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Eisenhower, 1953
develop a deterrence in nuclear weapons, cut spending on conventional forces (land and sea) for strategic bombing: not put strain on eocnomy
covert operations to undermine soviet control over countries w Soviet influence
asymmetrical threat: massive retaliation; dont need to fight many wars everywhere

frictions from the army from the deterioration of conventional forces
could not prevent communist takeover of developing countries or the Hungarian invasion

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maximising the threat until the other side concedes
advocated by sec. of state Dulles
particularly dangerous with nuclear weapons as one accident could lead to a disaster; demonstrated by cuban missile crisis, 1962

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Sec. Dulles and the Eisenhower admin were unsatisfied with the failure of conventional forces to win in korea. chose to use nuclear superiority to strike the USSR if they were to start a war. less expensive than conventional

criticized by democrats and army and navy: more unreliable threat as soviets build up nuclear arsenal, could not ignore the conventional weapons

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parties: UK US USSR FR
aim: to end cold war
issues: disarmament, german unification, increased economic ties
impact: no agreement, but important first step in easing tensions

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proposed by Eisenhower in 1955 Geneva Summit
to promise to give full access to have surveillance over each other's military installations verify arms control
Bulganin thought it was a episonage attempt- did not want US finding out they were behind
Eisenhower knew this would not be accepted, but instead proposed it to make the SU look like they were impeding peace.

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signed by austria, FR, USSR, UK, US
established free, unified, sovereign austria, end to Allied occupation
Anchluss was banned, slovene and croat minority rights recognized
nazi organizations banned
neutrality was established during this period

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1953 coup to restore the Shah by the CIA after Mossadegh threatened to nationalize British owned petroleum.
Overthrowing 1954 the Guatemalan pres. Arbenz for UFCO using the CZ weapons as an excuse to stop better conditions for workers(giving unused land to peasants)

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Nasser nationalized the Suez canal, growing ties to SU and CZ concerned the british and french who thought they might block oil from the Gulf
British and french attempted to regain suez and depose nasser
Israelis were willing to cooperate, as egypt constantly attacked israel and blocked the strait of tiran.
as israelis advanced into the canal, british and french used this to reoccupy the suez zone
home opposition and US-backed UN resolutions, to prevent soviet threat of invasion, put end to british and french power in ME, nasser seen as a hero of arab nationalism

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After secret speech, student movements against the brutal policies of Rakosi, Stalin, and the AVH secret police- mass uprising against the government and Nagy appointed PM

After Nagy declared withdrawal from Warsaw Pact, Red Army invaded. NATO and UN ignored, did not want confrontation w soviets and were distracted by SUEz.

showed the consequences of challenging soviet control
showed the west that formenting internal dissidence in Soviet satellites simply placed civilians at risk

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the idea that countries could ask for financial military aid to the US if threatened by another country
aimed to fill the power vaccum left by GB and FR after Suez; feared pan-arabism of nasser would combine with soviet communism to reduce US power
US send military into Lebanon to protect Chamoun from internal opponents after request, show SU that not willing to give up interests in ME

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worlds first artificial satellite
triggered the space race and the sputnik craze
the fear in the US public that the US was far behind the USSR
forced more investment into sciences

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strengthening of the US missle capabilities and increase in defence spending

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Joint communique promising to restart talks on Berlin, cultural exchanges, etc.
lower tensions

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SU shot down a US high altitude spy plane, U2
Initially denied that it was a spy plane, but later it admitted to spying
U2 revealed that soviet nuclear capabilities were way below the US, contrary to what Khrushchev claimed
this ended the Paris summit and subsequent attempts at nuclear arms control

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Paris summit collapsed after Khrushchev demanded Eisenhower apologize, ban future flights, and punish those responsible
end to the attempt at "peaceful coexistence"

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JFK-Khrushchev
Laos and Berlin
Khrushchev wanted a peace treaty and Western withdrawal from Berlin
came with certain preconceptions about each other
no real outcome
catalyst for Berlin Crisis and Cuba

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Western Berlin more prosperous, brain drain
Khrushchev wanted Western withdrawal, US determined to keep troops to protect Western Berlin's prosperity
Walter Ulbricht wanted to build a wall to stop the brain drain