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He was the first sociologist to articulate the agency of the oppressed. Shed light onto the injustices and effects of colonialism.

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Created the theory of social stratification, this defined social differences through class, status, and power. One's economic position is based on birth and individual achievement. He also related Protestantism to capitalism.

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He developed the idea of self-awareness and self-image and focused on how our beliefs about ourselves are effected through our interactions with other people. We can internalize external opinions and it can effect how we view ourselves.

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He defined sociology as an academic discipline, distinguished it from other social sciences, and he believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals. Discovered that social norms lead to a collective consciousness that influence how we behave in the world, and the idea of integration and outcasts.

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He focused on urban life and metropolis. He discovered that nature is actually only unified by the human observer, but our society is not dependent on an external observer.

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Known for his ideas of social Darwinism, which is basically the idea of "survival of the fittest" and no one should get handouts from the government. He believed that self preservation is the most important moral principle.

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He is known for his critiques of capitalism and the oppression it causes. He believed that a capitalistic system would eventually and inevitably destroy itself, whereas socialism is both moral and would continually keep things in order. He is known for several pieces of literature including the Communist Manifesto. He believed women and POC were exploited, but they would not be under the ideas of Marxism.

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She is recognized as the first notable female sociologist. She was progressive and emphasized the importance of examining political, religious, and social institutions when studying sociology. As an early feminist, Martineau refused to accept women's social and economic roles imposed by a patriarchal society. She highlighted the marginalization of women and urged them to try to overcome gender-based social inequities- she believed that our society could be transformed.

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He coined the term sociology! He was a positivist and also believed that sociology can unite all sciences and improve society as long as it has a scientific base and is objective.

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He believed that humans have no moral compass unless there are predetermined rules to say what actions are good or bad. He believed there's no morality in the state of nature. There is no contract without an absolute power to enforce it. Therefore, justice only comes into existence when the sovereign is established. He believed our natural passions (competition, distrust, and desire for glory) unrestrained led to war.

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He was an Enlightenment thinker who believed that every rational human being had an innate right to freedom and a duty to serve one's country. Kant's system is the doctrine of transcendental idealism and he argues that we only have knowledge of things we can experience.

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Emphasized importance of (religious) tolerance and the idea that all authority can challenged. He stood for higher social standards where everyone is held to the same expactations.

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His ideas inspired and reflected Enlightenment values with its recognition of the rights of people, criticism of arbitrary authority, and ideas of liberal government and equality.

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Developed the idea that societies pass through stages of birth, growth, and death- as experienced by an individual. He contributes to understanding ideas of social solidarity, collective consciousness, and social change.

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A page from Ma Taun-Lin's "Wenxian Tongkao"

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Wrote one of the greatest institutional histories ever written and was a model for many later historians.

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He was both a philosopher and a teacher and his beliefs about ethics, social standards, good behavior, and moral character shaped the world.

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He is looked upon as the founder of sociology in the sense of general social philosophy. Developed the idea of political society as a self-sufficient community arising because of bare necessities of life.

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Developed the idea of society as a unified system structured around division of labor and social inequality. Society was seen in holistic terms and during this time, state was given a dominant role.