybridization" - Online Etymology Dictionary: etymonline.com

Kendall, Gavin, Ian Woodward, and Zlatko Skrbiš. 2009. The Sociology of Cosmopolitanism: Globalization, Identity, Culture and Government. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Martell, Luke. 2010. The Sociology of Globalization. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Nash, Kate. 2010. Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Robertson, Roland, and Kathleen E. White, eds. 2003. Globalization: Critical Concepts in Sociology. London: Routledge.

Sassen, Saskia. 2007. A Sociology of Globalization. New York: Norton.

Savage, Michael, Gaynor Bagnall, and Brian Longhurst. 2005. Globalization and Belonging. London: SAGE.

Related Terms

Works Consulted

Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, and Bryan Turner. 2006. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. 5th ed. London: Penguin.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 5th ed. 2011. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Bruce, Steve, and Steven Yearley. 2006. The SAGE Dictionary of Sociology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Collins English Dictionary: Complete and Unabridged. 6th ed. 2003. Glasgow, Scotland: Collins.

Jary, David, and Julia Jary. 2000. Collins Dictionary of Sociology. 3rd ed. Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins.

Oxford University Press. (N.d.) Oxford Dictionaries. ( https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/).

Princeton University. 2010. WordNet. ( https://wordnet.princeton.edu/).

Random House Webster's College Dictionary. 1997. New York: Random House.

Scott, John, and Gordon Marshall. 2005. A Dictionary of Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Turner, Bryan S., ed. 2006. The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wikipedia contributors. (N.d.) Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Wikimedia Foundation. ( http://en.wiktionary.org).

Cite the Definition of Cultural Hybridization

ASA - American Sociological Association (5th edition)

Bell, Kenton, ed. 2014. "cultural hybridization." In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Retrieved March 3, 2022 ( https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/).

APA - American Psychological Association (6th edition)

cultural hybridization. (2014). In K. Bell (Ed.), Open education sociology dictionary. Retrieved from https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/

Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date - Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition)

Bell, Kenton, ed. 2014. "cultural hybridization." In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/.

MLA - Modern Language Association (7th edition)

"cultural hybridization." Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Ed. Kenton Bell. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2022. < https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/>.

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cultural hybridization definition | Open Education Sociology Dictionary

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( noun) The process by which a cultural element blends into another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural norms. Creole languages, a new language developed from simplifying and blending different languages that come into contact within particular population, at a specific point in time.

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help with definitions - globalist (hyper globalists or optimistic globalists) 

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help with definitions - globalist (hyper globalists or optimistic globalists) 

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https://revisesociology.com/2015/09/19/optimist-globalization-hyper-globalism-neoliberalism/

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Hyper-globalists (sometimes referred to as global optimists) believe that globalization is happening and that local cultures are being eroded primarily because of the expansion of international capitalism and the emergence of a homogeneous global culture; they (as the 'optimist' part of the label implies) believe that globalization is a positive process characterised by economic growth, increasing prosperity and the spread of democracy.

Thomas Friedman (2000) argues that globalization has occurred because of the global adoption of neoliberal economic policies. Neoliberalism insists that governments in developing countries need to remove obstacles to free trade and free market capitalism in order to generate development. Governments should limit their role to providing a business-friendly environment that enables businesses (both inside and outside the country) to make a profit.

The theory is that if governments allow businesses the freedom to 'do business', wealth will be generated which will trickle down to everyone.

Friedman identifies a neoliberal economic set of principles that he calls the 'golden straight jacket' that countries need to fit into if they are to achieve success in the global economy: deregulation, fewer protections for workers and the environment, privatisation and cutting taxes.

Friedman argues that the golden straitjacket is "pretty much one size fits all... it is not always pretty or gentle or comfortable. But it's here and it's the only model on the rack this historical season'.

Friedman attributes economic globalization to the fact that most developing countries have adopted neoliberal policies since the 1980s. Neoliberalism has effectively restricted the power of nation states, making trade between nations easier. It has resulted in the freer movement of goods, resources and enterprises, and ultimately more jobs, cheaper products and increasing economic growth, prosperity and wealth for the majority of people on the planet.

These countries were often shepherded onto the 'right' economic path by the 'good Samaritans' of Western governments, especially the 'three sisters' of free trade: the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO, global institutions which have played a central role in shaping globalization according to hyper globalists.

Supporting Evidence for the Optimist View of Globalization

1. More international trade, = Increasing wealth, health, education for most countries.

This Hans Rosling Video illustrates the relationship between increasing wealth (brought about by trade) and health

The case of China's economic growth - Use this'trading economics' web site to check out how China's GDP growth over the last ten years (from 2001) appears to be directly correlated with its growth in exports (use the links to the right to change between graphs - you might need to change the years selection around too).

China is not the only country benefiting from increasing trade (imports and exports) - China is just one of four nations known as the BRIC Nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) - 4 up and coming economies that are predicted to be wealthier than Britain by 2050.

Optimists argue that Transnational Corporations are a force for good. Companies such as Apple, Sony, etc bring investment and jobs to developing countries.

2 There are many benefits of cultural globalisation
More people around the world are consumers rather than living subsistence lifestyles. Also people increasingly consume similar foods and brands (and shop for them in similar ways). Increasing global tourism is another feature of this. Evidence below...

These photos of 'what the world eats' - Suggest similar consumption patterns.

Coke's advertising supports the optimist view of cultural globalisation - Advert 1 (I'd like t teach the world to sing...) and advert 2 - The Happiness Bus

Also, sporting events such as the world cup and the Olympics have become more popular.

Are the Olympics a good example of optimist globalism?

Globalisation has lead to more democracy and freedom
The spread of Democracy and respect for human rights since the end of WW2 - E.G. The end of colonial rule in Africa, the collapse of communism and the Arab Spring. This is also evidenced in the establishment of the United Nations and the growth of global social movements such as green peace. The growth of social media (Facebook and Twitter) have lead more freedom around the world.
Finally, Globalisation increasingly means global cities
Urban centres which have highly educated, politically engaged middle classes.
Revision notes on globalisation...
If you like this sort of thing and want some more context on globalisation, then you might like these revision notes on globalisation, specifically designed for A-level sociology. Nine pages of summary notes covering the following aspects of globalisation:
- Basic definitions and an overview of cultural, economic and political globalisation
- Three theories of globalisation - hyper-globalism, pessimism and transformationalism.
- Arguments for and against the view that globalisation is resulting in the decline of the nation state.
- A-Z glossary covering key concepts and key thinkers.
Five mind-maps covering the following:
- Cultural, economic, and political globalisation: a summary
- The hyper-globalist view of globalisation
- The pessimist view of globalisation
- The transformationalist/ postmodernist view of globalisation.
- The relationship between globalisation and education.

These revision resources have been designed to cover the globalisation part of the global development module for A-level sociology (AQA) but they should be useful for all students given that you need to know about globalistion for education, the family and crime, so these should serve as good context.

They might also be useful to students studying other A-level or first year degree subjects such as politics, history, economics or business, where globalisation is on the syllabus.
Related Posts Kenichi Ohmae - A radical, neoliberal view of globalization What is Cultural Globalisation? The Pessimist View of Globalisation The Transformationalist View of Globalisation The Traditionalist View of Globalisation

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The Hyper-Globalist/ Optimist View of Globalization

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Hyper-globalists (sometimes referred to as global optimists) believe that globalization is happening and that local cultures are being eroded primarily because of the expansion of international capitalism and the emergence of a homogeneous global culture; they (as the 'optimist' part of the label implies) believe that globalization is a positive process characterised by economic growth,...

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help with definitions - transformationalists 

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help with definitions - transformationalists 

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https://revisesociology.com/tag/cultural-hybridity/

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Transformationalists and postmodernists agree that the impact of globalization has been exaggerated by globalists but argue that it is foolish to reject the concept out of hand.

This theoretical position argues that globalization should be understood as a complex set of interconnecting relationships through which power, for the most part, is exercised indirectly.

They suggest that the globalization process can be reversed, especially where it is negative or, at the very least, that it can be controlled.

Transformationalists argue that the flow of culture is not one way, from the west to the developing world; it is a two-way exchange in which Western culture is also influenced, changed and enriched by cultures in the developing world.

Against Global Pessimists, Transformationalists argue that local cultures are not simply swallowed up by western cultures - rather people in developing countries select aspects of western culture and adapt them to their particular needs, a process which he calls 'glocalisation'. A good example of this is the Bollywood film industry in India, or the various 'glocal' manifestations of McDonald's burgers.

Transformationlists and postmodernists also see the global media as beneficial because it is primarily responsible for diffusing different cultural styles around the world and creating new global hybrid styles in fashion, food, music, consumption and lifestyle. It is argued that in the global, postmodern world, such cultural diversity and pluralism will become the norm. Postmodernists thus see globalization as a positive phenomenon because it has created a new class of global consumers, in both the developed and the developing world, with a greater range of choice from which they can construct a hybridised global identity.

There is also evidence that global communications systems and social networks can assist local cultures to rid themselves of repressive political systems such as dictatorships. Kassim (2012) argues that the 'Arab Spring' movement that occurred between 2010 and 2013 succeeded in removing totalitarian dictators in Tunisa and Egypt, partly because of the information supplied through social networking sites such as Facebook, which was used to bypass government censorship. Kassim suggests that social networks broke down a psychological barrier of fear by helping people to connect and unite against repressive leaders, providing a catalyst for positive change.

Two further sociologists who might be described as 'transformationalist' globalists are Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck:

In his classic 1999 text, Runaway World, Anthony Giddens argues that one consequence of globalization is detraditionalisation - where people question their traditional beliefs about religion, marriage, and gender roles and so on. Giddens uses the concept of 'detraditionalisation' rather than 'decline of tradition' to reflect the fact that in many cases people continue with their traditional ways of life, rather than actually changing them, but the very fact that they are now actively questioning aspects of their lives means cultures are much less stable and less predictable than before globalization, because more people are aware of the fact that there are alternative ways of doing things and that they can change traditions if they want to.

Ulrich Beck (1992) argues that a fundamental feature of globalization is the development of a global risk consciousness, which emerges due to shared global problems which threaten people in multiple countries - examples include the threat of terrorism, international nuclear war, the threat of global pandemics, the rise of organised crime funded primarily through international drug trafficking, and the threat of planetary melt-down due to global warming.

On the downside, the constant media focus on such global problems has led to a widespread culture of fear and increasing anxiety across the globe, which has arguably contributed to things such as Paranoid Parenting and Brexit, but on the plus side, new global international movements and agencies have emerged through which people come together across borders to tackle such problems.

Supporting Evidence for The Transformationalist View of Globalisation

1. 'Trade' has many complex formations.
So it is difficult to say that it is either good or bad. Besides Free Trade, Fair Trade is expanding, and there is also illegal trade - in drugs for example.
The Global Trade in drugs is quite a good example of Transformationalism - It certainly can't be regarded as something that benefits people, and it certainly isn't something that benefits the West at the expense of the developing world. The global trade in drugs is not controlled by Corporations or Western governments - it's controlled by international criminal organisations, and arguable this is a case of poor farmers in the developing world benefiting (relatively) at the expense of people in the West - http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/index.html

On a more positive note, the Fairtrade Foundation has many examples of how trade can benefit people the world over in all sorts of different ways (NB you may think this works better as an example of global optimism) -

2. TNCs - There are winners and losers
TNCs operate in dozens of countries. Clearly there are going to be winners and losers in different cases. Also governments the world over regulate international companies in different ways - Pollution laws, tax law, minimum wages, health and safety.
3. There are many examples of cultural hybridity
Increasing consumerism isn't just good or bad - cultural globalisation is characterised by hybridity - new brands come into contact with local cultures and they are modified by those cultures, creating new products - Bollywood, Chiken Tikha Massala. A related concept here is glocalism...
There are plenty of examples of cultural hybridity in music - This is America by Chilish Gambino is a great one:

Here's another one, from back in the day....

All in all a very 'global experience' and a great example of 'ground up globalisation' - Hip Hop being transformed into something new and different as it mixes with different local traditions...
New sporting formations the world over are also good examples of cultural hybridity
5. Globalisaion is characterised by new political formations, not just the spread of democracy or the spread of American dominance
E.G China is a Communist country that doesn't allow voting but supports Capitalism, while many African 'democracies' are so corrupt they can't really be called democracies. Also, many countries have proved more than capable of resisting American force - mostly in the Middle East.
6. The spread of global media has lead to diverse uses - e.g. crowdsourcing, microfinance, and mobile phone use in Africa.

7. Anthony GIddens argues that 'detraditionalisation' is part of Globalisation - People increasingly challenge traditions as they come into contact with new ideas.

You might like to read this blog post on 'detraditionalisation' and summarise Gidden's view of what effect globalisation has on culture - Is this closer to the optimist or transformationalist view of globalisation?

Revision notes on globalisation...
If you like this sort of thing and want some more context on globalisation, then you might like these revision notes on globalisation, specifically designed for A-level sociology. Nine pages of summary notes covering the following aspects of globalisation:
- Basic definitions and an overview of cultural, economic and political globalisation
- Three theories of globalisation - hyper-globalism, pessimism and transformationalism.
- Arguments for and against the view that globalisation is resulting in the decline of the nation state.
- A-Z glossary covering key concepts and key thinkers.
Five mind-maps covering the following:
- Cultural, economic, and political globalisation: a summary
- The hyper-globalist view of globalisation
- The pessimist view of globalisation
- The transformationalist/ postmodernist view of globalisation.
- The relationship between globalisation and education.

These revision resources have been designed to cover the globalisation part of the global development module for A-level sociology (AQA) but they should be useful for all students given that you need to know about globalistion for education, the family and crime, so these should serve as good context.

They might also be useful to students studying other A-level or first year degree subjects such as politics, history, economics or business, where globalisation is on the syllabus.
Related Posts The Optimist View of Globalisation The Pessimist View of Globalisation The Traditionalist View of Globalisation

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Transformationalists and postmodernists agree that the impact of globalization has been exaggerated by globalists but argue that it is foolish to reject the concept out of hand. This theoretical position argues that globalization should be understood as a complex set of interconnecting relationships through which power, for the most part, is exercised indirectly.

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worksheet globalisation and hybridity with answers

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https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/generator/harvard/

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Harvard referencing is a widely used referencing style (especially in UK universities) that includes author-date in-text citations and a complete reference list at the end of the text.

There are many versions of Harvard referencing style. Our guidance reflects the rules laid out in Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide (12th edition) by Richard Pears and Graham Shields.

Scribbr's free reference generator can create flawless Harvard style references for a wide variety of sources.

Harvard reference entries

The basics

The reference list appears at the end of your text, listing full information on all the sources you cited. A Harvard reference entry generally mentions the author, date, title, publisher or publication that contains the source, and URL or DOI if relevant.

You'll include different details depending on the type of source you're referencing, as some information is only relevant to certain kinds of publications.

Reference examples

The format of a reference entry varies based on source type. Apart from the information included, formatting details such as the use of italics also depend on what you're referencing. The tabs below show formats and examples for the most commonly referenced source types.

Missing information

The suggested information won't necessarily all be available for the source you're referencing. To learn how to work around missing information in your references, check the table below.

No author
List the organisation that published the source in the author position.

If there's no organisation to list, start the reference entry with the source title instead.

Scribbr (2022) What is a pronoun? | Definition, types & examples. Available at: https://www.scribbr.co.uk/nouns/using-pronouns/ (Accessed: 27 October 2022).

What is a pronoun? | Definition, types & examples (2022) Available at: https://www.scribbr.co.uk/nouns/using-pronouns/ (Accessed: 27 October 2022).

No date
Write 'no date' where the date would usually go. If the source is online, still include an access date.

Scribbr (no date) What is a noun? | Definition, types & examples. Available at: https://www.scribbr.co.uk/category/nouns/ (Accessed: 27 October 2022).

No title
Include the URL in place of the title.

Scribbr (2022) https://www.scribbr.co.uk/category/nouns/ (Accessed: 27 October 2022).

Harvard in-text citations

The basics

Harvard referencing style uses author-date in-text citations, which means including the author's last name and the publication year of the source, like this: (Smith, 2019). This citation points the reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list.

Always include an in-text citation when you quote or paraphrase a source. Include a page number or range when available and relevant to indicate which part of the source you're drawing on. Using material from other sources without acknowledging them is plagiarism.

Citation examples

In-text citations can be parenthetical (author and date both in parentheses) or narrative (author name mentioned in the sentence, date in parentheses). A source may also have more than one author. If there are four or more, name only the first, followed by " et al. "

Missing information

As with reference entries, it's good to be aware of how to deal with missing information in your in-text citations.

No author
List the organisation that published the source as the author.

If there's no organisation to list, use the source title instead.

(Scribbr, 2022)

( What is a pronoun? | Definition, types & examples, 2022)

No date
Replace the date with the words 'no date'.

(Scribbr, no date)

No page number
Use an alternate locator such as a paragraph number.

You can also leave out the locator if you don't need to point to a specific part of the source.

(Scribbr, 2022, para. 4)

(Scribbr, 2022)

Tools and resources

Scribbr offers a variety of other tools and resources to help with referencing and other aspects of academic writing:

Referencing generator: Scribbr's free referencing generator can also create flawless citations in other styles, such as APA and MLA.

Free plagiarism checker: Detect and fix plagiarism issues with the most accurate plagiarism checker available, powered by Turnitin.

Proofreading services: Make sure your writing is clear and professional with the help of an expert editor.

Guide to Harvard style: Understand the rules of Harvard referencing style, and learn how to cite a variety of sources.

Guides and videos: Explore our Knowledge Base, our YouTube channel, and a wide variety of other educational resources covering topics ranging from language to statistics.

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How to reference in Harvard style Harvard referencing is a widely used referencing style (especially in UK universities) that includes author-date in-text

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https://www.dcceew.gov.au/about/news/climate-change-bill-2022#:~:text=The%20Australian%20Government%20has%20introduced,and%20net%20zero%20by%202050.

https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/strategies#:~:text=The%20Australian%20Government%20is%20working,adopt%20smarter%20practices%20and%20technologies

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The Australian Government has introduced the Climate Change Bill 2022. The Bill legislates the nation's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030, and net zero by 2050.

The legislation strengthens accountability through an annual statement by the Minister for Climate Change to Parliament, and tasks the independent Climate Change Authority to provide advice on Australia's progress towards these targets, and on what Australia's future targets should be.

Minister for Climate Change and Energy Chris Bowen said, 'Current issues confronting Australian and global energy markets highlights why this long-term commitment is so important.

'This Bill confirms our commitment to ambitious but realistic targets supported by Australia's states and territories, business, industry, unions, environmental and community groups. It provides a platform for collaboration to drive down emissions while ensuring reliable energy supplies,' the Minister said.

'The Bill makes it clear that 43% is our minimum commitment and does not prevent our collective efforts delivering even stronger reductions over the coming decade.'

Read more

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The Australian Government has introduced the Climate Change Bill 2022. The Bill legislates the nation's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030, and net zero by 2050.

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https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/climate-policy#:~:text=To%20combat%20climate%20change%2C%20the,a%2095%25%20reduction%20by%202050.

https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/dutch-vision-on-global-climate-action

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To combat climate change, the Dutch government wants to reduce the Netherlands' greenhouse gas emissions by 49% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 95% reduction by 2050. These goals are laid down in the Climate Act on May 28, 2019. The Climate Plan, the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the National Climate Agreement contain the policy and measures to achieve these climate goals.

The Climate Act and the National Climate Agreement set out the Netherlands' climate goals

The Climate Act should give individuals and companies in the Netherlands more certainty about the climate goals. Under the Climate Act, the government is required to draw up a Climate Plan setting out measures to ensure that the targets stipulated in the act are achieved. The National Climate Agreement contains agreements with the sectors on what they will do to help achieve these climate goals.

National Climate Agreement

The National Climate Agreement, which was concluded at June 2019, contains agreements with the sectors on what they will do to help achieve the climate goals. The participating sectors are: electricity, industry, built environment, traffic and transport, and agriculture.

The agreement is based on the principle that reducing carbon emissions must be feasible and affordable for everyone. The government therefore seeks a cost-efficient transition that limits the financial impact on households as much as possible and implements measures to fairly distribute the financial burden between citizens and businesses.

The annual additional costs for the Netherlands associated with the Climate Agreement are less than 0.5% of GDP in 2030. The Dutch society should be able to afford this transition.

Another key element of the deal is that the Netherlands makes optimal use of available time until 2050. Measures will be introduced step by step to ensure nothing needs to be rushed. Moreover, the government will opt for the most cost-effective and future-proof approach.

Climate Plan and National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)

The Climate Agreement is an essential part of the Climate Plan, and of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) that Member States of the EU are required to submit to the European Commission. The Dutch government has submitted the Climate Plan and the NECP to the House by the end of 2019.

Judgment in the climate case brought by Urgenda against the State of the Netherlands

Greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands must be reduced by 25% (compared to 1990 levels) by the end of 2020. This was ruled by the The Hague District Court in 2015 in the case of the Urgenda Foundation against the Dutch State. The Court of Appeal in The Hague and the Supreme Court confirmed the court order respectively in 2018 and 2019. The Supreme Court ruled that the Court of Appeal was allowed and could decide that the Dutch State is obliged to achieve the 25% reduction by the end of 2020, on account of the risk of climate change that could also have a serious impact on the rights to life and well-being of residents of the Netherlands. The government will continue to make every effort to achieve this goal.

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To combat climate change, the Dutch government wants to reduce the Netherlands' greenhouse gas emissions by 49% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 95% reduction by 2050. These goals are laid down in the Climate Act on May 28, 2019.

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https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/climate-change-and-pakistan-flooding-affecting-millions#:~:text=The%20impact%20is%20unimaginable.,country%20is%20still%20under%20water.

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﻿

Deadly floods in Pakistan have killed over 1,700 people. The Pakistan Floods Appeal is now live

Last updated 6th December 2022
Around 33 million people in Pakistan - or 1 in 7 people in the country - have been impacted by the devastating floods that hit the country over the summer.

For context, that's the equivalent of almost half the population of the UK.

Families have lost their homes, livelihoods, and in some cases loved ones. You can donate to the Pakistan Floods Appeal now.
DONATE TO THE PAKISTAN FLOODS APPEAL

What has happened in Pakistan?

The record-breaking floods have killed over 1,700 people and 1.2 million livestock. Over 7.9 million people are now displaced.

The impact is unimaginable. Livelihoods have been destroyed after two months of continuous rainfall, and people are in need of shelter, food, clean water, and toilet facilities.

The water in some areas of the country has receded, but it's estimated that 25 per cent of the country is still under water.

Watch: Alexander Matheou's updates from Pakistan

The IFRC's Alexander Matheou sends an update from Pakistan, where floods have devastated communities.

DONATE NOW

What is the Red Cross doing to help people in Pakistan?

In one of its biggest relief operations ever, the Pakistan Red Crescent mobilised in July, and has since reached 580,000 people with emergency life-saving assistance. They are continuing to work closely with the wider movement, as well as national and local authorities.

Thanks to the generosity of our supporters, the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement has been able to get vital support to those in need, focusing on urgent necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

So far, the Red Cross Red Crescent has delivered critical relief, including:

Over 21,300 tents distributed to over 149,000 people, providing temporary shelter for those who have lost their homes and livelihoods

Over 283,800 people have been given critical relief items, including 26,500 food parcels, 33,300 mosquito nets and over 34,700 hygiene kits

11 water treatment plants have been distributed, providing 187,000 litres of safe drinking water to 37,400 people each day

Over 73,000 people have been provided with critical health care through 13 medical health units, 17 medical sites, and continued first aid support.

With the increased risk of waterborne diseases, Red Cross teams are also on hand with free medicines and treatment for diseases like cholera and diarrhoea.

In the Sindh province alone, one of the hardest hit by the floods, over 134,000 cases of diarrhoea have been reported, and hundreds of people have been admitted to hospital with dengue.

What will my donation to the Pakistan Floods Appeal do?

Your gift will help teams reach people in the affected areas:

£20 could help to provide a hygiene kit to one family that includes things like toothbrushes, soap and toilet paper

£40 could help to provide ten families with a jerry can so that they can store clean water for drinking and cooking

£65 could help to provide one household with financial support so they can meet their basic needs like buying food and clean drinking water

£100 could help to provide a family of seven with a winterisation kit to protect them this winter

DONATE TO THE PAKISTAN FLOODS APPEAL

What are the impacts of climate change in Pakistan?

The fingerprints of climate change are present in these unprecedented floods.

Though areas of Pakistan expect rain in the summer months, the country saw continuous rainfall for two months.

In April, Pakistan also experienced a different extreme: record-breaking heat, with temperatures reaching over 40 degrees Celsius.

On one day, the country recorded one of the highest ever temperatures - 49 degrees Celsius.

Higher temperatures means glaciers melt faster in the Himalayas and Hindu Kush region, which feed the Indus river.

These temperatures have also made it harder for flood water to be absorbed into the baked hard ground.

The 2022 monsoon rainfall in Pakistan is nearly three times higher than the 30-year average and rains and consequent flash floods continued throughout July and August. It will take months for the water to subside.

Extreme weather events are happening more frequently all over the world, putting more and more people in danger. Read more about our work in climate change.

Pakistan floods 2022: the most affected areas

How is the Pakistan Floods Appeal helping people in Pakistan?

The Red Cross has been on the ground providing life-saving aid either directly, or through local partners. But they urgently need funds to reach more people.

The Pakistan Floods Appeal is helping to provide much-needed shelter, emergency cash aid, health and care including safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene support.

As we look to the future, there is also a real risk that more than 8.6 million people could face high levels of hunger. As well as 1.2 million livestock, large volumes of agricultural land were lost to the floods, meaning that food supplies in the country have dropped significantly. As a result, Pakistan is having to become increasingly reliant on imports, and food prices are rapidly increasing.

Appeal funds could also be used for longer term support to help people recover lost livelihoods and rebuild their lives.

While the situation is still desperate, thanks to our generous supporters, the Red Cross has been able to provide the immediate help people need - while also planning for the future. Your kindness has played a vital part in supporting communities and will continue to be crucial in the weeks and months ahead.

Pakistan Floods Appeal

Over 500 staff at the Pakistan Red Crescent are providing essential support, with help from a roster of over 3,000 volunteers. Your gift will help teams to reach people in the most affected areas.

DONATE NOW

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Climate change in Pakistan and devastating floods: latest news

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﻿ Deadly floods in Pakistan have killed over 1,700 people. The Pakistan Floods Appeal is now live Last updated 6th December 2022 Around 33 million people in Pakistan - or 1 in 7 people in the country - have been impacted by the devastating floods that hit the country over the summer.

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https://climatepromise.undp.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/pakistan#:~:text=To%20reach%20the%20target%2C%20Pakistan,new%20gases%20for%20enhanced%20contributions.

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NDC Status Pakistan submitted its updated NDC in October 2021. Key highlights from the NDC Pakistan intends to set a cumulative ambitious conditional target of an overall 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, with a 15% reduction from the country's own resources and a 35% reduction subjected to the provision of international grant finance.

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chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://doe.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/doe.portal.gov.bd/npfblock//2022-11-02-08-08-ade27c3a48eeeedbf1394e5fa527edd2.pdf

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Research your essay topic and start to fill in this table

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Research your essay topic and start to fill in this table

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Population worksheet - open and download :) 

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Population worksheet - open and download :) 

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https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pensions/brief/societal-aging

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Date: February 2, 2023

Time: 09:00-10:30 AM EST

Title: Developing Lifelong Learning Systems: Lessons from OECD Countries of Relevance to WBG Clients

Description: This seminar will discuss the emerging experience in building future ready systems of lifelong learning to help countries adapt their workforce to the challenges posed by structural changes such as population aging, digitalization, the green transition, and globalization.
Watch Recording Related Content: Presentation: Adult Learning: Lessons from the OECD Applicable to Developing Countries
Date: February 27, 2023

Time: 09:00 - 10:00 AM EST

Title: World Bank Symposium: A Silver Lining for Aging Societies? Discussion on the Future of Social Protection & Jobs

Description: Population aging has, in recent decades become a pressing issue for a growing number of developing countries. It is happening at a much faster rate and at much lower country income levels than occurred in OECD countries. Population aging presents a range of challenges but also some opportunities, ranging from macro and fiscal, to the labor market, to sectoral policies in social protection, healthcare, long-term care, and other areas. The World Bank Social Protection & Jobs team is committed to supporting countries as they navigate the demographic transition. Join us in this symposium and hear from leaders, partners, and practitioners on how we can help countries adapt to societal aging. We will discuss some principles that can shape inclusive and productive aging societies and how the World Bank, through its cross-sectoral collaboration, aims to provide support that is greater than the sum of its parts.
Watch Recording
Date: March 16, 2023

Title: Economic Inclusion in an Aging World: Opportunities and Challenges

Description: This seminar will review the lessons learned and opportunities for cash-plus programs to play a role in promoting healthy and productive aging, including how to leverage social transfers for older people to strengthen multi-dimensional impacts in areas including skills enhancement, better health, digital and financial inclusion, and social participation.
Watch Recording Related Content:
Presentation: Saberes Intervention Productivos | Older People's Clubs (OPCs) Subcomponent in Cash Transfer Modernization Project: World Bank/Bangladesh | Economic Inclusion in an Aging world | Social and Economic Inclusion of Older People through the Older People Association (OPA)

Date: May, 2023

Title: Population Aging and the Labor Supply of Older Workers

Date: June, 2023

Title: Gray Matters: Strengthening Long-term Care System

Description: This seminar will summarize key takeaways from the increasing World Bank project portfolio on long-term care and related issues such as gender inequality and migration.
Overview
Demographic change is increasingly shaping our future. Globally, people above the age of 65 outnumber children under 5 and over two-thirds of them live in less developed regions of the world. By 2050, there will be 1.25 billion people who are 65 and over in less developed regions, around 757 million more than in 2020.

Global aging is a triumph of development made possible through rapid increases in life expectancies and falling fertility. It brings new opportunities but also challenges for governments, individuals, households, communities, and economies. Countries need to adapt their social protection and jobs policies and programs to address these challenges and reap the societal and economic benefits of aging. Their ability to adapt will determine their future prosperity and social stability.
Changing how we think about aging
Traditionally aging is framed largely around risks to economic growth and public finances, shrinking working age populations, the need to provide services and benefits to a growing older population, and risks of rising inequality and social tensions.

While these risks are real, societal aging can also present opportunities and the potential to mitigate risks. This is also not just an agenda for older developing countries. Younger countries also need to prepare early for the demographic transition. Timely policy action can turn global aging into a source of inclusive economic growth. It can also improve outcomes for all, for example, through labor migration across countries at different stages of demographic transition.
How countries can adapt to societal aging
Older people must be seen first as individuals, not just as economic agents. They are also not a homogenous group. Policies need to address their diverse and evolving needs and protect their rights by focusing on social isolation, abuse of older people and age-based discrimination. Countries must also recognize and value older people's economic and social contributions as workers, caregivers, volunteers and sources of financial support, but also as repositories of social capital and norms. In addition, with the right policy mix and institutional support, societal aging can create new market opportunities, employment and innovation.
Promote a cross-sectoral response
The multidimensional nature of aging requires adjustments at all levels of society. Reforms should be coordinated across sectors and involve collaboration across government agencies and with civil society and development partners to deliver positive outcomes. Through a holistic approach across the life course, countries can create links between pension and tax systems; pensions, skills development, and labor force participation of mature workers; migration, labor force and long-term care; or social services with childcare and workforce participation of prime-age adults, especially women.

Social protection and jobs are key areas that need adaptation to minimize the liabilities and capitalize on opportunities associated with societal aging. Countries need adequate labor markets and skills policies to enable mature workers' labor force participation while also enhancing old-age financial protection through social insurance and/or social assistance, social services and long-term care systems. All policies should consider gender to increase work opportunities for women, ensure they can benefit from more inclusive social security systems, and reduce women's care burden by investing in care systems. Women have higher life expectancies than men, so are more likely to be alone and vulnerable in old age.
Consider four principles to shape inclusive and productive aging societies:

Provide choice for aging people with policies and practices that maximize individual agency in work, retirement, living and care decisions and arrangements.

Establish defaults that protect those who do not exercise choice and encourage socially desirable outcomes, e.g., default opt-ins or auto-enrollment for pension schemes.

Maintain flexibility in policies, programs and markets to reflect the diversity among older people and the evolution across the life cycle.

Practice empathy toward older people by eliminating age-based discrimination, promoting autonomy and dignity, valuing their social and economic contribution to society and providing equal access to services and opportunities.

What is the World Bank doing to support the aging transition?
The World Bank is engaging with countries through policy, technical assistance, lending, and analytical work to help them manage the aging transition. Addressing societal aging is central to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the World Bank's Human Capital Project.

Key areas of engagement include national ageing strategies,labor market and skills policies, old age financial protection through social insurance and social assistance, social services and long-term care systems, and social protection delivery systems.

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Date: February 2, 2023 Time: 09:00-10:30 AM EST Title: Developing Lifelong Learning Systems: Lessons from OECD Countries of Relevance to WBG Clients Description: This seminar will discuss the emerging experience in building future ready systems of lifelong learning to help countries adapt their workforce to the challenges posed by structural changes such as population aging, digitalization, the green transition, and globalization.

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https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/demographic-trends-and-urbanization

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Global demographic trends are at a turning point. As population growth rates continue to decline in every region of the world, and in the face of an unprecedented aging of global population, one question is top of mind for everyone - what do these trends mean for the world's cities?

This report - Demographic Trends and Urbanization - aims to frame that conversation by tracing the relationship between urbanization and relevant demographic indicators and how demography shapes a country's desired development outcomes. The report explores how population growth, aging and migration affect the growth trajectories of cities, and how and why city-level demographic trends diverge from national and regional trends.

The analysis of demographic trends is particularly relevant as larger shares of people move to or live in urban areas. The pattern, pace and causes of rural-urban migration continue to be diverse, and significantly influenced by the search for opportunity in cities, the flight from conflict, poverty and climate events, amongst other issues.

To date, the use of city-level demographic trends to project cities' needs in terms of infrastructure and development remains rare.Most demographic studies tend to focus on the analysis of fiscal trends and implications related to labor force, health and care services and retirement spending.

This report presents an opportunity to start thinking about what the city of tomorrow will look like, and what it will need in terms of infrastructure and services. Not all cities will grow endlessly, so today's investments must account for of the demographic reality of tomorrow.

Cities' demographic trends also vary vastly by regions: Some cities, particularly in some large middle-income and high-income countries, are contending with an unprecedented aging of their population, based on low fertility trends and an increase in life expectance. On the other hand, many low-income countries especially in Sub-Sahara Africa - which are also among the least urbanized - have the highest urban growth rates in the world.
Regional Highlights
In Europe and Central Asia, urban population declined in over half of low- and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2011. The rise in average age in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) is largely attributable to a decrease in fertility rather than to an increase in longevity, which makes aging trends in ECA unique. The emigration of young people is reinforcing these trends. The region and its cities will continue to see diverse and contrasting patterns of growth and decline as population aging is expected to accelerate across major cities.

The Latin America and the Caribbean region is among the most urbanized regions in the world, having reached an urban majority by 1960 - a milestone achieved globally only in 2008. Average growth rates in cities today are declining, and some city centers are losing population to the urban periphery. Urbanization is shifting towards small and intermediate cities. The region is starting to age rapidly, a trend that is especially pronounced in urban areas.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is already 64% urbanized. Much of the region's future urban growth-in absolute terms-is projected to occur in the region's primary cities although faster growth-in relative terms-is projected to occur in the region's secondary cities. Conflict and climate-driven migration as well as cross-border movement driven by search for economic opportunity are unique considerations in the region and have been overriding some secular urbanization trends in a subset of countries. Aging is not yet an issue in MENA but is set to rapidly increase over the coming decades. The region's youth bulge, if managed well, could present a significant demographic dividend with potential higher growth rates, especially in urban areas.

Africa is the fastest growing and youngest region in the world. There is great diversity of demographic trends among African countries and regions. The region has the highest urban growth rates in the world, but a relatively low share of population living in urban areas. As life expectancy increases, between 2015 and 2050, Africa will have the fastest increase in the world in the number of elderly persons. Small and intermediate cities, not the largest ones, will absorb a bulk of the region's urban population growth in the future.

In South Asia, a combination of increasing life expectancy, falling fertility rates, and low old-age dependency ratios has created the conditions for a "youth bulge" generation. The region has disproportionately fewer women, especially at birth, compared with the global average, which could have long-term implications when it comes to labor market participation, for instance. Despite the common perception, urban population growth is mainly driven by natural growth and in-situ reclassification rather than rural-to-urban migration. Congestion and weak urban management may also undermine South Asian cities' pull factors.

The East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region is experiencing rapid urban growth, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa. EAP became 50% urban in 2018, with most urban inhabitants residing in secondary cities. The region also has the largest regional population of elderly but there is an enormous diversity of aging-levels within the region, which are correlated with national income levels. Migration likely has a significant role in driving urbanization levels in EAP.
Full Report: Demographic Trends and Urbanization

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Global demographic trends are at a turning point. As population growth rates continue to decline in every region of the world, and in the face of an unprecedented aging of global population, one question is top of mind for everyone - what do these trends mean for the world's cities?

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https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/publication/vietnam-adapting-to-an-aging-society

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Key findings

Vietnam is on the cusp of a dramatic aging of the population. In 2015, Vietnam became an aging society. By 2035, it will be an aged society. This makes Vietnam one of the fastest-aging countries in the world.

Unlike many societies which have gone through this transition to an aged society, Vietnam is getting old before getting rich. At a per capita of 40 percent of the global average, Vietnam is still far from upper-middle income status. And the speed of its population aging means that it will have less time to adapt to an aged society than many advanced economies have had.

Vietnam is currently at a critical stage. The "demographic window of opportunity" is starting to close as aging accelerates. The working-age population has been declining since 2014 and this trend is expected to continue until 2042, when the "demographic window of opportunity" will close.

Getting old before getting rich means that Vietnam faces a unique set of challenges that will require major reform efforts. The country must aim to take advantage of the "window of opportunity" while also mitigating the demographic headwinds to growth and the challenges of high fiscal costs of aging. This will require making hard choices and implementing major policy reforms.

Vietnam faces a "now or never" policy dilemma. Without major reforms, the country's demographic shift will lead to major slowdowns in long-term growth, which - coupled with the substantial fiscal pressures of an aging society - could lead to high levels of deficit and debts, pushing up interest rates, crowding out much-needed domestic and foreign investment, and threatening macroeconomic stability.

With the right policies, Vietnam can still thrive economically and socially in the midst of this demographic transition. Major reforms include building a labor market that facilitates productivity and extend working lives, investing in human capital across the lifespan, expanding its social welfare systems while ensuring their sustainability, and developing a vibrant long-term care system.

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Vietnam's rapidly aging population-at a pace among the highest in the world -could slow down economic growth, squeeze public finance and stress the service delivery system unless timely reforms are being put in place, warns a new World Bank report.

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Podcast: why the world's population matters 

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Podcast: why the world's population matters 

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https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/nov/21/beyond-8bn-why-the-world-population-matters-podcast

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Just 11 years after the world population hit 7 billion, Vinice Mabansag, born on 15 November in Manila, was given the symbolic title of the 8 billionth person. The milestone prompted reflection around the globe about the rise in the population in recent decades, driven primarily by the developing world.

The Guardian's south Asia correspondent, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, tells Nosheen Iqbal how India, which is due to overtake China as the most populous country, views the issue. A 'youth bulge' has presented India with the opportunity for a 'demographic dividend' but only if it can provide those people with education and opportunities.

For Aryan, a 23-year-old student, the massive young population of Indians means that competition is incredibly fierce for well-paying professional jobs. He is looking to broader horizons in Canada or the UK for his future.

Meanwhile, as Cop27 ends in Egypt, the question of whether the planet can support a population that is projected to reach 10 billion by the end of this century is one of the most urgent facing humanity.

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Beyond 8 billion: why the world's population matters - podcast

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Just 11 years after the world population hit 7 billion, Vinice Mabansag, born on 15 November in Manila, was given the symbolic title of the 8 billionth person. The milestone prompted reflection around the globe about the rise in the population in recent decades, driven primarily by the developing world.

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https://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-5-number-2/population-growth-benefits-environment#:~:text=Because%20human%20knowledge%20allows%20us,rich%20countries%20are%20becoming%20cleaner.

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Simon: Population growth does not have a statistically negative effect upon economic growth. We know that from 30 years of careful quantitative scientific studies-just the opposite of what the public believes. Because human knowledge allows us to produce more finished products out of fewer raw materials, natural resources are becoming more available. The air and water in rich countries are becoming cleaner. Most importantly, human beings are living much longer than ever before.

Simon: You say this while we are here in Cannes, a densely populated city, measured by the number of persons per square mile. But if we were to look inside those hotel rooms to see how much space those people have, we would see that they are living with luxurious amounts of space. People have more and better living space than ever before. If we array the countries of the world according to population density, and then look at the rate of economic growth, we see that it is the more densely-populated countries-such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Holland, Japan-that are growing faster, and that the less-densely populated countries-such as those in Africa-are growing at slower rates.

The view that I have expressed to you thus far is precisely the view held by experts on these topics. Every agricultural economist knows that people have been eating better since World War II, the period for which we have data. Every resource economist knows that natural resources have become cheaper rather than more expensive. Every demographer knows that life expectancy in the wealthy countries has gone up from under 30 years at birth 200 years ago to over 75 years at birth today. And life expectancy has risen in the poor countries from perhaps 35 years at birth only 50 years ago to 60-65-70 years at birth today. Those are the facts which are known by the economists and demographers who study these subjects.

Simon: For the past 25 years, whenever I would give people the facts about population and resources, they would say, "Well then, why do we hear so much bad news?" And for 25 years I have been struggling to work out the answers. The question is extraordinarily complex. The influences range from a genetic propensity deep in human nature to prophesy bad news to a lot of everyday factors such as the media's tendency to seek out and report bad news.

Simon: I remember my reaction in 1970 when seeing Ehrlich for a full hour on Johnny Carson's television show. Carson said something like, "Paul, explain the population problem to me." And Ehrlich answered, "Johnny, it's really very simple." At that time I was not sure exactly what the answer to the problem was, but the one thing I was absolutely certain of was that it is not simple. As a result of that debate I began to see that part of the problem is our "common-sensical" approach to problems which inevitably over-simplifies a complex problem like this.

Malthusian common sense is a very attractive idea. But the heart of the growth of civilizations and economies is the non-Malthusian adjustment process that is inevitably complex, and indeed counter-intuitive. The common-sensical Malthusian view sees only the short term rather than the long term. But in the long term these adjustment processes tend to produce opposite results to what the short term results happen to be. Here we should note that science is only interesting when it produces results which are the opposite of common sense. Otherwise you wouldn't need scientists at all.

Simon: Absolutely. That is one of the reasons for their great success. The underlying ideas of socialism are marvelously attractive-for example, the idea of economies of scale that bewitched Marx: Remove the waste of having six competing steel mills and the advertising and marketing which accompany them. Combine them sounds good. But the opposite results occur. Yet this simple-minded idea bewitches people such as Andre Sakarov, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell and others who are marvelously clear and penetrating thinkers in other spheres of life. But in this sphere-if you will permit me-they are just plain stupid.

Simon: The UNFPA people have learned over the years to be extremely careful to frequently mouth platitudes such as "everything is voluntary." At the same time, they espouse goals in population growth. The idea of goals and the idea of voluntarism are fundamentally contradictory. If you are attempting to require some level of population growth, whether it be zero population growth or two percent population growth, inevitably you will have to do something to people to get them to that stage, unless they will do it themselves. If they will do it themselves, then you do not need a population conference or UNFPA. So inherent in the idea of stabilization of population, or any positive growth rate, is the idea of coercion.

Simon: The first reason I oppose these coercive policies is because they are morally wrong. They deny individual liberty in one of the most important choices a couple may make-the number of children they will have. So I would be against this coercion even if there were an economic rationale for it. The most tragic aspect of the matter is that there is no economic warrant for forcing people to have fewer children.

It may be true that under socialism or communism, as in China, it takes longer for additional people to receive benefits, and the benefits of additional people are less than those in a capitalist system. It would be better if China would shift to a system where people were free in all ways, including economically free. Additional children then would more quickly benefit others then now. Still, there is no economic warrant to limit population growth even in contemporary China.

Simon: By 1994 we have solid statistical evidence about the determinants of economic development. What could only be said on economic faith 30 years ago, we can now document scientifically. We now know statistically that what David Hume wrote on the subject in the 1700s was exactly right. When identifying why Holland was the richest country in Europe, Hume said that "Liberty, necessity, and a multitude of people" were the causes.

A free society with social rules enables people to exercise their talents for their own sakes. This inevitably benefits others by bringing forth prodigious productive efforts which cause growth. And each generation creates a little bit more than it uses. Hence each new generation is richer than the previous generation.

This process is made more rapid by a free society. We frequently hear in the press how people in rich countries, such as the United States, constitute only five percent of the population and use up 40 percent of the resources. That may be true, but people in rich countries make available even more than 40 percent of the resources.

Simon: Immigrants are human beings above all, and more human beings are beneficial because of their minds and the goods their minds produce. Immigrants also have additional beneficial properties because they usually migrate when they are young and strong. Therefore, in a welfare society such as the United States which taxes some and gives others benefits, immigrants are large net contributors to the public coffers. Thus we benefit greatly from immigrants.

Simon: Though in no sense am I a conventional orthodox Jew, I do observe the Sabbath by refraining from all work, and by celebrating the Sabbath in life. And almost every Sabbath when weather permits-nearly half the Saturdays in the year in Washington-I sit outside in the garden behind my house, amidst both the glories of nature, and the beautiful homes of others. I admire and am thrilled by how both the natural and the man-made come together to make our dwelling place a more beautiful spot than wild nature alone.

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Population Growth Benefits the Environment

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R&L: You have written extensively on the subject of population growth. Could you explain the thesis of your argument that population growth and density are beneficial for countries in the long run. Simon: Population growth does not have a statistically negative effect upon economic growth.

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https://wya.net/population-growth-is-an-advantage/

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World Youth Alliance - A global coalition of young people committed to promoting the dignity of the human person and building solidarity among youth. #WeAreWYA

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Population Growth Is An Advantage - World Youth Alliance

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World Population Day is an annual event, observed on July 11th every year, which seeks to raise awareness of global population issues. The event was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Program in 1989.