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Learning Outcomes - 4.5
Ideas - 4.5
Communication - 4
Effort - 5

18/20

If you want additional feedback, please come see me.

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the science 8 text book
with the exception for two concepts (both are credited at the bottom)

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British Columbia has many landforms that have been shaped by tectonic plates. Our large towering mountains have winding trails, towering peaks, majestic forests and clear lakes. This is all from past geological events. These past events have shaped our civilization, our opinions and our every-day habits.

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When two converging continental plates crash together, they often form large mountains. This is because continental plates are thick and ridged, this means that they don't get subducted very easily. When this happens large areas of land get pushed up, eventually forming mountains, This process puts a lot of pressure and stress on the plates.

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Volcanic Hot-Spots are large plumes of magma in the asthenosphere. When a tectonic plate passes over it, magma may explode out and form a chain of volcanoes. This only happens if the magma can break through the lithosphere.

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Volcanoes form at convergent plate boundaries, these boundaries are always either oceanic-continental or oceanic-oceanic. (It can't be continental-continental because the crust would be too thick.) When one plate gets subducted under the other (read more about subduction in unit 4.2 concept 2), it begins to melt in the mantel. Since the crust is less dense then the mantel, it rises. The magma will then break through the lithosphere and explode out, eventually forming a volcano.
Credit : SidmartinBio – Wide base of knowledge

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Scientists use seismographs to record an earthquake's seismic waves. Every Seismograph includes a seismometer that can detect different types of motion. Once motion is detected the seismograph will amplify the readings and send it to a computer. The computer will read it and determine specifics about the earthquake.

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the L stands for Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love who discovered them.

Source: Wikipedia

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Surface waves (L-waves) are the worst type of wave. They move both up and down and side to side. They travel along the surface of the earth and are the slowest, most dangerious type of wave.

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Secondary waves (s-waves) cause rocks to move up and down. They are the second waves you feel and can only travel through solids.

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Primary waves (p-waves) move rocks forward and backward. They are the first waves felt because they are the fastest. They can travel through solids and liquids.

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When a fault releases pressure, the earthquakes it creates are vibrations. These vibrations are known as seismic waves, there are three different types.

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When people talk about where the earthquake is, they usually refer to the epicenter.

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When earthquakes happen they start kilometers below the surface at the focus. The focus is the point along a fault where the rock first starts to break. The area above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter.

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Strike-slip faults happen when two pieces of rock are sliding past each other horizontally.

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Normal faults are when two pieces of rock are being pulled away from each other, causing one rock to slip downwards.

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Reverse faults have one piece of rock that is being pushed on top another. This results in that rock become taller and taller over time.

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I'm GGLLLLAAADD that we're FAR from ANY FAULTS. so GLAADDD!

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Faults are everywhere, they're not just at plate boundaries. They are cracks in the earth that separate two pieces of moving rock, there are three types.

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When a large shift happens between two rocks it builds up pressure. This pressure builds along the fault until it eventually releases. This released pressure takes the form of earthquakes.

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Magma convection is when hotter parts of the mantel rise above colder denser parts. When these parts cool, they fall below the new warmer parts. This convection creates a large currents that help pull plates along, they are also thought to be the main forces fueling ridge pushs and sea-floor-spreading.

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Convergent plate boundaries are when two plates are being pushed together. This causes the less dense plate to slide on top of the the denser plate. (for more information read 4.1 concept 3)

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At transform boundaries, two plates are sliding past each other, a good example of this would be the San Andras Fault sliding past the pacific plate. large and frequent earthquakes are common here.

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At divergent plate boundaries sea-floor-spreading is present. This pushes both plates apart. (for more information look at 4.1 concept 3)

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Tectonic plates can be made of either continental crust or oceanic crust.

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The earth's crust is made of three layers.
-the Asthenosphere sits atop the upper manel. It is very hot and flows like liquid metal, this helps the lithosphere to slide along much easier.
-the Lithosphere is made of large slabs of rock (tectonic plates) that slide along the asthenosphere from sea-floor-spreading.
- the last layer is the crust. It sits on top of the continental and oceanic plates as hard rock.

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During the 1970s, scientists final realized that Alfred had been right. Soon after they created the "theory of plate tectonics". This theory proposes that the lithosphere (read about in 4.2 concept 1) is broken into 12 major tectonic plates that move around  on the mantel because of sea-floor-spreading. This theory includes many others and together they prove to explain many geological events (Volcanos, mountains, earthquakes, ect).

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BC has many geohazards, the biggest one being earthquakes. Earthquakes here seem to be very dangerous, reaching levels as high as 9 on the Richter scale. Because of this, we are always prepared, we must always stay prepared. If we don't it can be even more dangerous.

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Mid ocean ridges are formed at divergent plate boundaries. At these boundaries, plates are being pushed apart by sea-floor-spreading. Sea-floor-spreading happens when magma rises up to fill a rift, creating new rock. This prosses creates new seafloor that pushes the old away. This supports Alfred Wegener's continental drift theory because it can explain how the continents could move.

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Trenches form when two plates are pushed together at convergent plate boundaries. This causes the denser plate to slide under the less dense plate in a process called “subduction”.

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Size monitors help us measure the p-waves and s-waves that Travel through the earth. When the waves interact with the layers they change shape. We measure this change and with it, we can determine each layers state of matter.

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The belief that the continents formed in the position that they are in today is called fixism.

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His continental drift hypotheses was soon rejected by majority of the science community because he could not prove how the continents moved. Scientists said that there was simply not enough force to move the continents.

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He called it this because in Greek mythology pan means “all” and gaea means “world”.

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In 1912, a German scientist named Alfred Wegner proposed the idea that the continents used to be all connected. He named this “super continent” Pangaea. He said this because several continents looked like they could fit together like pieces in a puzzle.