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Muy buen trabajo. Quizá iría metiendo en cada foto la interpretación del evaluador y al lado la del patólogo. Pero está muy bien realizado y documentado

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Al hacer la Hª clínica es interesante saber cuándo se produjeron las lesiones (aprox)

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Al hacer la Hª clínica es interesante saber cuándo se produjeron las lesiones (aprox)

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Abstract

Background: Injuries to lower extremities are common in team sports such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, football and field hockey. Considering personal grief, disabling consequences and high costs caused by injuries to lower extremities, the importance for the prevention of these injuries is evident. From this point of view it is important to know which screening tools can identify athletes who are at risk of injury to their lower extremities.

Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the predictive values of anthropometric and/or physical screening tests for injuries to the leg, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), knee, hamstring, groin and ankle in team sports.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE (1966 to September 2011), EMBASE (1989 to September 2011) and CINAHL (1982 to September 2011). Based on inclusion criteria defined a priori, titles, abstracts and full texts were analysed to find relevant studies.

Results: The analysis showed that different screening tools can be predictive for injuries to the knee, ACL, hamstring, groin and ankle. For injuries in general there is some support in the literature to suggest that general joint laxity is a predictive measure for leg injuries. The anterior right/left reach distance >4 cm and the composite reach distance <4.0% of limb length in girls measured with the star excursion balance test (SEBT) may predict leg injuries. Furthermore, an increasing age, a lower hamstring/quadriceps (H : Q) ratio and a decreased range of motion (ROM) of hip abduction may predict the occurrence of leg injuries. Hyperextension of the knee, side-to-side differences in anterior-posterior knee laxity and differences in knee abduction moment between both legs are suggested to be predictive tests for sustaining an ACL injury and height was a predictive screening tool for knee ligament injuries. There is some evidence that when age increases, the probability of sustaining a hamstring injury increases. Debate exists in the analysed literature regarding measurement of the flexibility of the hamstring as a predictive screening tool, as well as using the H : Q ratio. Hip-adduction-to-abduction strength is a predictive test for hip adductor muscle strain. Studies do not agree on whether ROM of the hamstring is a predictive screening tool for groin injury. Body mass index and the age of an athlete could contribute to an ankle sprain. There is support in the literature to suggest that greater strength of the plantar flexors may be a predictive measure for sustaining an ankle injury. Furthermore, there is some agreement that the measurement of postural sway is a predictive test for an ankle injury.

Conclusions: The screening tools mentioned above can be recommended to medical staff and coaches for screening their athletes. Future research should focus on prospective studies in larger groups and should follow athletes over several seasons.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Which screening tools can predict injury to the lower extremities in team sports?: a systematic review - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Background: Injuries to lower extremities are common in team sports such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, football and field hockey. Considering personal grief, disabling consequences and high costs caused by injuries to lower extremities, the importance for the prevention of these injuries is evident.

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Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore if specific hip and knee range-of-movement (ROM) tests can predict a risk factor for hamstring strain (HS) injury in male and female soccer players. Methods: One hundred amateur soccer players (56 men and 44 women) performed six tests to determine hip and knee ROM: straight leg raise test (SLR), modified Thomas test (TT), hip internal and external rotation (ER), hip abduction and adduction, Nachlas test and Ridge test. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to create a predictive model for HS injuries. Results: The percentage of HS injury was 20.45% and 30.35%, for female and male players. The logistic regression showed a significant model for both genders on the logit of suffering an HS injury with active-SLR and TT variables for females ( R ² CS = 0.491; R ² = 0.771) and active SLR and ER variables for males ( R ² CS = 0.623; R ² = 0.882). The predictive models correctly classify 95.5% and 94.6% of cases presenting good sensitivity (77.8% and 88.2%) and full (100%) and high (97.4%) specificity respectively. Furthermore, female players showed a greater ROM than males ( p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Both female and male soccer players that suffered a HS injury had lower ROM in SLR, NT and RT and higher ROM in the TT that non-injured players. The tests that most likely predict HS injury are SLR and TT in females and SLR and ER in males. Thus, it is suggested to including specific exercises in amateur soccer players training programs to improve hip and knee ROM for injury prevention.

Keywords: Flexibility; ROM; injury; range of movement.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Predicting Hamstring Strains in Soccer Players Based on ROM: An Analysis From a Gender Perspective - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore if specific hip and knee range-of-movement (ROM) tests can predict a risk factor for hamstring strain (HS) injury in male and female soccer players. Methods: One hundred amateur soccer players (56 men and 44 women) performed six tests to de ...

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Abstract

Purpose: Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in childhood can result in lateral malleolus avulsion fractures; additionally, bone nonunion may occur. Physical maturity relates to the development of bone morphology and physical functionality. It is unknown how changes in physical functionality attributable to physical maturity affect young soccer players with abnormal lateral malleolus (ALM) morphology. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the bone morphology of the lateral malleolus in young soccer players and to examine its relationship with physical functionality at different maturity levels.

Subjects and methods: Two hundred and ninety young soccer players aged 6-15 years were included. The presence of ALM was assessed using ultrasonography. The subjects were allocated to three groups based on physical maturity (Pre-, Mid-, and Post-peak height velocity age [PHVA]). The prevalence of ALM and the relationship between ALM and physical maturity were examined for body composition, foot pressure distribution, foot alignment, ankle mobility, and single-leg balance.

Results: The prevalence of ALM was 17.6%. For physical maturity, the post-PHVA group showed a decrease in ankle dorsiflexion and eversion and an increase in one-leg hop distance compared to the Pre-PHVA group (P < 0.05). In the ALM group, the center of pressure during heel raising was distributed laterally in the Post-PHVA (P < 0.01), and the weight-bearing dorsiflexion angle was decreased in the Mid- and Post-PHVA (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: In the Post-PHVA young soccer players, decreased ankle dorsiflexion and eversion and increased one-leg hop distance were observed. The ALM group exhibited lateral loading during heel raising in the Post-PHVA group and decreased weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion angle in the Mid- and Post-PHVA groups. The findings indicate the importance of secondary prevention of LAS and ultrasonography. Prospective studies of LAS in young athletes are required in the future.

Keywords: lateral ankle sprain; physical function; physical maturity; soccer; ultrasonography.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lateral Ankle Sprains and Their Association with Physical Function in Young Soccer Players - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the Post-PHVA young soccer players, decreased ankle dorsiflexion and eversion and increased one-leg hop distance were observed. The ALM group exhibited lateral loading during heel raising in the Post-PHVA group and decreased weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion angle in the Mid- and Post-PHVA groups ...

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. Fall 2019;28(3):201-208.

Affiliations

PMID: 31675297

Hip Range of Motion: Which Plane of Motion Is More Predictive of Lower Extremity Injury in Elite Soccer Players? A Prospective Study

Sarav S Shah et al. J Surg Orthop Adv. Fall 2019.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine which plane of hip motion (rotational or sagittal) is more predictive of lower extremity (LE) injury in elite soccer players. A total of 69 athletes (43 professional and 26 collegiate) were examined (mean age, 22.6 years). Bilateral hip internal rotation (IR), external rotation, extension, and flexion measurements were taken along with the modified Thomas test during preseason physicals. There were 42 LE injuries (injury rate 3.74/1000 athlete exposures). Mean IR was 25.2. and 29.9° for injured versus noninjured extremities, respectively (p = .009). There was a significant association between decreased IR (categorized as IR < 28°) and incidence of ipsilateral LE injury (p = .042). Extremities with IR < 28° were 2.81 times more likely to sustain a LE injury (95% CI, 1.15.6.84; p = .023). With a utilitarian focus, the current study has identified a measurement of decreased hip IR with potential for substantial clinical value in collegiate and professional soccer players. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 28(3):201-208, 2019).

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Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C, Cugat R. Alentorn-Geli E, et al. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009 Jul;17(7):705-29. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0813-1. Epub 2009 May 19. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009. PMID: 19452139 Review.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hip Range of Motion: Which Plane of Motion Is More Predictive of Lower Extremity Injury in Elite Soccer Players? A Prospective Study - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The objective of this study was to determine which plane of hip motion (rotational or sagittal) is more predictive of lower extremity (LE) injury in elite soccer players. A total of 69 athletes (43 professional and 26 collegiate) were examined (mean age, 22.6 years). Bilateral hip internal rotation…

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doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000227.

Affiliation

¹ *Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopaedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Centre Amager, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; †Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and ‡Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000227.

Affiliation

¹ *Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopaedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Centre Amager, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; †Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and ‡Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether self-reported pain during hip strength testing correlates to a large degree with hip muscle strength in soccer players with long-standing unilateral hip and groin pain.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Clinical assessments at Sports Orthopaedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Centre Amager, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.

Participants: Twenty-four male soccer players with unilateral long-standing hip and groin pain.

Interventions: The soccer players performed 5 reliable hip muscle strength tests (isometric hip flexion, adduction, abduction, isometric hip flexion-modified Thomas test, and eccentric hip adduction).

Main outcome measures: Muscle strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer, and the players rated the pain during testing on a numerical rating scale (0-10).

Results: In 4 tests (isometric hip adduction, abduction, flexion, and eccentric adduction), no significant correlations were found between pain during testing and hip muscle strength (Spearman rho = -0.28 to 0.06, P = 0.09-0.39). Isometric hip flexion (modified Thomas test position) showed a moderate negative correlation between pain and hip muscle strength (Spearman rho = -0.44, P = 0.016).

Conclusions: Self-reported pain during testing does not seem to correlate with the majority of hip muscle strength tests used in soccer players with long-standing hip and groin pain.

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Eccentric hip adduction and abduction strength in elite soccer players and matched controls: a cross-sectional study.

Thorborg K, Couppé C, Petersen J, Magnusson SP, Hölmich P. Thorborg K, et al. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jan;45(1):10-3. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.061762. Epub 2009 Oct 22. Br J Sports Med. 2011. PMID: 19850576

The precision and torque production of common hip adductor squeeze tests used in elite football.

Light N, Thorborg K. Light N, et al. J Sci Med Sport. 2016 Nov;19(11):888-892. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 12. J Sci Med Sport. 2016. PMID: 26750142

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The dominant leg is more likely to get injured in soccer players: systematic review and meta-analysis.

DeLang MD, Salamh PA, Farooq A, Tabben M, Whiteley R, van Dyk N, Chamari K. DeLang MD, et al. Biol Sport. 2021 Sep;38(3):397-435. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100265. Epub 2020 Oct 28. Biol Sport. 2021. PMID: 34475623 Free PMC article. Review.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hip Strength Testing of Soccer Players With Long-Standing Hip and Groin Pain: What are the Clinical Implications of Pain During Testing? - PubMed

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doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000227. 1 *Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopaedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Centre Amager, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; †Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and ‡Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

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Affiliations

¹ Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: andrea.mosler@aspetar.com.

² School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.

³ Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark.

⁴ Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

⁵ Sports Groin Pain Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

⁶ Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark; Sports Groin Pain Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

Affiliations

¹ Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: andrea.mosler@aspetar.com.

² School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.

³ Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark.

⁴ Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

⁵ Sports Groin Pain Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

⁶ Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark; Sports Groin Pain Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the normal profiles for hip strength and range of motion (ROM) in a professional football league in Qatar, and examine the effect of leg dominance, age, past history of injury, and ethnicity on these profiles.

Design: Cross-sectional cohort study.

Methods: Participants included 394 asymptomatic, male professional football players, aged 18-40 years. Strength was measured using a hand held dynamometer with an eccentric test in side-lying for hip adduction and abduction, and the squeeze test in supine with 45° hip flexion. Range of motion measures included: hip internal and external rotation in 90° flexion, hip IR in prone, bent knee fall out and hip abduction in side-lying. Demographic information was collected and the effect on the profiles was analysed using linear mixed models with repeated measures.

Results: Strength values (mean±SD) were: adduction=3.0±0.6Nm/kg, abduction=2.6±0.4Nm/kg, adduction/abduction ratio=1.2±0.2, Squeeze test=3.6±0.8N/kg. Range of motion values: internal rotation in flexion=32±8°, external rotation=38±8°, internal rotation in prone=38±8°, bent knee fall out=13±4.4cm, abduction in side-lying=50±7.3°. Leg dominance had no clinically relevant effect on these profiles. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age had a minor influence on squeeze strength (-0.03N/kg/year), external rotation (-0.30°/year) and abduction range (-0.19°/year) but past history of injury, and ethnicity did not.

Conclusions: Normal values are documented for hip strength and range of motion that can be used as reference profiles in the clinical assessment, screening, and management of professional football players. Leg dominance, recent past injury history and ethnicity do not need to be accounted for when using these profiles for comparison purposes.

Keywords: Flexibility; Groin; Injury; Soccer; Sports.

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Adductor squeeze test values and hip joint range of motion in Gaelic football athletes with longstanding groin pain.

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Movement Patterns and Muscular Function Before and After Onset of Sports-Related Groin Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

Kloskowska P, Morrissey D, Small C, Malliaras P, Barton C. Kloskowska P, et al. Sports Med. 2016 Dec;46(12):1847-1867. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0523-z. Sports Med. 2016. PMID: 27142535 Free PMC article. Review.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hip strength and range of motion: Normal values from a professional football league - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Normal values are documented for hip strength and range of motion that can be used as reference profiles in the clinical assessment, screening, and management of professional football players. Leg dominance, recent past injury history and ethnicity do not need to be accounted for when using these pr ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

Background: Poor flexibility is considered a risk factor for the hamstring strain injury, and the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test proposed as a part of the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) has been used to assess athletes hamstring flexibility. However, the accuracy of this screening test remains undescribed.

Purpose: To examine the accuracy of the FMS™ ASLR test for assessment of hamstring flexibility in soccer players.

Study design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: One-hundred and one male soccer players (age, 21 ± 3 years; height, 179 ± 7 cm; weight, 75 ± 9 kg) were bilaterally evaluated. All players performed a gold standard test for hamstring flexibility evaluation: the passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test measured using a gravitational inclinometer. All players also performed the ASLR test and were scored using the criteria proposed by the FMS™.

Results: Of the 202 lower limbs evaluated, 17.82% scored a 1 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility: 80.44 ± 14.69 ° (55 °-110 °)], 50.99% scored a 2 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility = 84.60 ± 10.59 ° (56 °-115 °)], and 31.18% scored a 3 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility = 92.32 ± 11.53 ° (70 °-120 °)]. Limbs with FMS™ score of 3 presented significantly higher values for passive flexibility than limbs with scores of 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between limbs with scores of 1 and 2 (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The score obtained in the FMS™ ASLR test does not satisfactorily stratify the level of hamstring flexibility in soccer players.

Level of evidence: 3a.

Keywords: Hamstring; injury prevention; posterior thigh; range of motion; soccer.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Similar articles

Hamstring and Ankle Flexibility Deficits Are Weak Risk Factors for Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 438 Players Including 78 Injuries.

van Dyk N, Farooq A, Bahr R, Witvrouw E. van Dyk N, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(9):2203-2210. doi: 10.1177/0363546518773057. Epub 2018 May 17. Am J Sports Med. 2018. PMID: 29772188

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ACCURACY OF THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN (FMS TM) ACTIVE STRAIGHT LEG RAISE TEST TO EVALUATE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN SOCCER PLAYERS - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Background: Poor flexibility is considered a risk factor for the hamstring strain injury, and the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test proposed as a part of the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) has been used to assess athletes hamstring flexibility. However, the accuracy of this screening test remains undescribed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

Background: Poor flexibility is considered a risk factor for the hamstring strain injury, and the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test proposed as a part of the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) has been used to assess athletes hamstring flexibility. However, the accuracy of this screening test remains undescribed.

Purpose: To examine the accuracy of the FMS™ ASLR test for assessment of hamstring flexibility in soccer players.

Study design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: One-hundred and one male soccer players (age, 21 ± 3 years; height, 179 ± 7 cm; weight, 75 ± 9 kg) were bilaterally evaluated. All players performed a gold standard test for hamstring flexibility evaluation: the passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test measured using a gravitational inclinometer. All players also performed the ASLR test and were scored using the criteria proposed by the FMS™.

Results: Of the 202 lower limbs evaluated, 17.82% scored a 1 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility: 80.44 ± 14.69 ° (55 °-110 °)], 50.99% scored a 2 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility = 84.60 ± 10.59 ° (56 °-115 °)], and 31.18% scored a 3 on the ASLR [mean passive flexibility = 92.32 ± 11.53 ° (70 °-120 °)]. Limbs with FMS™ score of 3 presented significantly higher values for passive flexibility than limbs with scores of 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between limbs with scores of 1 and 2 (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The score obtained in the FMS™ ASLR test does not satisfactorily stratify the level of hamstring flexibility in soccer players.

Level of evidence: 3a.

Keywords: Hamstring; injury prevention; posterior thigh; range of motion; soccer.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Hamstring and Ankle Flexibility Deficits Are Weak Risk Factors for Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 438 Players Including 78 Injuries.

van Dyk N, Farooq A, Bahr R, Witvrouw E. van Dyk N, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(9):2203-2210. doi: 10.1177/0363546518773057. Epub 2018 May 17. Am J Sports Med. 2018. PMID: 29772188

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national center for biotechnology information

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ACCURACY OF THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN (FMS TM) ACTIVE STRAIGHT LEG RAISE TEST TO EVALUATE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN SOCCER PLAYERS - PubMed

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Background: Poor flexibility is considered a risk factor for the hamstring strain injury, and the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test proposed as a part of the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) has been used to assess athletes hamstring flexibility. However, the accuracy of this screening test remains undescribed.