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•The first shots of the American Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. British troops under General Thomas Gage marched to seize colonial weapons, but local militia, led by Captain John Parker, resisted. The confrontation sparked widespread fighting as the colonists used hit-and-run tactics on the British retreat to Boston. This unexpected resistance showed that the colonies were willing to fight and could stand up to British regulars, setting the stage for war.

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•Although called Bunker Hill, most of the fighting took place on nearby Breed’s Hill outside Boston. Colonial forces, commanded by Colonel William Prescott, fortified the heights to challenge British control. General William Howe led multiple British assaults before the Americans retreated after running out of ammunition. Despite losing the ground, the colonists inflicted heavy British casualties, proving their determination and ability to challenge one of the world’s strongest armies.

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•After a series of defeats, morale was low for Washington’s army. On Christmas night, General George Washington led his troops across the icy Delaware River to surprise Hessian forces under Colonel Johann Rall in Trenton, New Jersey. The daring attack caught the enemy off guard and ended in a decisive American victory. The win revived the Continental Army’s confidence and inspired renewed enlistments at a crucial moment for the revolution.

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•British General John Burgoyne planned to cut off New England by marching south from Canada, but his army became trapped near Saratoga, New York. American forces led by General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold fought fiercely, forcing Burgoyne’s surrender. The victory convinced France that the American cause could succeed, leading to an alliance with the French that brought vital military and financial support to the revolution.

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•In South Carolina, American General Daniel Morgan faced British forces under the aggressive Colonel Banastre Tarleton. Morgan carefully planned his troops’ positions, using militia in the front lines to draw in the British before launching a double envelopment. The clever tactic led to a stunning American victory. The win weakened British control in the South and boosted patriot morale leading up to Yorktown.

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•The final major battle of the Revolution took place in Virginia, where General George Washington, with French General Rochambeau and Admiral de Grasse, trapped British General Charles Cornwallis’s army at Yorktown. Surrounded by land and sea, Cornwallis was forced to surrender. This defeat effectively ended major fighting in the colonies and led to peace talks that recognized American independence.