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SIR WILLIAMS,MODULE 2,LESSON 1-3 TERMS                    

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SIR WILLIAMS,MODULE 2,LESSON 1-3 TERMS                    

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NOVEMBER,3,22

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Crystallization or crystallisation is the process by which solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.

EXAMPLE:  Some common examples of crystallization are listed below. The crystallization of water to form ice cubes and snow. The crystallization of honey when it is placed in a jar and exposed to suitable conditions. The formation of stalagmites and stalactites (especially in caves).

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the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.

EXAMPLE: distillation, process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form. It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a kettle becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold surface.

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A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. The salt water described above is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is evenly distributed throughout the entire salt water sample

EXAMPLE:  Homogeneous Mixture

Air.

Sugar water.

Rainwater.

Vinegar.

Dishwashing detergent.

Steel.

Cup of Coffee.

Mouthwash.

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In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system on which a material called the stationary phase is fixed

EXAMPLE: Types of Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are some types of liquid chromatography. Examples of other types of chromatography include ion-exchange, resin, and paper chromatography.

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the process of filtering something.

EXAMPLE: The most common example is making tea. While preparing tea, a filter or a sieve is used to separate tea leaves from the water. Through the sieve pores, only water will pass. The liquid which has obtained after filtration is called the filtrate; in this case, water is the filtrate.

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A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. Vegetable soup is a heterogeneous mixture. Any given spoonful of soup will contain varying amounts of the different vegetables and other components of the soup.

EXAMPLE: Sand, oil and water, and chicken noodle soup are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
for other words anything that could be combined

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Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.

EXAMPLE:

The best example of sublimation is dry ice which is a frozen form of carbon dioxide. ...

Another well-known example of sublimation is naphthalene which is an organic compound.

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a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)

EXAMPLE: What is a Solution? A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components in which the particle size is smaller than 1 nm. Common examples of solutions are sugar in water and salt in water solutions, soda water

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In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.

EXAMPLE: eawater: A mixture of various salt and water. Air: a mixture of various gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, etc. Ink: A mixture of coloured dyes. Gunpowder: A mixture of sulfur, potassium nitrate and carbon.

Cations And Anions: Carbon And Its Compoun...

What Is Ozone: Examples Of Proteins

Atomic Number Of Elements: Sucrose Formula

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In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than one compound, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will always be ratios of small whole numbers.

EXAMPLE: Dalton's law of multiple proportions states that if two elements combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of the mass of the second element is a small, whole number of a fixed amount of the first element. For example, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen tetroxide have nitrogen to oxygen ratios of 1:2 and 1:4.

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In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's law, or law of constant composition states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio and does not depend on its source and method of preparation

EXAMPLE:The law of definite proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass. For example, any sample of pure water contains 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen

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The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements. It is widely used in chemistry, physics, and other sciences, and is generally seen as an icon of chemistry

EXAMPLE: The periodic table is a chart used in chemistry that shows chemical elements in order of their atomic number. An organized table of chemical elements such as oxygen and carbon is an example of the periodic table.

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The essential formula for mass percent of a compound is mass percent = (mass of chemical÷total mass of compound) x 100. You want to multiply by 100 at the top to specify the value as a percentage.

Example 1: Ordinary bleach is 5.25% NaOCl by mass, which means each 100 g of bleach contains 5.25 g NaOCl.

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In chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that generally lacks a predominance of metallic properties; they range from colorless gasses to shiny solids.

EAMPLES: Periodic Table Metals and Nonmetals. In the above table nonmetal elements are H,He,C,N,O,F,Ne,P,S,Cl,Ar,Se,Br,Kr,I,Xe,At and Rn.

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A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.

EXAMPLES: Five common metals are copper, lead, tin, nickel, and zinc. Four common nonmetals are sulfur nitrogen, selenium, and bromine. The seven metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium. The three types of elements occupy their own places in the Periodic Table.

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physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit;

EXAMPLE: Anything that takes up space is called matter. Air, water, rocks, and even people are examples of matter. Different types of matter can be described by their mass. The mass of an object is the amount of material that makes up the object.

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A chemical element is a species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei, including the pure substance consisting only of that species.

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EXAMPLE: Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. At present, 94 are natural elements whereas 24 are synthetic. Thus, a total of 118 elements have been identified so far. Elements having an atomic number below or equal to 94 occur in nature.

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A zigzag is a pattern made up of small corners at variable angles,

EXAMPLES: An example of a zigzag is a stitch on sewing machine. Zigzag describes something that goes in a line with sharp turns and angles. An example of something zigzag is the type of cut made with pinking shears.

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subatomic particle is a particle that composes an atom

EXAMPLE: Subatomic particles include electrons, the negatively charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom, and they include the heavier building blocks of the small but very dense nucleus of the atom, the positively charged protons and the electrically neutral neutrons.

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a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.

EXAMPLE: A compound is a material composed of two or more components. Water, carbon dioxide and table salt are some examples of compounds.

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A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds

EXAMPLE: Here are examples of common molecules:

H₂O (water)

N₂ (nitrogen)

O₃ (ozone)

CaO (calcium oxide)

C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose, a type of sugar)

NaCl (table salt)

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ion, any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges.

EXAMPLE: Many normal substances exist in the body as ions. Common examples include sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate. These substances are known as electrolytes. Ions can be created using radiation such as x-rays.

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the basic unit of a chemical element.

EXAMPLES: Here are some examples of atoms:

Neon (Ne)

Hydrogen (H)

Argon (Ar)

Iron (Fe)

Calcium (Ca)

Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen that has one proton and one neutron.

Plutonium (Pu)

F⁻, a fluorine anion.