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Valdes(' fault), Kevin, Eshana, Crystal, Jolin, Rudy

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Rico, Alden, Aaron, Kathleen, Audrey.mov

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Adrian, Anderson, Callista, Kyra, Rakeisha

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Chloe, Mayumi, Nicole, Patricia, Felicia R.mov

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In this chapter i learnt that everything in nitrates and sulfates are inter-related and has practical implications. The nitrogen found in the soil, how they are found in nature to how they are actually used in industries like soap. The products of all the reactions are catalysts or reactants for some other reaction. I also learnt that there are some unwanted side effects of the reactions and not all of the products are useful, like the problem of babies with oxygen deprivation or blue babies due to the presence of nitrates in water that are a result of reactions,so nitrogen and sulfur e have many advantages in nature, because they for, fertilizer etc. but due to the overproduction of them, they are sometimes harmful.

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I learned that the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen requires a high activation energy such as lightning to start the reaction. I also learned all about the experiment of identifying ammonium in an unknown sample through the use of a base. The dangers of Nitrogen-containing compounds have definitely made me realise how our daily lives are surrounded by the element. Eventhough the production of nitrogen-containing products cannot be controlled, it is possible to control and prevent acid rain through 'low-sulfur' versions of petrol and diesel.

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First, lightning provides enough energy for NO and NO2 to form.

NO2 along with water and oxygen create acid rain. Acid rain containing nitrates will get absorbed by the plants. When these plants are harvested, the nitrates in the soil will be stripped away, thus we have to replenish them with ammonium nitrate fertilizers. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced (manmade) using high pressure and at high temperature.

Fertilizer can also destroy our environment if not used properly as it can contaminate our waters which causes blue babies.

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Nitrogen is very unreactive because of its triple bond; have high activation energy. It only reacts during extreme conditions ( such as lightning), eventually producing nitric acid. Further oxidation of nitric acid can leas to the formation of acid rain when heavy enough. To test for ammonium ions, we can use the acid-base reaction of ammonium salt with a base. If an unknown compound contains NH4+ ions, it will give off ammonia when heated with base which we can test by checking if damp red litmus paper turns blue. In engines,under high temperature and pressure, harmful gas are emitted. To prevent this, we can install catalytic converters in which nitrogen oxides are reduced to harmless nitrogen using platinum as catalyst.

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I learned that nitrogen is an i reactive gas because of its intramolecular bonds. Under pressure and temperature in car engine, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides, which release into the air through the exhaust fumes. Catalytic converters reduce pollutants from vehicles. Droplets containing dilute nitric acid falls down as acid rain. Acid rain contains dilute sulfuric acid. Nitrogen oxides directly cause acid rain and is a catalyst in acid rain formation.

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Ammonia gas can be produced in lab by the addition of calcium hydroxide to ammonium chloride, and putting calcium oxide to dry the ammonia. Nitrogen can react with oxygen and form nitric oxide under extreme temperature of lightning. Nitric acid has a lot of uses. Ammonia from haber process, neutralizes nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate, it is produced naturally and is used for fertilizer, however its production is harmful to us and the environment due to its reactivity, effects include blue skin, eutrophication, others. Catalytic converter is a catalyst used to reduce acid rain, and converts CO into CO2 and nitrous oxide into nitrogen and O2.

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In this chapter, I’ve learned that Nitrogen is an unreactive gas and has a triple covalent bond. Hence, it is very strong. However, in the rare case of thunderstorms, nitrogen gas react with oxygen forming nitrogen (II) oxide. Nitrogen (II) oxide then undergoes further oxidation in the air, forming nitrogen (IV) oxide / NO2 (nitrogen oxides can also be produced man-made under the conditions of high pressure and temperature). NO2 will then dissolve with water and react with more oxygen, forming a dilute nitric acid solution. (HNO3) and contributing to acid rain. Other than Nitric acid, dilute sulfuric acid is also found in acid rain. As nitrogen oxides catalyses the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, forming sulfur trioxide which will then react with water, forming sulfuric acid. Hence, SO2 and Nitrogen oxides (they also cause photochemical smog, as they can produce PAN) are considered as pollutants. However, the car exhaust systems nowadays are fitted with catalytic converters, addressing the issue. It reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen gas:
2CO + 2NO -> 2CO2 + N2

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and its salt can be used to produce ammonia gas by heating it with calcium hydroxide, turning the damp red litmus paper blue. Ammonium nitrate is often used as fertilisers but run-offs of water to water bodies may contribute to eutrophication and lead to further environmental problems.

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From the lessons and classes, we learnt that nitrogen is very hard to break since 1) it has triple bonds and an enthalpy of 1000kJ/mol and 2) it lacks polarity. Therefore, only under extreme conditions does nitrogen gas react. E.g. In a thunderstorm with lightning bolts / At high temperatures.

We further learnt that ammonia acts as a base. It acts as Brønsted–Lowry base by accepting a proton (H+). Also, we learnt how ammonium is produced. i.e. the ammonium ion is formed by an acid-base reaction of ammonia with water, which is:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The main takeaway from the video project, however, was eutrophication. Excessive growth of algae is caused by the runoff of nitrogen based fertilizers into the rivers. Plants can’t photosynthesize as the sunlight is blocked by algae. They die afterwards. Bacteria in the water use up oxygen to decompose dead plants, starving other aquatic life of oxygen, destroying the ecosystem.

We then learnt about nitrogen oxides, both natural and manmade. For natural occurrences, nitrogen reacts with oxygen under extreme conditions (lightning) to produce NO and NO2. For manmade nitrogen oxides, under the high pressure and temperature inside a car engine, nitrogen can react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides.

Finally, we went through the topic of catalytic converters. Nitrogen oxides are reduced on the surface of a hot catalyst to form unreactive and harmless nitrogen gas. The overall reaction goes as follows:

2CO + 2 NO —> 2CO2 + N2

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Getting everyone in the same place at the same time is hard, and writing a script about the phenomenon like acid rain is very interesting, how nitrogen and sulfur could cause such an event though rarely and only under certain conditions the main concept of such pollution building up to create acid rain is both cool and terrifying

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one of the many things that i learnt this chapter is about eutrophication which is when there is rapid algae growth on the surface of the water which prevents plants underneath from photosynthesising and thus die soon after due to not being able to photosynthesise. the bacteria will then multiply and take up the dissolved oxygen and derprive the marine life of oxygen which will then affect the whole ecosystem

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From this chapter I learnt that nitrogen is a very unreactive gas due to it having triple bonds and that it is not polar.It requires a very large amount of nitrogen to break the bonds and make it react.The next thing that I learnt was euthrophication.Excessive algae and other aquatic plants grow, which can block sunlight from reaching the deeper parts of the water body, leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in the water. This can be harmful to aquatic animals, such as fish, which require oxygen to survive. Additionally, when the algae and other plants die and decompose, bacteria consume the oxygen in the water, further reducing the dissolved oxygen levels.I also learnt about catalytic converters which reduces nitrogen oxide to form harmless nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide.

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In this chapter, I learned the reason as to why nitrogen and oxygen only react under extreme conditions, which is due to nitrogen having strong covalent triple bonds which is hard to break. Next, nitrate ions that plants use up can be replaced with ammonium compounds and how to test for ammonium ions using base. There are many uses of concentrated nitric acid, such as detergents, paints, pigments, dyes and nylon. I learned the equation and reason to the ammonium nitrate production. However, nitrate fertilizers can cause eutrophication, killing life underwater. Another problem is that nitrates going into drinking water can cause blue babies and stomach cancer. Lastly, I found out that acid rain is sulfur dioxide created from burning fossil fuel ( SO3 (g) + H2O (l) —> H2SO4 (aq) ), and how it can lower the ph of water bodies as it falls. Overall, these compounds offer alot to our daily lives but can cause damage when overproduced.

I also learned further about nitrogen and sulfur (how a lot of the processes work) through making the group film while having fun.

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In this chapter, I learnt that, unaware, nitrates and sulfates are involved in our daily lives. Nitrogen is unreactive due to its triple bond and it is nonpolar. Nitrogen only reacts with oxygen in extreme conditions (lightning). Its oxides are further oxidised and dissolves with water droplets in air to form a solution of nitric acid which falls to the Earth as rain. I also learnt how to investigate the amount of nitrogen compounds in soil by using the acid-base reaction of ammonium salt with a base as the basis of the test for ammonium ions. Appropriate observations will follow. As to replace the nitrate ions that plants need, nitric acid can be used to make fertilisers from its nitrate ions, explosives and in the manufacture of daily products such as detergent and paint. However, I also learnt about the dangers of compounds containing nitrogen, such as acid rain, babies with oxygen deficiency, exhaust gases from vehicles, and eutrophication which deteriorates marine life. Sulfur containing compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, also contributes to the formation of acid rain. It is possible to control acid rain through the installation of catalytic converters (converts oxides of nitrogen to N2 and CO to CO2, which are less harmful gases) and low sulfur fuels. Most importantly, I had so much fun while learning all these!

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Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule and the main unreactive gas in air. 78% of the air we breathe in is nitrogen gas. The lack of reactivity of nitrogen gas can be explained by looking at its intramolecular bonds. It has triple bonds and since these bonds are hard to break, they tend to be unreactive and react only under extreme conditions will nitrogen gas react (eg. during a thunderstorm).

The video project we had to make made me realise how big of an impact nitrogen and its compounds (especially NH3, ammonia (produced through Haber process)) have made to our civilisation today. We were also taught how to test for ammonia from in a lab through the video project. Not only that, we were able to identify the effects and uses some nitrogen compounds have on our lives, for example nitric acid can be used to make: explosives, pigments, dyes and adhesives or even cause eutrophication, blue babies and acid rain.

Production of Ammonia:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

How catalytic converters can help reduce pollution:
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) → 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
Carbon dioxide is still a GHG but it’s less harmful than CO

I had fun making the project as it gave me the freedom of applying what we learnt in a real-life like scenario.

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i’ve learned about the reactions of nitrogen and oxygen. Identify ammonia with base. How acid rain can destroy our plants. Nitrogen oxides causes acid rain, and is a catalyst in the formation of acid rain. Luckily, humans can avoid acid rain using low amount of sulfur in petroleum production

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From this chapter, i learnt about how the stages nitrogen goes through in the atmosphere, and how acid rain is formed through the sulfur trioxide and nitric acid in the air during rainstorms. I also learnt about how nitrate fertilisers can affect our environment. Through the group video, i learnt about eutrophication affects our rivers and lakes, and how if nitrates gets into our drinking water, it can cause diseases like blue baby syndrome and stomach cancer.

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In this chapter, I learned that nitrogen is highly unreactive due to its triple bonds and lack of polarity. It only reacts under extreme conditions such as in extremely high temperatures or with lightning. I also learned about how eutrophication affects the ecosystem. When nitrogen based fertilizers get leached into water bodies, there is excessive growth of algae which blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. These plants are then unable to photosynthesize and they die. Bacteria in the water decomposes the dead plants using oxygen which takes away oxygen from other marine life, causing them to die as well. I also learned about how catalytic converters reduce nitrogen oxide into nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide.

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This chapter taught me that because nitrogen has triple bonds and is not polar, it is a very nonreactive gas. To disrupt the bonds and cause a reaction, a lot of nitrogen is needed. The following concept I discovered was eutrophication. Overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants can prevent sunlight from penetrating the deeper regions of a body of water, which lowers the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Fish and other aquatic species that depend on oxygen for survival may suffer as a result.

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In this chapter, I've learnt that nitrogen gas is an unreactive gas because of its strong triple covalent bond (high bond energy) which is difficult to break and so only react under extreme conditions. For instance, during thunderstorms where lightning provides the activation energy required for the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air to take place. In addition, I learnt what reaction/experiment is used to test for ammonium ions. I also learnt how nitrate fertilizers can negatively affect the environment, such as causing eutrophication. Furthermore, I learnt how acid rain is formed and how it affects the environment and the people.

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In this chapter, i learnt that:

1. Nitrogen has a triple covalent bond, therefore it requires a large amount of energy to break those bonds. This makes nitrogen unreactive.

2. Nitrogen only reacts naturally in lightning, forming NO and NO2. it can also be formed in a car engine, where the high temperature and pressure causes nitrogen to react with oxygen, forming NO and NO2.

3. Nitrogen oxides are primary pollutants. They can be removed using a catalytic converter, which uses hot platinum as a catalyst to form N2 and CO2.

4. Eutrophication occurs when nitrogen fertilizers get into water sources from the soil. It causes the rapid growth of algae, which prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants. These plants then die, causing bacteria to decompose them. The bacteria then uses up oxygen in the water, killing aquatic animals.

5. TNT is made of ammonium nitrate.

6. An acid-base reaction between an ammonium salt and a base tests if an unknown solution contains ammonium ions. This reaction produces ammonia gas, which turns damp red litmus paper blue.

7. NO and NO2 are catalysts - they convert SO3 to H2SO4.

I also had a lot of fun making the video with my friends, and I think it was a very effective way of learning the chapter because writing the scripts helps you memorize.

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nitrogen is a diatomic molecule and the main unreactive gas in air (78%). the lack of reactivity of nitrogen gas can be explained by looking at its intramolecular bonds. nitrogen atoms form a triple covalent bond to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. (it needs to gain three electrons). only under extreme conditions will nitrogen gas react (such as during a thunderstorm)

ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and will turn damp red litmus paper blue as it is an alkaline gas

ammonia is made on a large scale in industry using the Haber process:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

ammonia can also act as a Brønsted–Lowry base (proton/H+ acceptor) using the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom to form an ammonium ion:

NH3(aq) + H+(aq) →  NH4+(aq)

ammonia gas can be prepared from an ammonium salt and a base in an acid-base reaction involving ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide. ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) are mixed together and then heated.

NH4+ acts as an acid (proton donor) and OH- acts as a base (proton acceptor)

this acid-base reaction can be used to test if an unknown solution contains ammonium ions; if the unknown solution does contain ammonium ions, it will react with calcium hydroxide to form ammonia gas. (this ammonia gas will turn damp red litmus paper blue)

we also learned about catalytic converters. harmful nitrogen oxides, released through car exhaust fumes, are reduced to form harmless nitrogen gas with the aid of a hot catalyst, typically platinum. this nitrogen gas is then released back into the atmosphere.

mr gopi tasked a project for the class to investigate this chapter. we were assigned into groups where we had to make a short movie based on a storyline from the worksheet questions he gave us. this task not only helped in the understanding of the chapter, it also brought up other interesting topics, such as eutrophication and the blue-babies syndrome. 10/10 👍👍

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Due to its triple bond and high activation energy, nitrogen is highly inert. It only responds in extreme circumstances ( such as lightning). If the amount of nitric acid oxidised is high enough, acid rain may occur. We can use the acid-base reaction of ammonium salt with a base to test for ammonium ions. When heated with base, an unknown substance that contains NH4+ ions will release ammonia, which can be tested by seeing whether damp red litmus paper becomes blue.

Ammonia is a nitrogen chemical, and its salt can be heated with calcium hydroxide to create ammonia gas, which causes moist red litmus paper to turn blue. Although if the water combines with the aquatic bodies may contribute to eutrophication and cause additional environmental issues, ammonium nitrate is frequently used as fertiliser.

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In this chapter, I learned that nitrogen is unreactive due to having an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p3, they need to gain 3 electrons. They do this by forming a triple covalent bond with bond energy of almost 1000kJ/mol. In lightning, nitrogen oxides, N2(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO(g). Nitrogen is futher oxidesed in the air, 2NO(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO2(g). It then dissolves in water vapour and reacts with more oxygen to form dilute nitric acid, 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g) -> 2HNO3(aq). Nitrogen goes back into soil as nitrate ions (NO3-).

Fertilisers contain nitrates that allow healthy growth for plants. Ammonia and nitric acid react to produce ammonia nitrate, NH3 + HNO3 -> NH4NO3. Nitric acid can be used in the soap industry and ammonium nitrate can be used to make explosives.

However when we use nitrogen-based fertilisers, nitrates can be leavhed out of the soil by rain into rivers. This causes eutrophication, an excessive growth of algae. The algae cover the surface of the water and blocks sunlight for the aquatic plants. The plants start to wilt and bacteria decomposes them. From there, bacteria multiply rapidly. Oxygen in the water depreciates, leaving none for the fishes to survive. Nitrates in drinking water also binds to haemogoblin which cause ‘blue baby syndrome’.

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4. Acid rain leaches nutrients from soil, increases water pH and buildings are corroded.

Catalytic converters can be solution to our problems, it removes NO by reduction, 2CO + 2NO -> 2CO2 + N2. It uses hot platinum as a catalyst.

Overall, making this video was fun and educational.

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In this chapter I have learned that the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen can only happen with the help of lightning. This is due to nitrogen being unreactive as it has a triple covalent bond so a high amount of energy is needed to break the bond. I also learned how to identify ammonium ions through a simple experiment in which an unknown sample is heated with a base.

Catalyst converters are used in car exhaust systems which filter the nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide gases into less harmful gases with the aid of a catalyst, platinum.

I also learned that acid rain can cause so much damage to the environment such as destroying plants, lowering pH of rivers, causing buildings and statues to corrode. However, it can be controlled and reduced by producing low-sulfur versions of petrol and diesel. Therefore, sulfur is burned before released into the air.

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Jessica, Nicholas, Russell, Felicia H.mov