# data[].attributes.headline
Brachionidium ingramii, Dracula morleyii, Platystele decouxii, Platystele cedriensis, Platystele gaileana, Pleurothallis cedrinorum, Lepanthes morelyii, Porroglossum lorenae, son solo algunas de las especies endémicas del Bosque Protector Los Cedros, especies que no se encuentran en ningún otro lugar del planeta. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Brachionidium ingramii, Dracula morleyii, Platystele decouxii, Platystele cedriensis, Platystele gaileana, Pleurothallis cedrinorum, Lepanthes morelyii, Porroglossum lorenae, son solo algunas de las especies endémicas del Bosque Protector Los Cedros, especies que no se encuentran en ningún otro lugar del planeta. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Sugiero incluir a todo el orden TRICHOPTERA como valor de conservación: por su sensibilidad a cambios en los ecosistemas de ríos y sus cuencas, por su alta diversidad en la zona y por ser uno de los grupos más conocidos de invertebrados acuáticos en Ecuador, lo cual permite tener información validada. (Por Blanca Rios-Touma)

# data[].attributes.subject
Sugiero incluir a todo el orden TRICHOPTERA como valor de conservación: por su sensibilidad a cambios en los ecosistemas de ríos y sus cuencas, por su alta diversidad en la zona y por ser uno de los grupos más conocidos de invertebrados acuáticos en Ecuador, lo cual permite tener información validada. (Por Blanca Rios-Touma)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
2007_D.Tirira_ESTADO ACTUAL DEL MONO ARAÑA DE CABEZA CAFÉ (ATELES FUSCICEPS)

# data[].attributes.headline
Comparto el AMICUS sobre el tema, presentado en el juicio y que se cita en la sentencia. Aquí encontrarán información redactada y detallada.

# data[].attributes.subject
Comparto el AMICUS sobre el tema, presentado en el juicio y que se cita en la sentencia. Aquí encontrarán información redactada y detallada.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ARTÍCULO - New Mining Concessions Could Severely Decrease Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Ecuador_ene2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ARTÍCULO - Superposición de concesiones mineras exploratorias con bosques protegidos y otras regiones.....nov2017

# data[].attributes.headline
También, estamos trabajando en descripciones de nuevas especies de Los Cedros (al menos dos) de Trichoptera. Todavía no están aceptados los manuscritos. En cuanto estén les hacemos llegar. Potencialmente habría unas 30 especies nuevas, solo de Trichoptera

# data[].attributes.subject
También, estamos trabajando en descripciones de nuevas especies de Los Cedros (al menos dos) de Trichoptera. Todavía no están aceptados los manuscritos. En cuanto estén les hacemos llegar. Potencialmente habría unas 30 especies nuevas, solo de Trichoptera

# data[].attributes.headline
Descripción de Chimarrodella choco, endémica del Choco ecuatoriano, descubierta y descrita en los Cedros. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Descripción de Chimarrodella choco, endémica del Choco ecuatoriano, descubierta y descrita en los Cedros. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ARTÍCULO - New Mining Concessions Could Severely Decrease Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Ecuador_ene2018

# data[].attributes.headline
Línea base de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y otras características del agua de los ríos de la zona, con información específica para Los Cedros. Cabe recalcar la presencia de metales en zonas donde se realizó minería hace bastantes años. Revisar con detenimiento.

# data[].attributes.subject
Línea base de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y otras características del agua de los ríos de la zona, con información específica para Los Cedros. Cabe recalcar la presencia de metales en zonas donde se realizó minería hace bastantes años. Revisar con detenimiento.

# data[].attributes.headline
descripción de Atanatolica decouxi (Trichoptera,Leptoceridae) endémica de Los Cedros

# data[].attributes.subject
descripción de Atanatolica decouxi (Trichoptera,Leptoceridae) endémica de Los Cedros

# data[].attributes.body
Este es el anexo del checklist

# data[].attributes.headline
En el checklist de Trichoptera de Ecuador, insectos acuáticos altamente sensibles a cambios ambientales en los ríos, se incluye la lista de los registrados en Los Cedros (revisar anexo)

# data[].attributes.subject
En el checklist de Trichoptera de Ecuador, insectos acuáticos altamente sensibles a cambios ambientales en los ríos, se incluye la lista de los registrados en Los Cedros (revisar anexo)

# data[].attributes.body
Las estrategias para la protección de la biodiversidad incluyen expandir el censo biológico de especies forestales y capacitar una fuerza laboral para monitorear la salud del ecosistema, mientras se crean proyectos que tienen que ver con sumak kawsay/buen vivir, un derecho humano consagrado en la constitución ecuatoriana y en acuerdo con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las Naciones Unidas.

# data[].attributes.body
En el siguiente link se puede acceder a la información de avifauna del Bosque Protector Los Cedros:

http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/bosque-protector-los-cedros-iba-ecuador/details

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2008

Populations of IBA trigger species

Species

Current IUCN Red List Category

Season

Year(s) of estimate

Population estimate

IBA Criteria Triggered

Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

For more information about the IBA assessment process and criteria please click here

Artificial/Terrestrial

Improved pasture land, Perennial crops, orchards, groves

-

Forest

Montane broadleaf evergreen forest, Second-growth or disturbed forest

-

For further information about the habitat classification please click here.

For further information about the land use classification please click here.

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bosque Protector Los Cedros. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2022.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2008 Populations of IBA trigger species Species Current IUCN Red List Category Season Year(s) of estimate Population estimate IBA Criteria Triggered Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
La biodiversidad se está perdiendo actualmente a tasas sin precedentes debido a las actividades humanas en todo el mundo, al calentamiento global y al cambio climático. Para abordar este problema, la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) en su Décima Conferencia de las Partes (COP 10) adoptó el Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011 - 2020 (Decisión VIX / 26). El Plan Estratégico es un marco de acción decenal para que todos los países interesados salvaguarden la diversidad biológica y los beneficios que proporciona a las personas.

Como parte del Plan, se adoptaron 20 ambiciosas pero realistas metas, conocidas como las Metas de Aichi de Biodiversidad. Las mismas que inspiraron la acción en muchos niveles y facilitaron la comprensión del vínculo entre: diversidad biológica, servicios eco-sistémicos y bienestar humano; sin embargo, la biodiversidad no estaba suficientemente integrada en políticas, estrategias, programas, acciones y estructuras de incentivos más amplios. Por esta razón, el CDB exigió a cada país miembro preparar además su Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad para que se integren los valores de la biodiversidad en la planificación de los diferentes sectores cuyas actividades puedan tener un impacto positivo y negativo en ella.

La implementación de las Estrategias Nacionales se evalúa en el VI Informe de Biodiversidad, así como las medidas adoptadas para su aplicación, y la eficacia de dichas medidas para cumplir con los objetivos del Convenio. También se hace una revisión más amplia del aporte del país hacia las Metas Aichi de Biodiversidad y a la Estrategia de Conservación de Especies Vegetales.

En este sentido, se desarrolló un amplio proceso participativo sensible en temas de género e interculturalidad que implican una serie de talleres, entrevistas y grupos focales en diferentes lugares del país con Instituciones del Estado, ONGs, OSC, Universidades e Instituciones de Investigación, así como consultas a expertos y/o autores, etc.

El VI Informe Nacional de Biodiversidad, cuenta con las siguientes las siguientes secciones:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
La biodiversidad se está perdiendo actualmente a tasas sin precedentes debido a las actividades humanas en todo el mundo, al calentamiento global y al cambio climático. Para abordar este problema, la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) en su Décima Conferencia de las Partes (COP 10) adoptó el Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011 - 2020 (Decisión VIX / 26).

# data[].attributes.body
el pajaro paraguas es una especie que puede encontrarse en muchas de las localidades

# data[].attributes.body
Atelopus longirostris, Ectopoglossus confusus consideradas en peligro critico y únicas o ultimas poblaciones dentro de la zona, asociadas al tema agua

# data[].attributes.body
Especie endémica de la Cordillera de Toisán (BP Los Cedros y Reserva Río Manduriacu). Dependen de ecosistemas saludables, acuáticos y terrestres. Además, bellísima!

# data[].attributes.body
Atelopus longirostris

# data[].attributes.body
Ectopoglossus confusus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Description
Ectopoglossus confusus is a small frog with a snout-vent length of 21.7 mm for one male specimen and 23 - 26 mm for six female specimens. The average head width between the angles of the jaws is 34 - 39% of the snout-vent length. The snout is sloping; it is slightly pointed to round when viewed in profile and rounded with a median point or rounded broadly when viewed dorsally or ventrally. Nostrils are visible from the front, but barely discernible from above or below. The posterior rim of the nostrils is slightly raised, and somewhat protruding posterodorsally. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The loreal region is slightly concave, almost vertical, and slopes outward to the lip. There is a small round tubercle located behind the mouth when it is open. The width of the interorbital region is slightly larger than that of upper eyelid. The snout length in the lateral view is 80% shorter than the eye length. From the center of the nostrils to the edge of the eyes is 58% of the eye length. The distance from the eye to the nostril is 57 - 71% of eye length. The tympana are evident but indiscernible posterodorsally. They are about 33% eye length, but can be longer. Teeth are present on the maxillary arch. The median lingual process with pit is present in all specimens and is smooth, unretracted, and elongate and conical in shape (Myers and Grant 2009).

The hands are 29 - 31% of the snout-vent length in length with fringes on the pre- and postaxial edges. No webbing present. When appressed, relative finger lengths are III > IV > II ~ I, although finger II is often slightly longer. Finger III is not swollen. In some specimens, fingers II and III have preaxial fringes but lack them on the other edges, instead having a strong dermal thickening. All fingers also have protruding, elliptical subarticular tubercles; fingers I and II have one tubercle and III and IV have two. Finger discs are weakly to moderately expanded (Myers and Grant 2009).

The tibia length is 47 - 53% of the snout-vent length. Usually there is a well-developed cloacal tubercle at the base of each thigh. When appressed, relative toe length is IV > III > V > I. Toe III extends to the distal edge of the ultimate subarticular tubercles of toe IV. Toe V extends to about midway between the penultimate and ultimate subarticular tubercles of toe IV. Foot length is 45 - 52% of the snout-vent length and feet are extensively webbed. Where webbing doesn't reach toe discs, it extends distally as a narrow fringe that turns downward on either side of toe IV and on the preaxial side of toe III. There is a strong outer metatarsal fold. Toe discs are moderately expanded, and tubercles protrude strongly. There is one subarticular tubercle on toe I, one on toe II, two on toe III, three on toe IV, and two on toe IV. The tubercle of the outer metatarsal is subcircular, and its diameter is about one half the length of the inner metatarsal tubercle. There is no tubercle on the medial metatarsal, but in some specimens, skin thickens on the medial metatarsal. The tarsal keel is well defined, and extends diagonally from the inner metatarsal tubercle along the distal half of the tarsus (Myers and Grant 2009).

Dorsal surfaces are weakly granular in life, but smooth in preservative. Ventral surfaces are smooth in both media (Myers and Grant 2009).

Members of the Ectopoglossus can be differentiated from members of Anomaloglossus by the former having loose palmar skin that creates irregular folds at the base of the fingers. From its sister genus, Paruwrobates, members of Ectopoglossus can be diagnosed by having a shorter second finger than third when they are adpressed. The unretracted median lingual process of E. confusus distinguishes it from all other dendrobatoid frogs in Ecuador. Other known trans-Andean frogs with a median lingual process include E. absconditus, E. atopoglossus, E. lacrimosus, and E. saxatilis. All are from western Colombia, while E. confusus resides in Ecuador. Additionally, E. confusus lacks the white oblique postocular stripe and the anterior white belly characteristic of E. atopoglossus and E. lacrimosus. Ectopoglossus atopoglossus usually also has dark spots on its belly, however, the belly of E. confusus appears pale blue or bluish white. Lastly, E. confusus is noticeably larger than E. lacrimosus and slightly larger than E. atopoglossus (Myers and Grant 2009). Ectopoglossus confusus can be differentiated from E. absconditus and E. saxatilis by the two latter having a low, bump-like, retractile medial lingual process vs. E. confusus' elongated, tapered, bluntly pointed, and unretracted medial lingual process (Grant et al. 2017).

In life, the dorsum of E. confusus has a blackish ground color that appears dark olive-green in the sunlight. The dots scattered on the sides of the body appear tan or bronze. Its limbs feature vague tan crossbands, and the base of its arms have a golden brown marking with an area of pale blue. The throat and venter are a pale blue, while irises are pale bronze or green with dense black venation. Ventral surfaces of limbs are grey-brown with a subtle suffusion of orange under the hind limbs (Myers and Grant 2009).

In preservative, the dorsum is brown with dark brown markings like the noticeable chevron, scapular "W" and sacral bands to the more subtle, diffuse, and irregularly distributed splotches. Ectopoglossus confusus lacks pale lateral stripes, but its flank often features fine, scattered cream spots. Its loreal region and often its dorsal snout are dark brown; this color extends posteriorly through the eye and above the supratympanic bulge. The postocular region anterior and ventral to the supratympanic bulge appears pale brown and lacks a pale oblique postocular stripe. The upper lip area is a paler brownish tan than the adjacent loreal region, and the area lacks any conspicuous striping or pale spots. The ventral side of E. confusus is a cream color with dark brown reticulation. The throat is noticeably darker than the belly in both sexes. Its arms are brown with dark brown spots or crossbands on the exposed surfaces and paler brown on its concealed surfaces. Its hands are brown with paler brown palms. Dorsal surfaces of finger I and II are cream or pale brown with brown splotches, while fingers II and IV are brown with cream blotches. The legs are brown to pale brown on exposed surfaces with variably defined darker brown transverse bands on thighs, shanks, and feet. On the thighs, the anterior surface is a solid brown, while posterior surfaces are brown or pale brown with diffuse dark brown mottling. Ectopoglossus confusus lacks pale paracloacal markings when in preservative. On the shank and foot, concealed surfaces appear cream or cream with diffuse brown stippling or mottling. Plantar surfaces become pale brown. The webbing on hind limbs is cream with brown stippling, which becomes stronger adjacent to the toes (Myers and Grant 2009).

Between individuals there is slight variation in color pattern. There is also some variation in the presence or absence of orange coloration under the hind limbs. Lastly, some specimens lack fringe on the postaxial side of their second and third fingers (Myers and Grant 2009).
Distribution and Habitat

Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database : Ecuador
Ectopoglossus confusus is found in the Pacific versant of the Andes in Northwestern Ecuador. They live primarily in a riparian habitat with rocky clear water streams the lower montane rainforest. They have an elevational range of 600 - 1540 m (Myers and Grant 2009).
Ectopoglossus confusus is the only Ectopoglossus found in Ecuador (Myers and Grant 2009).

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
The holotype and paratypes were found during the day under rocks near the edge of a stream, as well as moving actively among the rocks. Preference for these habitats seems to be true for all three trans-Andean species and is supported by the presence of extensively webbed feet in the specimens. Specimens were also found perched at night on the leaves of herbs, which were 10 cm over the water (Meyers and Grant 2009).

Calls are not known for E. confusus, but it is known that E. atopoglossus vocalize with a series of high-pitched tones (Meyers and Grant 2009).

In adult males, testes are unpigmented with the right testis in one specimen is slightly longer than the eye at 3.8 mm. Adult females oviducts are also large and unpigmented. Ova produced by the female are unpigmented when immature and yellowish brown when mature. They measure approximately 3.0 mm in diameter (Myers and Grant 2009).

During fixation of the specimens, they exuded a milky secretion. This secretion came out of both the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body. The source of these could either be from dendrobatoid granular glands or from mucous glands. A skin sample was not obtained, so the composition of the secretions are not known (Meyers and Grant 2009).

Ectopoglossus confusus was found to be microsympatric with both Hyloxalus infraguttatus and Epipedobates tricolor. Epipedobates tricolor mostly occurred on slopes near the stream rather than in it. In a separate location it was also found to be sympatric with Hyoxalus awa, Hyoxalus breviquartus, Hyoxalus toachi, and Epipedobates espinosai (Myers and Grant 2009).
Possible reasons for amphibian decline
Trends and Threats
Ectopoglossus confusus has and IUCN Red List status of "Endangered" because of its small range in a severely fragmented population, which is continuing to decline due to timber extraction, cattle ranching, and small-scale agriculture. Declines could also be attributed to chytridiomycosis, however more specific research is needed to confirm this threat. The species can be found in the Reserva Ecológica Los Ilinizas, however no conservation measures are in place for the species specifically (IUCN 2018).

General habitat alteration and loss
Habitat modification from deforestation, or logging related activities
Intensified agriculture or grazing
Habitat fragmentation
Disease

Comments
The species authority is: Myers, C.W., Grant, T. (2009). " Anomaloglossus confusus, a new Ecuadorian frog formerly masquerading as ' Colostethus' chosoensis (Dendrobatidae: Aromobatidae)." American Museum of Natural History, 3659, 1 - 12.

At the time of its description, the species was placed in Anomaloglossus because of the presence of a median lingual process (Myers and Grant 2009). However, a phylogenetic analysis of genetics, morphology, behavior, and defense chemicals on closely related species placed E. confusus into the newly erected genus, Ectopoglossus, splitting species with medial lingual processes from east of the Andes ( Anomaloglossus) from those to the west ( Ectopoglossus) (Grant et al. 2017).

The species epithet, "confusus", comes from the Latin for "confundo", which means to confound or mix together. This name was given because E. confusus was previously confused with " Hyloxalus chocoensis (Myers and Grant 2009).

Ectopoglossus confusus is synonymous with Hylixalus chocoensis, Colostethus chocoensis, and Hyloxalus chocoensis (Myers and Grant 2009).

The genus " Ectopoglossus" is derived from the Greek " ektopos", which means " away or out of a place" (" ek-" means " out" and " topos" means " place"), and " glossa", which means " tongue", in reference to this being a median lingual process-possessing clade that is found geographically and phylogenetically outside of the expected range (Grant et al. 2017).

Grant, T., M. Rada, M. A. Anganoy-Criollo, A. Batista, P. H. dos S. Dias, A. M. Jeckel, D. J. Machado, and J. V. Rueda-Almonacid (2017). ''Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea).'' South American Journal of Herpetology, 12 (specia, 1-90. [ link]

IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2018). '' Anomaloglossus confusus''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T190980A1964135. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T190980A1964135.en. Downloaded on 10 July 2020.

Myers, C.W., Grant, T. (2009). '' Anomaloglossus confusus, a new Ecuadorian frog formerly masquerading as ' Colostethus' chosoensis (Dendrobatidae: Aromobatidae).'' American Museum of Natural History, 3659, 1 - 12. [ link]

Originally submitted by: Emily Moura, Nicole Duong (first posted 2016-10-20)
Edited by: Ann T. Chang (2021-03-17)
Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2021 Ectopoglossus confusus < https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7393> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed May 18, 2022.

Feedback or comments about this page.
Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2022. < https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 18 May 2022.

AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Description Ectopoglossus confusus is a small frog with a snout-vent length of 21.7 mm for one male specimen and 23 - 26 mm for six female specimens. The average head width between the angles of the jaws is 34 - 39% of the snout-vent length.

# data[].attributes.headline
Valor del agua en sentencia Corte Constitucional

# data[].attributes.subject
Valor del agua en sentencia Corte Constitucional

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Vista de Two new species and new records of Platystele (Pleurothallidinae: Orchidaceae) from Los Cedros Reserve in Ecuador

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Volver a los detalles del artículo Two new species and new records of Platystele (Pleurothallidinae: Orchidaceae) from Los Cedros Reserve in Ecuador Descargar Descargar PDF

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There are more than 400 species of birds in the reserve, with 358 on the reserve bird list as of June 2020. Some of the most endangered birds in Ecuador, such as the critically endangered Black-and-Chestnut Eagle are here, as well as Tanagers, Hawks, Eagles, Parrots, Owls, and Toucans to name but a few. Over a dozen species of hummingbirds whizz around throughout the forest, some only an inch long. The stunning Andean Cock-of-the-Rock, the Toucan Barbet, and the colorful Golden Headed Quetzal make their home here too.

Evidence in the form of scat, tracks, and the occasional sighting provide the assurance that our six species of felines roam their territories here in the reserve. Common names are the Jaguarundi, Margay, Ocelot, Oncilla, Puma, and the western subspecies of Jaguar. In the morning, along with the chorus of birds, you are likely to be woken by the Ecuadorean Mantled Howler Monkey. He is the loudest, so can often be heard, and sometimes seen, in the canopy. The two other primates are the White-Headed Capuchins and the critically endangered Brown-Headed Spider Monkey. The only species of South American bear, the Spectacled Bear, inhabits the higher elevations of the reserve and is seen on occasion.

Other mammals include the Opossum, Nine-Banded Armadillo, Kinkajou, Tayra, Southern River Otter, Collared Peccary, Red Brocket Deer, Paca, Agouti, Spiny Pocket Mouse, Porcupine, Western Dwarf Squirrel, Red-Tailed Squirrel and many species of bats.

The reserve is also home to numerous species each of snakes, lizards and frogs which are often seen but usually move quickly away. Many of these species are rare and endangered. For example, the reserve has a rainfrog that is only known from Los Cedros, Pristimantis cedros and another that is only known from Los Cedros and one other locality, Pristimantis mutabilis.

Encompassing thousands of species, the invertebrates dominate the faunal biomass. In Los Cedros there are hundreds of species of nocturnal moths, most with amazing wing patterns and colors. There are also thousands of species of butterflies, ants, beetles, spiders, flies and bees, many of which are undescribed.

Abundant tree species include Copal, Madroño, Avocatillo, Strangler Fig and Clusia, while the endangered Cedars that give the reserve its name are less numerous. The number of tree species per hectare is very high, estimated to be as many as 400/ha. The dense forest floor and understory is a thick web of buttress roots, lianas, vines, prop roots, drop roots, decomposing plant material and abundant fungi. Characteristic of a cloud forest, the trees on the ridge lines are more stunted in size and laden with masses of luxuriant ephiphytes, with a more open canopy allowing a thicker and richer understory.

Also common in the upper story are climbing philodendrons, bromeliads, and ferns. The area is especially rich in orchids, with more than 200 species identified, many of which were described from the reserve, with Cal Dodson predicting 200 were yet to be discovered.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
FLORA AND FAUNA There are more than 400 species of birds in the reserve, with 358 on the reserve bird list as of June 2020. Some of the most endangered birds in Ecuador, such as the critically endangered Black-and-Chestnut Eagle are here, as well as Tanagers, Hawks, Eagles, Parrots, Owls, and Toucans to name but [...]