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A color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often, it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast between light and dark objects, such as a black wall in front of a bright blue sky.

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Print or display (a photograph or other image) using only a small number of different tones.

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Sometimes called moiré or a glitch, aliasing is a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. Aliasing can result in a number of odd visual artifacts in photos or videos.

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A compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including images, audio, and video)

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Barrel lens distortion is an effect associated with wide-angle lenses and, in particular, zoom wide-angles.

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Pincushion distortion produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation

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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 31.15 mm field diameter.

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A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera with a 35 mm image sensor format. Historically, 35 mm was one of the standard film formats, alongside larger ones, such as medium format and large format

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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A Byte is 8 Bits, eight 0s/1s. A Byte has 8 slots for 2 units: So think of 1 Byte as 2 to the 8th power, can represent 256 distinct values. That is why we have Kilo, Mega and Giga to refer to much larger file sizes. • Kilo- 1024 Bytes. • Mega- 1024 Kilobytes.

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An early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage.

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Minimalist photography is a form of photography that is distinguished by extreme, austere simplicity. It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects in the composition process.

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the 1950s and flourished in the 1960s in America and Britain, drawing inspiration from sources in popular and commercial culture.

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The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views. They reject conventional and established norms in photo-art or photo-method.

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A 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature which sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images

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The intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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A double exposure is a combination of two images into one where one image is overlaid onto another at less than full opacity.

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A genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects.

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A genre that encompasses any photos used for a business or publication.

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In broad terms, is any photograph taken from the air.

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A histogram is a graph that measures the brightness of an image by representing the frequency of each tone as a value on a bar chart. The horizontal axis moves from pure black on the left side of the histogram, through shadows, midtones, and highlights all the way to the brightest white on the right side.

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Anti-art is a loosely-used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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Assemblage is art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially

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A filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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The deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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Catch light or catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. They are also referred to as eye lights or Obies, the latter a reference to Merle Oberon, for whom the light was invented by then husband and cinematographer, Lucien Ballard.

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The Curves tool is similar to levels, but it gives you more power to control shadows, highlights, and midtones separately. Because it's a more advanced tool, you'll need to be careful when using it to adjust your images. In the example below, you can see an image before adjusting curves.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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A ring light is a circular lighting tool that evenly illuminates the subject of a close-up photograph. Ring lights are popular in portrait photography

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The honeycomb grid is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light. The aim is to create a focused beam with little diffusion.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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A snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash

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A soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light.

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A monolight is a self-contained studio flash, typically but not always powered by an AC power source, which allows the fitting of light modification attachments such as umbrellas. It consists of a power source and a light head, all contained within a single compact housing

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An ambrotype is an underexposed, underdeveloped, wet-collodion negative on glass that, when viewed with a dark background, appears as a positive image. The dark background is commonly a black varnish applied to the glass base but is sometimes a separate material behind the glass or the glass base itself may be dark.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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The photogravure is an intaglio print process that was sometimes used to produce high-quality reproductions of photographs in ink. A positive transparency of a photographic image is used to control the etching of a specially prepared metal plate.

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The cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces blue prints using coated paper and light.

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Chlorophyll printing is an alternative photographic process where photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis. This organic technique does not use chemicals since the photographs are exposed directly to the sunlight on plants or trees leaves

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Split lighting is a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. This splitting effect is achieved by a light source that is perpendicular to the subject illuminating directly from one specific side.

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Loop lighting is a lighting pattern that creates a circular shadow on the subject's face just under the nose. You can achieve this by placing the key light 45 degrees to the side of the subject and raising it just above their eye line

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Rembrandt lighting is a technique utilizing one light and one reflector or two separate lights. It's a technique that creates images that look both dramatic yet natural. It's predominantly characterized by a lit-up triangle underneath the subject's eye on the less illuminated area of the face (fill side)

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Butterfly lighting is a lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face. This creates a dramatic shadow under the nose and chin that looks like a butterfly.

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Broad lighting is a type of lighting photographers use primarily for portrait photography. In this lighting technique, light illuminates the broad side of the subject's face in front of the camera.

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Short lighting is a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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A photograph taken as a positive on a thin tin plate

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A locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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The visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance.

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The application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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Overlapping occurs when objects that are closer to the viewer prevent the view of objects that are behind them. Placement on the paper. Objects placed higher within the picture plane will appear further away.

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The first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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The process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency

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Whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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A specialised form of pinhole photography. It consists of applying long exposure times, from one or more days up to months or even years, thereby recording sun trails and other objects.

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Kelvin represents the temperature of light directly correlated with the color of the burning carbon at that temperature. When you “shoot in Kelvin”, you are manually adjusting the camera's white balance to match that of the Kelvin temperature in the room.

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The blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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The comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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A set of data that characterizes a color input or output device.

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Even front lighting of a subject, producing little contrast, no shadows, and no modeling.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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A fast 50mm lens

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It's short for a photographer

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When a photoshop file has hundreds of unnamed layers

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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Thhose little round, dark spots that just seem to appear out of nowhere!

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A result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented

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A supplementary light used in photography or filming that does not change the character of the main light and is used chiefly to lighten shadows.

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The main source of light in a photograph or film.

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The process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer

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The film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light.

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A photograph made by combining several distinct photographs either made one over another on the same plate

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A genre of photography that mainly aims to capture portraits of people in situations, real-life events or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday.

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The art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go

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The use of photography in astronomy; the photographing of celestial objects and phenomena.

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A filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition

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A glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces

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The material effect produced by the refraction of different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation through slightly different angles, resulting in a failure to focus. It causes colored fringes in the images produced by uncorrected lenses.

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Capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body.

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A logo, piece of text or signature superimposed onto a photograph.

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Clamshell lighting is when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect.

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A creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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A style of photography that uses unusually bright lighting to reduce or completely blow out dark shadows in the image

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A type of lighting style used in photography, film, and television that accentuates shadows, high contrast, and dark tones.

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A focused, often bright light that casts harsh shadows and draws attention to a specific part of a photo.

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An optical effect which limits the total resolution of your photography

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It uses liquid crystals to produce the richest colors imaginable. IPS monitors have shifting patterns of liquid crystals to create better viewing angles for photographs.

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Compress images horizontally to capture an artificially widened field of view (FOV) with a standard 4:3 size sensor.

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All the Gear, No Idea

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Changes or transitions in a characteristic or quality of a part of an image e.g. its lightness, texture, density either wihin an area of the image or between one area and another.

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Portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus

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On sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value

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Any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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The simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which give that event its proper expression.

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To set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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An inexpensive camera made almost entirely out of plastic, including the lens.

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The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing