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Paracelsus was the first to connect goitre with minerals, especially lead, in drinking water. He prepared and used new chemical remedies, including those containing mercury, sulfur, iron, and copper sulfate, thus uniting medicine with chemistry, as the first London Pharmacopoeia, in 1618, indicates.

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Known for his law of gases, Boyle was a 17th-century pioneer of modern chemistry. Every general-chemistry student learns of Robert Boyle (1627–1691) as the person who discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa—the famous Boyle's law.

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He established the law of conservation of mass, determined that combustion and respiration are caused by chemical reactions with what he named “oxygen,” and helped systematize chemical nomenclature, among many other accomplishments.

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A theory of chemical combination, first stated by John Dalton in 1803. It involves the following postulates: (1) Elements consist of indivisible small particles (atoms). (2) All atoms of the same element are identical; different elements have different types of atom. (3) Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.

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He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

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Alfred Nobel focused on the development of explosives technology as well as other chemical inventions, including such materials as synthetic rubber and leather, artificial silk, etc. By the time of his death in 1896 he had 355 patents.

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Dimitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, and inventor born on February 8th, 1834, created the modern periodic table in 1869.

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He established the modern periodic table. He organized it based on the atomic weight of each of the elements.

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J. J. Thomson was a British scientist that discovered the electrons and created an atomic model in 1904 where the atoms are positive spheres that have negative charge electrons embedded.

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Pierre discovered the piezoelectric effect with his brother, Jacques

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Discovered polonium and radium

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Successfully isolated radioactive radium salts from the mineral pitchblende in their laboratory in Paris

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Pioneering research on radioactivity

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Discovered polonium and radium

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Successfully isolated radioactive radium salts from the mineral pitchblende in their laboratory in Paris

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Mathematically proved the existence of atoms, and thus helped revolutionize all the sciences through the use of statistics and probability.

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Proposed and explained the theories of special relativity (1905) and general relativity(1915)

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Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand physicist born on August 30th, 1871. One of his major contributions was that he formulated the Rutherford model of the atom in 1911.

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Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on October 7th, 1885. He was a Danish physicist that made the Bohr Model in 1913. This model had a solar system-like form with electrons orbiting a positively charged atomic nucleus.

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Best known to the public for championing the use of vitamin C for health purposes and for winning the Nobel Peace Prize, Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) was revered by his fellow scientists as a prolific researcher who made significant contributions to our understanding of chemical bonding and chemical structure.

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Rosalind Franklin was a british chemist who in 1953 discovered the molecular structure of DNA.