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1A: What was the reseach question?

how trainer's practises fit into their employer's logic in order to mirror the nature of their employment?

1B:What was the hypothesis, if there was one?

Throughout this excerpt, Lingua builds a rationale for employing separate trainers for each segment by an

‘either – or’ rhetoric, which seems to suggest that expert knowledge can only be rendered by expert

trainers in their specifific fifields. In a common-sensical way, the company argues that language and

culture training are not to be put on the same level.

1C:What did the study find? Are they surprising? Was the hypothesis confirmed or refuted?

The results highlight how language trainers use a variety of abilities that demand for them to behave more reflexively, affectively, empathetically, and with the capacity to integrate linguistics with interpersonal and cultural contexts.

2: Then, try to find what theories (or models) are being mentioned? Can you explain them, more or less, in simple words?

3A: Research question: Why did the researchers want to study this topic? Specifically, is there a broader reason that other researchers, who look at similar cases and problems, might be interested in it?

the main goal of this essay is to add to the body of knowledge on language workers that already exists within the context of the field of language and intercultural training.

3B: How does the hypothesis correspond with the these theories? What is the unique contribution of testing it to what we already know?

3C: Looking at the results/findings: How are the findings contributing to questions that are bigger than the specific case? What generalisations are the researchers making?

The findings also imply that, despite the education company's institutional discourse's attempts to promote an inclusive and liberated diversity agenda, it perpetuates homogeneous perceptions of language, culture, and the job of the trainers.

4.In conclusion, what is the value of theory?

The trainer's view in this study provides an important way to break through the ideological thinking of language and culture, and calls for dialogue between language and cross-cultural communication training, which has been ignored so far. Educational institutions must change and discuss with trainers to understand their work problems. And make a critical understanding of the fluidity of language and culture.

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1. Start by quickly understand the study for a few minutes (8 minutes max.):

A. What was the research question?

The study topic is to investigate the impacts of psychological incentives (entertainment, sociality, and information) and trust on WeChat users' attitudes, as well as to evaluate the impact of users' attitudes and trust on positive word-of-mouth.

B. What was the hypothesis, if there was one?

H1. Entertainment has a positive influence on attitudes toward the use of WeChat.

H2. Sociality has a positive influence on attitudes toward the use of WeChat.

H3. Information has a positive influence on attitudes toward the use of WeChat.

H4. Trust has a positive influence on attitudes toward the use of WeChat.

H5. The higher the level of trust, the higher the level of positive word-of-mouth communication.

H6. The higher the level of attitude, the higher the level of positive word-of-mouth communication.

C. What did the study find? Are they surprising? Was the hypothesis confirmed or refuted?

The findings support the path effects, which indicate that entertainment, sociality, information, and trust favourably influence WeChat users' attitudes, and users' trust and attitudes substantially influence positive WOM. The findings provide light on how WeChat can incentivize and trust users to change their attitudes, which would raise WeChat users' willingness to make favourable feedback on products and services. The hypothesis was confirmed.

2. Then, try to find what theories (or models) are being mentioned? Can you explain them, more or less, in simple words? This doesn't have to be accurate (8 minutes max.).

Users & Gratifications theory believes that media consumers are active in their underlying motives (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974) and explains why individuals intentionally pick particular media to fulfill their psychological needs.

The study model includes the causes of attitudes regarding WeChat usage, such as amusement, sociality, information, and trust, as well as the investigation of whether WeChat users' trust influences their positive word-of-mouth communications. This model also investigates the impact of WeChat users' opinions on positive WOM.

A measurement theory based on the overall model fit, construct reliability, and validity was initially tested using confirmatory factor analysis; the first step is converting into percentile rankings. Following that, a structural model was applied to look at the structural connections between the constructs. The second step is normal distributions.

3. Finally, try to connect all the aspects that you found above to that theory:

A.  Research question: Why did the researchers want to study this topic? Specifically, is there a broader reason that other researchers, who look at similar cases and problems, might be interested in it?

Good for business, as a positive word of mouth promotes business activity and sales, Wechat being the predominant social media platform used in China would further increase the potential customers.

This would also promote more Wechat users, specifically, entrepreneurs who intend to advertise their products in WeChat.

Moreover, this investigation examines the factors that influence a positive environment in Wechat as a social media platform. Therefore, other social media platforms can attempt to imitate the factors that contribute to a more friendly environment.

B. How does the hypothesis correspond with these theories? What is the unique contribution of testing it to what we already know?

According to the theory, media consumers are not passive recipients of mass communications; rather, they participate actively in media consumption.  This explains how people use the media for their own needs and get satisfied when their needs are fulfilled. In other words, it can be said that the theory argues what people do with media rather than what media does to people. A more positive experience on WeChat leads to more positive word-of-mouth and attitude. This explains why people like certain products and dislike others, and this relates to the hypothesis as the theory mainly focuses on people’s selectivity on media content.

C. Looking at the results/findings: How are the findings contributing to questions that are bigger than the specific case? What generalisations are the researchers making?

It shows the factors that contribute to a friendlier environment. Could be used for other social media platforms.

Helps in mass-communication, how to market effectively, and increase product consumption.

It focuses on the well-being of the users.

Some generalisations made are: Positive experiences lead to positive word of mouth. Furthermore, this is a sample population method and they think this sample is supposed to represent the whole population.

4. In conclusion, what is the value of theory?

U&G Theory.

Creates a foundation for the hypothesis and study, as the hypothesis was based on the theory. In this case, the U&G theory was applied to create a prediction of what the study would conclude.

Aids in creating a method, as the process must be able to conduct data that is essential to the research, the necessary variables are determined by understanding what the research is attempting to validate, valid theories must be validated through research.

Measurement theory.

Increases the accuracy of the data processed, making the results more credible.

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1.1 International students' perceptions of discrimination
1.2Based on interviews of a sample of 24 students from 15 countries, we consider a range of difficulties they encounter which runs from perceptions of unfairness and inhospitality to cultural intolerance and confrontation
1.3Research has found that racial discrimination contributes to negative stereotypes about entire nations or cultures, all of which hinder cross-cultural diplomacy and friendship, and hinder intellectual growth.
2.neo-racism as a theory by which to understand some of the experiences of international students,a result of what the surveyors partly attribute to the perception of an unwelcoming climate for international students in the U.S
3.1
What is the impact of racial discrimination on the national economy, and understand the feelings of the people who are discriminated against, and propose ways to reduce racial discrimination.
3.2Thus, we offer neo-racism as a theory by which to understand some of the experiences of international students, not only in the U.S. but throughout the world.
3.3Students from Western and English-speaking countries face little discrimination compared to students from other regions, and what are the reasons for the discrimination, such as having a foreign accent
4In order to reduce the occurrence of racial discrimination, promote the friendly development of countries, and avoid the harm of racial discrimination to students

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1.What was the research question?

Why do people turn to various types of computer games? How does it relate to socio-demographic factors?

a.What was the hypothesis, if there was one?

Different gaming gratifications are related to genre preferences.

b.What did the study find? Are they surprising? Was the hypothesis confirmed or refuted?

Socio-demographics, individual and content-related gratifications all contribute to differences between genre preferences, especially for ‘‘core-gamer’’ genres such as roleplaying or action and shooter games.

It’s surprising that there is a large group of puzzle and simulation gamers looking for different and fewer gratifications.

The hypothesis is partly confirmed.

2.Then, try to find what theories (or models) are being mentioned? Can you explain them, more or less, in simple words? This doesn't have to be accurate (8 minutes max.).

They mentioned a model: They asked 50,000 respondents above aged 14 Germans about their gaming behavior. There is about 25 percent of people occasionally play games. And about 56.6% of the male respondents played for nearly 50 min a day.

And the other two theories are that: Preferences are a crucial concept to media choice theory. The other one is also about preferences but it tells people its definition.

3.Research question: Why did the researchers want to study this topic? Specifically, is there a broader reason that other researchers, who look at similar cases and problems, might be interested in it?

Because this topic is related to people's physiological reactions and demand and supply of games in the market. We can better target the game's audiences through this topic.

The reason they may be interested in is that different types of game preferences could reflect market supply and people demand, just like most people will choose music, platform, sport and racing games, because these games are suitable for parties and socialising.This will help increasing gaming quality and advertising accuracy.

How does the hypothesis correspond with these theories? What is the unique contribution of testing it to what we already know?

The hypothesis and the theories both focus on different gratifications.

It contributes new insights into the mechanism of genre preference formation in video gaming.

b.Looking at the results/findings: How are the findings contributing to questions that are bigger than the specific case? What generalisations are the researchers making?

The finding may contribute to development of the gaming market by giving specific game audiences a better gratification. And this may lead to new knowledge of general media entertainment.

The researchers found out that we could focus on subcategories to further research the factors influencing gamers into different genre preferences.

4. In conclusion, what is the value of theory?

This theory can let us know market demand and supply, and can accurately correspond to relevant groups of people. But this theory certainly has limitations about beginners, such as children or seniors. In the future, it is necessary to continuously improve the theory.

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1)

What was the reseach question? The impact of ethnicity, academic and social integration on academic performances of international students.

What was the hypothesis, if there was one? The hypothesis was that international students are not equipped with the right academic and social skills from their home country.

What did the study find? Are they surprising? Was the hypothesis confirmed or refuted? The results found that there are many factors that contribute to the academic success of international students. The hypothesis was confirmed as students with a western background performed well across all academic and social areas, whereas non western students performed at a lower level across the different areas.

2)Then, try to find what theories (or models) are being mentioned? Can you explain them, more or less, in simple words? This doesn't have to be accurate (8 minutes max.).

Model 1

The interaction student attrition model of Tinto (1975, 1998)

Before enrolling in higher education, students have a diversity of educational experiences, competences and abilities,

values, and family and community backgrounds.As a result, the student's integration into higher education will be influenced by both personal and social characteristics.

model 2

Tinto’s interaction model, Baker and Siryk (1999)

Integration in school and in society will affect academic success. In terms of academic integration,

Baker and Siryk (1999) distinguish four concepts: academic, social, personal & emotional adjustment, and attachment.

model 3

theoretical models of acculturation and adaptation

acculturation, which is defined as "the process of cultural change that arises when two (or more) cultural groups come into contact with each other; the changes occur in both group members,

" is used to explain the transitional obstacles faced by students from two distinct cultures.

model 4

SACQ Model

The Students' Adaptation to College Questionnaire was used to assess students' academic integration.

3) Finally, try to connect all the aspects that you found above to that theory:

1. Research question: Why did the researchers want to study this topic? Specifically, is there a broader reason that other researchers, who look at similar cases and problems, might be interested in it? The Researchers wished to study this topic because it would give them an insight into the factors that result in “misalignment”.

2. How does the hypothesis correspond with the these theories? What is the uniquecontribution of testing it to what we already know? The theories all relate to adaptation which the hypothesis suggests international students find difficult when studying in a western environment and academic level. Testing this hypothesis can give a better understanding on the factors that result in this difficulty amongst the students and what can be done to change this.

3. Looking at the results/findings: How are the findings contributing to questions that are bigger than the specific case? What generalisations are the researchers making? It focuses on the bigger study of human adaptation to different environments and changes. The generalisations made by the researchers is that non-western students perform at a lower academic and social level in comparison to western students.

4. In conclusion, what is the value of theory?

It  provides three meaningful findings

A main significant finding is that academic performance is affected positively by academic integration

A second major finding is that the successfulness of academic and social integration is partly related to the distance in East-west social conventions among international students

As a third major finding, we find a compensatory relationship between academic and social adjustment and study performance