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Authors: Jeremy Sung & Yannick Monschauer
Link: https://www.iea.org/articles/changes-in-transport-behaviour-during-the-covid-19-crisis

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This article is mentioned about the changes in transport behaviour during the Covid-19 crisis. Due to people fears of contracting and spreading the virus and government lockdowns have one of the major factors that cause the reduction in passenger transport demand. The crisis has affected all forms of transport, from cars, and public transport in cities, to buses, trains, and planes nationally and internationally. Global road transport activity was almost 50% below the 2019 average by the end of March 2020. People's transportation behaviours will shift in the immediate aftermath of a crisis when people reassess the costs and benefits of various modes of transportation. People's perceptions of hazards will influence decision-making in some ways, whether those beliefs are accurate. As the lockdowns are removed, policy will be important in assessing whether the mobility changes caused by Covid-19 are good or bad in terms of energy consumption, safety, and long-term environmental and health implications. However, governments developing sustainable transportation policies for the post-lockdown periods can draw on experience gained from previous crises to predict likely behaviours and create regulations that are appropriate and suitable.

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In my opinion, the Covid-19 pandemic affected all sectors of the economy whole world and Malaysia, especially in human behaviour. However, the various phase of the Movement Control Order (MCO) indeed caused the reduction in passenger transport demand resulting in carbon emissions for the world and Malaysia decreased. According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) also stated that throughout the implementation of MCO, the country has recorded more days of "good" and "moderate" air quality status for 2020. Air Pollution Index (API) readings showed a decrease in air pollutant levels, especially in major cities such as Pasir Gudang, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam and Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. The decline is due to the reduction of activities and less emission of pollutants into the air such as motor vehicle smoke emissions, industrial chimney smoke emissions and open burning activities.

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Author: Farah Solhi
Link: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/05/798953/imbalanced-supply-and-demand-high-traffic-volume-contribute-e-hailing

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Authors: Samantha Gross & Jennifer Perron
Link: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2020/10/01/heavy-transport-is-a-big-carbon-emitter-how-we-can-change-course/

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Authors: Linda C. Brinson & Francisco Guzman
Link: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/air-pollution-from-cars.htm

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Author: Tan Chen Tat
Link: https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2020/02/19/the-effects-of-traffic-congestion-tan-chen-tat/1839052

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The paper was contributed about imbalanced supply and demand, high traffic volume contribute to e-hailing rides price surge such as Grab, Uber, Mycar and Maxim. The e-hailing companies have seen around 30 per cent drop in their numbers of registered drivers lately due to the Covid-19 crisis. Thus, after Malaysia’s government announced that our country entered the transition to endemicity phase on 1 April 2022 cause a sudden increase in demand for e-hailing services. Apart from e-hailing service, a lot of economic activities also started operation or run compared to the height of the pandemic. That is also the reason will more traffic congestions happen in very day because people daily life returned to some normalcy and expectedly. However, the lack of e-hailing drivers has indirectly led to longer than expected waiting times for a vehicle in some places. These criteria have had the largest effect on the e-hailing firms' price strategies. For the e-hailing services, there are two charges which are the base charge and surcharge. As the result, e-hailing firms are allowed to set their tariff structures based on their formulas and terms of service with their customers in a free market.

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E-hailing rides price surge is because of the demand of e-hailing services exceed the supply of e-hailing services and it is called imbalanced supply and demand.  The e-hailing rides price surge is because of the increase in demand for e-hailing services after the country entered the transition to endemicity phase. However, what we cannot deny is that e-hailing services have brought people many benefits. One of which is e-hailing sector is a better career option compare with the traditional taxi drivers.

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People stopped commuting and travel and many businesses were forced to close led to rapid declines in transportation emissions due to the Covid-19 pandemic and shutdowns. In places with strict lockdowns, road transport declined by 50% to 75%. However, the basic foundations of the transportation industry have remained unchanged, and as states gradually loosened limitations, road, aviation, and shipping transportation emissions began to climb once more. There are also have several challenges to reduce the carbon emissions. Firstly, Global transportation emissions continue to grow. Although during the Covid-19 pandemic lead significant declines in transportation emissions. However, when economic activity resumes, the transport emissions will grow up, especially the carbon emission contribute by the heavy-duty transport. Besides, barriers to decarbonizing heavy transport persist also one of the challenges. It is because in heavy-duty transport moving heavy goods or significant numbers of people long distances make the energy density of the fuel important, as the fuel must be carried along with the load. In addition, emerging technological opportunities expand possibilities is very difficult. It is because the long-distance trucking is more difficult to expansion of the electricity grid to accommodate the high load of rapid charging is an important step.

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In my opinion, I am very agreeing with the papers said that the global transportation emissions will continue to grow. It is because we cannot stop people from using the vehicles and the transport is very important to our life. The transport also contribution to economic development because transportation investments lower the costs of moving people and goods and can increase economic productivity.

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Pollution is emitted directly into the air when we go for a drive. The air pollution will influence our health and the environment, and the vehicle is a major contributor to air pollution. There are three major pollutants from cars are particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Air pollutants emitted from cars are believed to cause cancer and contribute to such problems as asthma, heart disease, birth defects and eye irritation. Furthermore, the emissions from car increase the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and will leading to global warming. However, the production of electricity by coal-fired power plants and other sources can cause more pollution than most cars. Even people who do not drive also will add to pollution when they buy goods and services that involve fuel when they are made or delivered. Not only the cars, the big trucks, bulldozers, ships, boats and trains also pollute the air. The percentage of air pollution caused by cars is higher in urban areas and higher still near major highways. Luckily, the better fuels and new technologies in cars like hybrid and electric cars is helping to reduce the emissions.

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According to a report by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2018, nine out of 10 people breathe polluted air, which kills 7 million people every year; and one third of deaths from stroke, lung cancer and heart disease are due to air pollution. Thus, people need to pay attention to the air pollution and make change. According to the report, the carbon emitted from vehicles on the road was a major source of air pollution, contributing 90 % and of the total, 67% were generated from cars.

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Traffic congestion is the common problem of the urban transport in Malaysia, crowded with cars, buses, lorries, and bikes. It is also will affect our personal life, career, health and even safety. It is because when people are hurrying for appointments, work, or catching a flight, traffic congestion generates unforeseen delays that stress people out. Traffic congestion also deprives people of quality time with our families, limiting our personal time and hence disturbing our work-life balance. Besides, the global temperature will rise affected by traffic congestion. It is because when more cars crawling on the road, that means more fuel is used and will cause more carbon released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, traffic jam aggravates emergency cases like ambulance cannot reach their destination in time. To overcome this problem, designing a good road infrastructure and public transport is therefore very important. Better transport infrastructure will have happier workers and more economic benefits. Solving traffic problems will bring relief to these many aspects of people’s lives.

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In my opinion, the traffic congestion will always happen is because of public transport is not developed enough cause people use their own cars to go out. More car on the road means more fuel will wasted. It is also will lead the carbon emissions increases leading to air pollution. Thus, designing a good road infrastructure and public transport is therefore very important.

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The implementation of MCO by the government shows that supporting policies and regulations are needed to promote sustainable behaviors and avoid negative consequences that can flow from people’s calculus of risk in the wake of a crisis. At a time when people will be feeling vulnerable, policies that increase trust in the safety of sustainable transport options are particularly important. Malaysia's government can Investments in good quality public transport infrastructure and new and improved cycling networks can make sustainable modes of transport more attractive and safer, especially in the wake of a crisis. Support for public transport agencies to maintain infrastructure and service provision after the lockdown will be particularly crucial in this crisis, as several are experiencing significant revenue losses due to reduced ridership during the lockdown period.

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The shortage of drivers in e-hailing services caused sudden price fluctuations and this problem also caused many e-hailing customers very dissatisfied. Therefore, the government need to make change in regulations. The government should monitor e-hailing services from time to time as well as gather and analyze information before any changes are made, including regarding the proposed fare regulatory mechanism.

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Malaysia’s government needs to design a good road infrastructure and investments in a good quality public transport infrastructure. The government also needs to build more public transit like LRT or MRT to reduce the traffic congestion problems.

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The main factor of air pollution is high fuel consumption among vehicles. Therefore, the government needs to organize some programmes such as zero-emissions day programmes and car-free day programmes. These programmes are aimed at raising public awareness and should also be given due emphasis, especially by local authorities with the support of other agencies such as the Department of Environment (DOE) and the Road Transport Department (JPJ).

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The government should promote or encourage people buy and use the electric cars in Malaysia. Governments also can provide various incentives to consumers to adopt electric vehicles (EVs). The potential benefits for our economy of the market-led EV solution, in terms of less greenhouse gas emissions, less air and water pollution, and less vehicle noise are truly staggering.

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1. Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal. (2022). Dosm.gov.my. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=162&bul_id=VFRCSEtSRlRWWmxoNlRLTTYrb1FVdz09&menu_id=NWVEZGhEVlNMeitaMHNzK2htRU05dz09

2. E-hailing sector a better career option. (2022, April 21). NST Online; New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters/2022/04/790804/e-hailing-sector-better-career-option

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3. Mazengarb, M. (2021, October 22). Australia could save nearly $500 billion with big switch to electric vehicles. The Driven. https://thedriven.io/2021/10/23/australia-could-save-nearly-500-billion-with-big-switch-to-electric-vehicles/

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4. The Star Online. (2022, May 22). E-hailing fare hike: Govt to study need for change in regulations. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/05/22/e-hailing-fare-hike-govt-to-study-need-for-change-in-regulations

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5. Zukri. (2021, September 20). Everyone needs a breath of fresh... The Malaysian Reserve; The Malaysian Reserve. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/09/20/everyone-needs-a-breath-of-fresh-air/#:~:text=The%20carbon%20emitted%20from%20vehicles,cent%20were%20generated%20from%20cars

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