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1917 | February Revolution, Abdication of the Tsar

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1917 | February Revolution, Abdication of the Tsar

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When
Strikes began- February of 1917
Abdication of Tsar- March 15, 1917

Who were involved?
The Russian people, the Tsar, members of the former Tsar's parliamentary body, the Soviets

What was the event? (Details)

In 1914, Russia entered World War I on the side of the Allies, against Austria-Hungary and Germany.

By 1917, Russia was struggling to keep up with the effects of a terrible winter and to keep up with the war effort. Many Russians were unhappy due to heavy war losses and poor economic conditions.

Peasants and factory workers lived and worked in terrible conditions in growing cities such as Petrograd and Moscow.

Hence, most people lost confidence in the government and their ruler, Tsar Nicholas II.

In February 1917, the people expressed their displeasure through strikes and demonstrations which occurred throughout Petrograd. Many Russian workers refused to work and began to protest.

Having lost the support of the people, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March.

Some members of the Tsar's former parliamentary body tried to take political control by forming a Provisional Government.

Another group in the revolution called the Soviets, comprising of workers, soldiers and peasants, demanded greater political rights and powers of decision-making.

The call for change was against the entire social and economic order of Russia and was fuelled by the ideology of communism.

Outcomes/ Reason of event
The event happened because the people were unhappy at the state Russia was in.

Why is the event significant?
This event paved the way for future political change to happen in Russia. The abdication of the Tsar left a political hole that was eventually taken over by the Provisional Government and then the Communist Party.

Hannah Phua, S3 Charity

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1917 | October Revolution, Provisional Government overthrown

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1917 | October Revolution, Provisional Government overthrown

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When
25 October, 1917

Who were involved?
The Russian Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, the Russian people

What was the event? (Details)

25 October 1917, the Russian Provisional Government was overthrown as it could not control the revolutionary forces sweeping Russia.

One main reason was they refused to pull Russia out of World War I.

Economic hardships and political problems in Russia continued. The workers and peasants continued their strikes and uprisings and seized control of land and factories.

The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, refused to acknowledge the authority of the Provisional Government. They believed that the soviets should gain political power and rights.

With immense support of the workers and soldiers in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace.

They overthrew the Provisional Government and established their own government in its place.

Outcomes/ Reason of event
Civil war happened as a result of this event.

Why is the event significant?
The Bolsheviks have taken power.

Hannah Phua, S3 Charity

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When?

25 October, 1917

Who were involved?

The Russian Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky

What was the event? (Details)

The Russian Provisional Government was overthrown as it could not control the revolutionary forces sweeping Russia. One main reason was they refused to pull Russia out of World War I. Economic hardships and political problems in Russia continued, causing the workers and peasants to strike. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, refused to acknowledge the authority of the Provisional Government. They believed that the soviets should gain political power and rights. They overthrew the Provisional Government and established their own government in its place.

Outcomes/ Reason of event

Civil war occurred afterwards.

Why is the event significant?

The Bolsheviks took power in Russia.

Chloe Png (3 Charity)

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1918-1922 | Civil War, Establishment of a Communist State

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1918-1922 | Civil War, Establishment of a Communist State

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When?
1918-October 1922

Who were involved?
The Bolsheviks, the Red Army, the 'Whites'/ anti-communists

What was the event? (Details)

With the collapse of the Provisional Government, Russia went into civil war as the Bolsheviks and the Red Army competed for power against the 'Whites' or anti-communists.

The Red Army was a revolutionary combat group created by the Bolshevik government in January 1918, the 'whites' were a mixed group of anti-communists who opposed the Bolshevik government.

Civil war officially lasted until October 1922, with the victory going to the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks won because they had greater unity and greater military skill as well as enjoyed strong support from the peasants.

At the end of the civil war, Russia became a communist state.

Outcomes/ Reason of event
The Bolsheviks declared their newly-formed state to be the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union.

Why is the event significant?
It is significant because the ruling political party of the Soviet Union had formally changed.

Hannah Phua, S3 Charity

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1922-24| Creation The Soviet union and authoritarian  government

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1922-24| Creation The Soviet union and authoritarian  government

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When
After the civil war
Who were involved?
, ussr, Lenin,communist
When was the event?(Details)

1922-1923 Bolsheviks formally declared their newly formed state to be the union of Soviet Socialist republics or Soviet union the Bolsheviks also renamed themselves as the Communist party of the Soviet Union

soviet Russia was governed by a centralised one-party authoritarian government under the leadership of Lenin and a committee of leading Communist

Russia underwent a process of centralisation and bureaucratisation that continued from the Civil War till 1924

Its soon took over the Council of People’s commissars  as the key decision making body at the district and local levels the local Communist party also took control of the Soviets across Russia

It controlled the government and need all of the important decisions other reasons that drove the growth of centralisation included the need to  nationalise and control key industries agriculture and railway systems to optimise resource development and deployment for the civil war efforts

Outcome/reason of event
The Communist party then controlled the government
Why was the event significant?
As it was the rise to communism in Russia

Megan Lee Jing Xuan (21) 3C

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1) When? Date (year, day)
1936–1938

2) Who were involved?
Stalin, citizens of Germany, Zinoviev, secret police and others

3) What was the event? (Details)
It was a brutal political campaign led by Stalin who held purges and show trials where people were trialed and arrested to instill fear into the civilians. Some rivals and opponents were also eliminated by this method, as well as innocent people who were arrested.

4) Outcomes/ Reason of event
Scholars say that approximately 700k people were murdered during the purges. The purpose was to instill fear into civillians, and eliminate competition to ensure his power.

5.Why is the event significant?
Over the purges, people feared Stalin, and ultimately worsened the living conditions of citizens. It also affected the strength of the country because so many people were killed that there was a lack of skilled workers.

Celeste Woon 3G

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1) When? Date (year, day)
1934 - 1938

2) Who were involved?
Stalin, secret police, civilians, Stalin's enemies (such as Kamenev and Zinoviev)

3) What was the event? (Details)
Stalin used purges, show trials, arrests and executions to eliminate political opponents and to instil fear into the civilians. Political rivals like Kamenev and Zinoviev were put on show trials. Innocent civilians were forced to confess to crimes they didn't commit due to harsh torture and fear of losing loved ones. Many high-ranking military commanders and army officers were accused of treason and killed. Many intellectuals (such as teachers and scientists), workers and peasants were arrested and sent to labour camps where they died due to overwork and poor living conditions.

4) Outcomes/Reason of event
The Great Terror enabled Stalin to consolidate his power and control the civilians. It also allowed Stalin to eliminate his political opponents.

5) Why is the event significant
The Great Terror worsened the lives of the people and created an atmosphere of fear among the people. Moreover, the mass executions affected the strength of the country greatly as there was a lack of skilled workers. There was also a lack of experienced military commanders.

Sophie Lum, 3 Grace

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1) When?

1934 - 1938

2) Who were involved?

Stalin, secret police, civilians, Stalin's enemies such as Kamenev and Zinoviev etc.

3) What was the event? (Details)

Stalin used purges, show trials, arrests and executions to eliminate political opponents and instill fear into the civilians. Political rivals like Kamenev and Zinoviev were put on show trials. Innocent civilians were forced to confess to crimes they didn't commit due to harsh torture. Many high-ranking military commanders and army officers were accused of treason and killed. Many intellectuals, workers and peasants were arrested and sent to labour camps where they died due to overwork and poor living conditions.

4) Outcomes/Reason of event

The Great Terror enabled Stalin to consolidate his power and control the civilians. It also allowed Stalin to eliminate his political opponents.

5) Why is the event significant

The Great Terror worsened the standard of living of peopleand created an atmosphere of fear among the people. The executions of intellectuals affected the strength of the country greatly as there was a lack of skilled workers.

Chloe Png (3 Charity)

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When?

01 December 1934

Who were involved?

Sergey Kirov,  Leonid Nikolayev , (likely an instigation by Joseph Stalin),

What was the event (Details)

Sergei Kirov, a leader of the Russian Revolution and a high-ranking member of the Politburo, is shot to death at his Leningrad office by Communist Party member Leonid Nikolayev, likely at the instigation of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

Outcomes/Reasons for event:

Sergei Kirov was loyal to Stalin, but disagreed with him on a number of occasions. He was growing in popularity with the moderates, and Stalin may have seen him as a potential rival. The secret police supposedly ‘investigated’ the matter and concluded that Kirov’s assassination was part of a plot to kill Stalin and other Politburo members.

Stalin thus took advantage of this opportunity to eliminate his political opponents and all other whose loyalty to him and his policies were questioned. These included not only ordinary Russians but also those within the Party organisation. Kirov’s assassination served as the basis for seven separate trials and the arrest and execution of hundreds of notable figures in Soviet political, military, and cultural life. Each trial contradicted the others in fundamental details, and different individuals were found guilty of organizing the murder of Kirov by different means and for varying political motives.

Why is this event significant?

The Kirov assassination trials marked the beginning of Stalin’s massive four-year purge of Soviet society, in which millions of people were imprisoned, exiled or killed.

Credits: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sergey-kirov-murdered,

As well as, All About History, Unit 2 The World in Crisis Textbook under Hodder Education, page 49

Amelie Koh 3 Grace