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Santiago Ruiz = 7 puntos

Marcela Rodriguez = 5 puntos

Cristian Sanchez = 4 puntos

Luz Angela Tellez = 3 puntos

Angela Segura = 2 puntos

Karol Segura = 1 punto

Edgar Mor = 1 punto

Diana Moreno = 1 punto

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Código de acceso: Fc7k3Vd.

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NATURALEZA JURÍDICA Y CONTABLE DE LOS TOKENS Y RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO APLICABLE EN COLOMBIA - Samuel Andrés Otálora Peña

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NATURALEZA JURÍDICA Y CONTABLE DE LOS TOKENS Y RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO APLICABLE EN COLOMBIA - Samuel Andrés Otálora Peña

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NATURALEZA JURÍDICA Y CONTABLE DE LOS TOKENS Y RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO APLICABLE EN COLOMBIA (1)

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Bibliografía que podemos encontrar en Colombia

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Proyecto de circular de la Superfinanciera

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Proyecto de circular de la Superfinanciera

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Proyecto de Circular Externa. Mediante la cual se imparten instrucciones relativas a la vinculación y prestación de servicios a Proveedores de Servicios de Activos Virtuales y derogatoria parcial de las Cartas Circulares 029 de 2014, 078 de 2016 y 052 de 2017. Anexo. Plazo para comentarios: 12 de agosto de 2022.

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Información jurídica sobre el estado de la regulación en varios países

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Información jurídica sobre el estado de la regulación en varios países

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GLI - Global Legal Insights - International legal business solutions

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Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations | GLI

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Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2023 covers government attitude and definition, cryptocurrency regulation, sales regulation, taxation, money

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China

China's cryptocurrency ban came into force in September 2021 Image: REUTERS/Florence Lo/Illustration

Research Assistant, Europe Center, Atlantic Council

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What's behind China's cryptocurrency ban?

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China China's cryptocurrency ban came into force in September 2021 Image: REUTERS/Florence Lo/Illustration Research Assistant, Europe Center, Atlantic Council Stay up to date: China Follow Currencies included: BTC, DAI, USDC, USDT. Image: Kaiko Don't miss any update on this topic Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

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Por primera vez, la UE establece un marco normativo para los criptoactivos, sus emisores y sus proveedores de servicios.

La Presidencia del Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo han alcanzado un acuerdo provisional sobre la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos, que abarca los emisores de criptoactivos no respaldados por activos y las denominadas "criptomonedas estables", así como los centros de negociación y los monederos electrónicos en los que estos se almacenan. Este marco regulador protegerá a los inversores y asegurará la estabilidad financiera, al mismo tiempo que se facilita la innovación y se fomenta el atractivo del sector de los criptoactivos. Esto aportará mayor claridad en la Unión Europea, dado que algunos Estados miembros ya cuentan con una legislación nacional para los criptoactivos, pero hasta el momento no ha existido ningún marco normativo específico a escala de la UE.

Los recientes avances de este sector, que experimentando en una rápida evolución, ha confirmado la urgente necesidad de una regulación a escala de la UE. El Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos ofrecerá una mejor protección a los europeos que han invertido en esos activos y evitará que se haga un uso indebido de los criptoactivos, al tiempo que favorece la innovación para mantener el atractivo de la UE. Este Reglamento histórico pondrá fin al "Salvaje Oeste" de lo cripto y confirma el papel de la UE como organismo de normalización en lo que se refiere a temas digitales.

Bruno Le Maire, ministro de Economía, Hacienda y Soberanía Industrial y Digital de Francia

Regulación de los riesgos asociados a los criptoactivos

El Reglamento protegerá a los consumidores frente a algunos de los riesgos asociados a la inversión en criptoactivos, y les ayudará a evitar los sistemas fraudulentos. Actualmente los consumidores tienen derechos muy limitados a protección o reparación, especialmente si las transacciones se realizan fuera de la UE. Según las nuevas normas los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos tendrán que cumplir con requisitos rigurosos para proteger a los monederos de los consumidores y ser responsables en caso de que pierdan los criptoactivos de los inversores. El Reglamento también contemplará cualquier tipo de abuso de mercado relacionado con cualquier tipo de transacción o servicio, en particular la manipulación del mercado y las operaciones con información privilegiada.

Los agentes del mercado de criptoactivos estarán obligados a declarar información sobre su huella ambiental y climática. La Autoridad Europea de Valores y Mercados (AEVM) elaborará proyectos de normas técnicas reguladoras sobre el contenido, las metodologías y la presentación de información con respecto a las principales consecuencias negativas en materia medioambiental y climática. En un plazo de dos años, la Comisión Europea tendrá que presentar un informe sobre el impacto medioambiental de los criptoactivos y la implantación de normas mínimas de sostenibilidad obligatorias para los mecanismos de consenso, incluido el de "Proof-Of-Work" (prueba de trabajo).

Con objeto de evitar solapamientos con la legislación actualizada en materia de lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales, que en adelante abarcará también los criptoactivos, el Reglamento no duplica las disposiciones relativas a la lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales que figuran en las normas recientemente actualizadas sobre transferencias de fondos acordadas el 29 de junio. No obstante, la propuesta de Reglamento exige a la Autoridad Bancaria Europea (ABE) mantener un registro público de los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos que no cumplan las normas. Los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos cuya empresa matriz esté situada en países que figuren en la lista de la UE de terceros países que presentan un alto riesgo de actividades de blanqueo de capitales y en la lista de la UE de países y territorios no cooperadores a efectos fiscales estarán obligados a aplicar controles reforzados en consonancia con el marco de la UE sobre blanqueo de capitales. También podrán aplicarse requisitos más estrictos a los accionistas y a los gestores de los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos, especialmente en relación con su ubicación.

Un marco sólido aplicable a las "criptomonedas estables" para proteger a los consumidores

Los recientes fenómenos que han experimentado los mercados denominados"criptomonedas estables" han revelado una vez más los riesgos a los que se enfrentan los titulares debido a la falta de regulación, así como el impacto que tiene en otros criptoactivos.

De hecho, el Reglamento protegerá a los consumidores al exigir a los emisores de monedas estables que constituyan una reserva suficientemente líquida, con una ratio de 1:1 y en parte en forma de depósitos. El emisor ofertará un crédito, en todo momento y gratuitamente, a todos los denominados titulares de "criptomonedas estables", y las normas que rigen el funcionamiento de la reserva también establecerán una liquidez mínima adecuada. Además, todas las denominadas "criptomonedas estables" serán supervisadas por la Autoridad Bancaria Europea (ABE); la presencia del emisor en la UE será un requisito previo para cualquier emisión.

A fin de preservar nuestra soberanía monetaria, se limitará el desarrollo de fichas referenciadas a activos a partir de una moneda no europea, como medio de pago de uso generalizado. Los emisores de fichas referenciadas a activos deberán tener su domicilio social en la UE para garantizar la supervisión y el seguimiento adecuados de las ofertas públicas de fichas referenciadas a activos.

Este marco proporcionará la seguridad jurídica esperada y permitirá que la innovación prospere en la Unión Europea.

Normas a escala de la UE para los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos y diferentes tipos de criptoactivos

Según el acuerdo alcanzado hoy, los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos deberán disponer de una autorización para operar dentro de la UE. Las autoridades nacionales estarán obligadas a emitir las autorizaciones en un plazo de tres meses. En relación con los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos de mayor tamaño, las autoridades nacionales remitirán información pertinente de manera periódica a la Autoridad Europea de Valores y Mercados (AEVM).

Las fichas no fungibles, es decir, activos digitales que representan objetos reales como obras de arte, de música y vídeos, quedarán excluidos del ámbito de aplicación, salvo si entran dentro de las categorías de criptoactivos existentes. En un plazo de 18 meses, se encomendará a la Comisión Europea que prepare una evaluación exhaustiva y, si se considera necesario, una propuesta legislativa específica, proporcionada y horizontal para crear un régimen para las fichas no fungibles y abordar los riesgos emergentes de este nuevo mercado.

Siguientes etapas

El acuerdo provisional se someterá a la aprobación del Consejo y del Parlamento Europeo antes de que se lleve a cabo el procedimiento formal de adopción.

Contexto

La Comisión Europea presentó la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos el 24 de septiembre de 2020. Forma parte de un paquete de finanzas digitales más amplio, cuyo objetivo es elaborar un planteamiento europeo que fomente el desarrollo tecnológico y garantice la estabilidad financiera y la protección de los consumidores. Además de la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos, el paquete consiste en una estrategia de finanzas digitales, un Reglamento sobre la resiliencia operativa digital -que se aplicará a los proveedores de servicios de criptoactivos- y una propuesta relativa a un régimen piloto de tecnología de registro descentralizado destinado al mercado mayorista.

Colma una laguna que había en la legislación vigente de la UE al garantizar que el marco jurídico actual no plantee obstáculos al uso de nuevos instrumentos financieros digitales y, al mismo tiempo, garantice que estas nuevas tecnologías y productos entren en el ámbito de aplicación de los mecanismos de reglamentación del sector financiero y de gestión de riesgos operativos de las empresas que están activas en la UE. Así pues, el objeto del paquete de medidas es apoyar la innovación y la adopción de nuevas tecnologías financieras, proporcionando al mismo tiempo un nivel adecuado de protección de los consumidores y los inversores.

El Consejo adoptó su mandato de negociación sobre el Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos el 24 de noviembre de 2021. Los diálogos tripartitos entre los colegisladores comenzaron el 31 de marzo de 2022 y finalizaron con el acuerdo provisional alcanzado hoy.

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Finanzas digitales: se alcanza un acuerdo con respecto al Reglamento europeo sobre los criptoactivos

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Por primera vez, la UE establece un marco normativo para los criptoactivos, sus emisores y sus proveedores de servicios. La Presidencia del Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo han alcanzado un acuerdo provisional sobre la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los mercados de criptoactivos, que abarca los emisores de criptoactivos no respaldados por activos y las denominadas "criptomonedas estables", así como los centros de negociación y los monederos electrónicos en los que estos se almacenan.

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Dos Exchange recomendados que operan legalmente en Colombia

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Dos Exchange recomendados que operan legalmente en Colombia

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Estas plataformas de intercambio de Criptoactivos son una puerta de entrada para comprar sus primeras critpmonedas o invertir en criptoactivos. Son plataformas que operan legalmente en Colombia y tienen manera de comprar criptoactivos con interface a medios de pago bancarios en Colombia:
https://www.binance.com/es
https://bitso.com/co

N. B.: En este curso no se promueve la adquisición de criptoactivos, ni mucho menos se quiere hacer publicidad de estos exchange, pero se recomienda para quienes quieran hacer una exploración pedagógica de este mundo que inicie con una inversión simbólica para descubrir los procesos y entender de primera mano los criptoactivos, las aplicaciones descentralizadas y el mundo de las finanzas descentralizadas (DFi).

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Binance - Exchange de criptomonedas para bitcoin, ethereum y altcoins

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Exchange de Criptomonedas, Binance: operamos el mayor intercambio de Bitcoins y Criptomonedas del mundo en volumen

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Paso a paso de instalación de Metamask. Se trata de una billetera que permite acceder a las redes Blockchain, a las aplicaciones descentralizadas (Dapps) y a los criptoactivos de múltiples plataformas.

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🦊 METAMASK - Tutorial COMPLETO para principiantes en ESPAÑOL 2022 - Guía PASO a PASO

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Código de acceso: ^u?BCD5s

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Código de acceso: %55XHx6.

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Dos "mercados" de criptomonedas en Colombia

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Dos "mercados" de criptomonedas en Colombia

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En Colombia se han venido desarrollando varios negocios que intermedian el mercado de criptomonedas. Dos de los que puedo sugerir como una puerta de entrada confiable a la compra de criptomonedas son:
https://www.buda.com/colombia
y
https://bitso.com/

Estas dos empresas participan en los Areneros (SandBoxes) que la misma Superintendencia Financiera ha promovido.

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Visualizador de gráficas y métricas de Bitcoin

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Visualizador de gráficas y métricas de Bitcoin

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El mundo crypto, y especialmente Bitcoin, tiene sus propios indicadores que ningún otro activo tiene. Por ejemplo: ¿Cuántas billeteras están "dormidas"? etc... En este sitio encuentran gráficas de diferentes métricas relevante para quien hace compra y venta de Bitcoin..

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Learning tools for Bitcoin investing. LookIntoBitcoin provides live charts and information using market cycle and on-chain analysis. Designed to give clarity to Bitcoin investors.

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In June 2021, the People's Bank of China officially banned all cryptocurrency mining, citing fears over pollution associated with energy use and the increased economic risk associated with speculative assets. China joins eight other countries - Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, Oman, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Bangladesh - who have banned all cryptocurrency.

Since the ban, crypto players have spread around the globe looking for new places to set up mining operations. Many fled to neighboring Kazakhstan - which has the 10th least expensive electricity of any country - causing the global share of all Bitcoins mined in the country to rise from 8.8% in May 2021 to 18.1% in July 2021. Many also fled to Texas, where abundant natural gas and a deregulated power grid provide some of the cheapest electricity in the world.

As the "great mining migration" continues, mining experts at 911 Metallurgist decided to find the cheapest and most expensive countries for mining cryptocurrency. To determine the cost to mine different cryptocurrencies around the world, we calculated the electricity requirements and cost of electricity for mining Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin in 200 countries and all 50 states.

The Cost and Profitability of Mining Crypto Around the World

The level of interest in cryptocurrencies varies greatly across the world. Demand helps to determine how much the coin itself is worth. That, and the ever-growing network of miners and users. From extracting Dogecoin for less than a nickel to splurging more than $1,000 on one Ethereum coin, which countries get the most crypto for their cash?

Filter the results in the table below to uncover the cost VS profitability of mining Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin in 200 countries and all 50 states. Profitability is calculated using live crypto values from Live Coin Watch.

The Cost to Mine One Bitcoin In Every Country & U.S. State

As the electricity requirements for mining Bitcoin rise and more countries close their doors to cryptocurrency production, knowing the cost of mining Bitcoin around the world becomes more important than ever. The map below shows the cost of mining one Bitcoin in every country.

As exiled Bitcoin miners seek new homes to establish crypto mining operations, many of the countries with the lowest mining costs have become overwhelmed. In Kosovo, for example - where coal plants provide the 16th lowest electricity prices of any country - increased electricity demand associated with Bitcoin mining has led to multiple power outages at coal plants. In response, the country imposed a ban on Bitcoin mining. Similarly, Iran- home to the 14th lowest electricity prices in the world - imposed a temporary ban on Bitcoin mining after multiple cities suffered rolling blackouts.

Bitcoin miners migrating from state to state consider several factors when deciding on a location to set up operations, including the regulatory environment, electricity prices, and the overall cost to mine cryptocurrency. Keep reading to find out the cost to mine one Bitcoin in every state.

The cost of mining Bitcoin varies heavily across the United States, causing certain states with cheap electricity - Texas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky - to emerge as major crypto hubs. But while the cost to mine Bitcoin in Georgia is roughly in line with the national average, the Peach State has emerged as the primary hub for crypto mining within the United States.

According to estimates by cryptocurrency company Foundry, Georgia accounts for 34.2% of all Bitcoin mining activity in the country, by far the largest share of any state. The outsized mining activity is due to abundant nuclear and solar power as well as a crypto-friendly regulatory environment.

The Cost to Mine One Ethereum Coin In Every Country & U.S. State

Ethereum is one of the most volatile cryptocurrencies and is set to undergo upgrades in the near future that may increase the value of the coin but reduce the profitability of mining it. With an uncertain future, it is important to be aware of the costs associated with Ethereum around the world. Read on to discover how the cost to mine one Ethereum coin compares in every country.

Many of the countries with the cheapest electricity have become major hubs for Ethereum mining operations. For example, Singapore - which has the 17th cheapest electricity of any country - has emerged as one of the global centers for Ethereum production. While Singapore is home to less than 0.1% of the world population, it currently hosts 4.6% of the global Ethereum production, the largest share of any country after the United States and Germany.

But with one of the largest shares of production as a country, how does this affect the cost of mining one Ethereum coin by state?

Electricity prices fluctuate heavily across the U.S., resulting in a wide array of costs associated with mining cryptocurrency. A crypto miner generating one coin of Ethereum, for example, will spend more than three times as much in Hawaii as they would in Louisiana, where abundant natural gas resources provide the cheapest electricity in the country.

The Cost to Mine One Dogecoin In Every Country & U.S. State

While Dogecoin started as a joke, the coin was quickly adopted by the mainstream and is currently the 11th largest cryptocurrency by market cap. Dogecoin also has one of the smaller profit margins of any mined coin, making the costs of mining around the world an important piece of information for any crypto player. Read on to discover the cost of mining one Dogecoin in every country.

Many of the cheapest countries for mining Dogecoin are resource-rich countries in the Middle East and Africa. Kuwait, for example, has an estimated 101.5 billion barrels of oil reserves, the fourth most of any country. As a result, the cost of mining one Dogecoin in the Middle Eastern country is less than one penny, the least of any country worldwide. Low electricity prices have attracted large numbers of Dogecoin miners to the area and helped establish Kuwait as a cryptocurrency hub, prompting the Central Bank of Kuwait to issue a statement on the industry in May 2021 encouraging responsible business practices.

Wondering which state has the highest cost to mine one Dogecoin? Check out our findings displayed in the map below.

The original "meme coin," Dogecoin, is subject to wild fluctuations in price, often doubling or halving in value in reaction to an Elon Musk tweet. In an environment of such high volatility, small state-to-state differences in the price of electricity can result in huge differences in profit. At its current price, Dogecoin is unprofitable to mine in Vermont, New Hampshire, California, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Alaska.

The Most and Least Expensive Countries to Mine Crypto

As crypto refugees leave China in search of greener pastures, the cost of mining cryptocurrency may be the difference between profit and loss for miners, and the difference between a booming new industry and a missed opportunity for national economies.

Many of the most expensive countries for mining crypto are small, isolated countries with no natural resources and are unlikely to attract any crypto entrepreneurs. Meanwhile, the least expensive countries to mine crypto are resource-rich nations in the Middle East and Africa, drawing thousands of crypto miners with their cheap electricity. But as increased mining activity puts a strain on their energy supply, many new cryptocurrency hubs are having to decide whether they want to facilitate the growing crypto industry or ban it altogether.

Despite the current high costs, mining still looks to be a profitable venture in every country. The future of cryptocurrency remains uncertain, but it seems that the true value lies in the eye of the investor: crypto either holds limitless potential or poses a great risk.

We calculated the cost of mining Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin using data on the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour from the World Bank, Cable.co.uk, and the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The data on the number of days and wattage required to mine each coin with a mid-range miner for each cryptocurrency was taken from Coinwarz. Profitability is calculated using live crypto values from Live Coin Watch.

Whether you decide to share one of the maps or just key insights from our study, we ask for is that you please credit 911 Metallurgist as the original source by linking to this page. That way your readers will be able to find their way back to the full research, whiles you're recognizing our team for their hard work.

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The Cost to Mine Different Cryptocurrencies In Every Country

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Metallurgical ContentThe Cost and Profitability of Mining Crypto Around the World The Cost to Mine One Bitcoin In Every Country & U.S. StateThe Cost to Mine One Ethereum Coin In Every Country & U.S. StateThe Cost to Mine One Dogecoin In Every Country & U.S.

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Link de acceso a las sesiones. Martes y jueves 6.30-8.30 pm

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Link de acceso a las sesiones. Martes y jueves 6.30-8.30 pm

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https://uniandes-edu-co.zoom.us/j/83167925136

ID de la reunión: 831 6792 5136

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Dropbox de las diapositivas y otros materiales para el curso

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Dropbox de las diapositivas y otros materiales para el curso

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Abogado, Magister en Derecho Económico con Énfasis en Derecho Bancario y Bursátil de la Universidad Externado de Colombia, Especialista en Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad La Gran Colombia.

Actualmente me desempeño como Abogado en la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia, además de ser acelerador en el grupo Innova de la Entidad.

Docente de posgrados y pregrado.

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LAC CHAIN: Proyecto del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

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LAC CHAIN: Proyecto del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

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El BID puso en marcha un proyecto que busca permitir utilizar las tecnologías basadas en Blockchain para proyectos de desarrollo en países de América Latina. Aquí pueden encontrar toda la información. Les recomiendo los videos de la sección "Academia".

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En español y especializado en América Latina

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En español y especializado en América Latina

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CriptoNoticias - Noticias de Bitcoin, Ethereum y criptomonedas

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Últimas noticias, información, análisis, opinión y precios de Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, blockchains, criptomonedas y criptoactivos en español. 24 horas al día.

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Algunas de las fuentes más conocidas y consultadas internacionalmente

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Algunas de las fuentes más conocidas y consultadas internacionalmente

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Las fuentes de noticias sobre el mundo cripto más consultadas mundialmente:
- Noticias: https://cointelegraph.com/
- Noticias y datos de precios: https://www.coindesk.com/
- Portal de mucha información y discusiones: https://medium.com/ que alberga muchos blogs y grupos de discusión sobre temas relacionados con la tecnología Blockchain y criptoactivos como este: https://medium.com/blockchain-blog

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Una lista de las mejores plataformas Blockchain

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Una lista de las mejores plataformas Blockchain

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Este artículo resume una lista de plataformas que ofrecen servicios para la implementación de proyectos Blockchain. Ahí están listadas tal vez las más importantes.

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By

Interest in blockchain platforms has been growing significantly as a way to streamline supply chains, improve traceability, simplify trade and improve financial transactions. A lot of this interest started with the speculative frenzy surrounding Bitcoin, which is based on an older blockchain platform that faces challenges with energy consumption and speed.

Modern blockchain platforms have been developed to help overcome these limitations and provide practical value for other business uses and applications. "We are seeing multiple enterprises adopt blockchain platforms for some of their application needs," said Suseel Menon, senior analyst at Everest Group, an IT advisory firm.

Menon sees the most interest in areas that require multiparty cooperation or data exchange. Blockchain applications in supply chain tracking, trade finance, digital assets and identity management are going beyond the pilot stage. Menon is also seeing a fair bit of activity in using blockchain platforms for building certain functions of ERP, such as vendor management and supply chain management (SCM).

Alex-Paul Manders, partner at Information Services Group, an IT advisory firm, said the evolution of blockchain platforms to date has promoted heightened awareness of decentralized finance, or DeFi, for driving new business models that pose significant threats to traditional banking, finance and supply chain finance.

Manders predicted that blockchain platforms could disrupt legacy supply chain businesses and technology processes. For example, U.S. requirements for pharmaceutical companies to track and trace products and materials call for a new approach for supply chain participants to share and transact data more efficiently and with more transparency than previously required. Blockchain technology could be the answer.

According to Menon, the top three blockchain frameworks for these use cases are R3 Corda, Hyperledger and Ethereum, with EOSIO and Quorum gaining ground.

Here are nine of the top blockchain platforms to consider.

1. Ethereum

Introduced in 2013, Ethereum is one of the oldest and most established blockchain platforms. It provides a truly decentralized blockchain that is comparable to the Bitcoin blockchain network. Manders said its key strength is that it enables true decentralization with support for smart contracts. Its key weaknesses include slow processing times and higher transaction processing costs compared to other platforms. Besides its role as a blockchain platform that underpins enterprise applications, it has its own cryptocurrency called ether.

The Ethereum platform is seeing widespread adoption by technologists who build decentralized applications, or dApps, on the Ethereum network. For example, there are numerous platforms and exchanges for nonfungible tokens (NFTs) -- a type of digital asset that can be exchanged on a blockchain. It has a mature ecosystem of tools for writing smart contracts using the Solidity programming environment, which runs on the Ethereum Virtual Machine. However, alternative blockchain networks can process transactions much faster at potentially lower cost than Ethereum, though many observers expect this to change after Ethereum adopts a more efficient security mechanism.

It also has an active developer community orchestrated by the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, which has more than 250 members, including Intel, JPMorgan and Microsoft.

The Ethereum community is in the process of migrating from the existing proof of work (PoW) consensus mechanism to proof of stake ( PoS), which is more energy-friendly. This migration has required an elaborate process to spin up a separate, new type of blockchain called a Beacon chain that is being merged into the existing, main Ethereum blockchain. The Ethereum Foundation estimated this will reduce energy use by 99.95%.

There are many things to consider when choosing a blockchain platform, including performance and cost.

2. IBM Blockchain

IBM Blockchain is a private, decentralized blockchain network that has been the most successful with enterprise clients who are less risk-averse, Manders said. He sees the biggest opportunities in using it to link into enterprise cloud and legacy technologies more seamlessly than is possible in other decentralized networks.

The IBM Blockchain developer tool was designed to be flexible, functional and customizable. IBM has also invested in creating a user-friendly interface to simplify critical tasks, such as setting up, testing and rapidly deploying smart contracts.

Rakesh Mohan, IBM director of development for blockchain solutions, said the company has seen significant progress in financial services and banking, as well as supply chain. Some examples of successful blockchain apps include IBM Food Trust, which has completed more than 18 million transactions representing more than 17,000 products, and Blockchain Community Initiative in Thailand, which supports services such as payment obligations and enterprise auctions for 22 Thai banks.

3. Hyperledger Fabric

Hyperledger Fabric is a set of tools that help create blockchain applications. Championed by The Linux Foundation, it was built from the ground up with enterprise distributed ledger uses in mind. It has a rich ecosystem of components that can be plugged in to a modular architecture. It works well in closed blockchain deployments, which can improve security and speed. It also supports an open smart contract model that can support various data models, such as account and unspent transaction output, or UTXO, models (see sidebar).

Hyperledger Fabric can also improve data privacy by isolating transactions in channels or enabling the sharing of private data on a need-to-know basis in private data collections. It also enables high-speed transactions with low latency of finality and confirmation, according to its proponents.

Arnaud Le Hors, senior technical staff member of blockchain and web open technologies at IBM who is also a member of the Hyperledger Technical Steering Committee, said the latest developments add support for an organization to join a channel without copying the whole history of the ledger. This enables a quicker startup process with less storage required. There is an active and diverse community around Hyperledger Fabric that is working on adding more features related to consensus algorithms, additional privacy options for GDPR compliance and operational improvements.

4. Hyperledger Sawtooth

Another open source blockchain initiative hosted by Hyperledger and The Linux Foundation, Hyperledger Sawtooth uses a novel consensus mechanism called proof of elapsed time that can integrate with hardware-based security technologies to enable "trusted execution environments" of program code to run in secure enclaves, which are protected areas of computer memory.

Shawn Amundson, CTO of Bitwise IO and Hyperledger Sawtooth maintainer, said the most common applications are for developing supply chain systems and customizing Sawtooth for specific purposes, such as novel consensus algorithms.

Work has started on a Sawtooth Library that will enable developers of custom distributed ledgers to pick and choose which pieces of Sawtooth they use in their application. At the same time, Sawtooth is adopting Splinter for networking, which will provide dynamic private circuits (groups of nodes); Hyperledger Transact for transaction processing, which will extend smart contract capabilities; and Augrim for consensus, which will expand the number of supported algorithms.

5. R3 Corda

There is some debate whether R3 Corda is technically a blockchain or an alternative type of distributed ledger. It uses a novel consensus mechanism in which transactions are cryptographically linked but does not periodically batch multiple transactions into a block. Even the official Corda site describes it as "both a blockchain and not a blockchain." One of the key benefits of this approach is that all transactions are processed in real time, which can improve performance compared to other types of blockchains.

The R3 consortium has a strong following in the financial industry, since Corda provides an attractive approach for financial transactions and smart contracts with strong security. Leading proponents include Bank of America, HSBC, Intel and Microsoft. It supports tools that automate business logic that can execute across company boundaries. The group has also recently launched a technical preview of Corda Payments, which simplifies the process for building distributed payment capabilities into apps.

Manders said Corda has a strong chance of becoming the de facto network of insurance-related transaction processing. However, it faces competition from other federated blockchain networks that can process transactions faster and cheaper.

6. Tezos

In development since 2014, Tezos is an older platform that supports decentralized applications, smart contracts and novel financial instruments, such as NFTs, which can be thought of as a modern variation on trading cards that are tied to digital assets. The platform supports a dynamically upgradable protocol and modular software clients that enable it to adapt to new uses. The Tezos community has been upgrading the platform at a rapid clip, with recent enhancements that have improved performance and increased the size limit on smart contracts. It has also developed tools to help automate the process of weaving NFTs into enterprise supply chains.

7. EOSIO

The EOSIO blockchain platform was first launched as an open source project in 2018. It's optimized for developing decentralized applications and smart contracts. It uses a complex consensus mechanism based on PoS that provides better performance than older mechanisms, such as Ethereum, according to its proponents. It also includes support for a governance feature for voting on changes to the platform.

Key strengths include fast transactions and advanced account permission features for deploying applications. Over 400 applications have been developed on the platform, including identity management, SCM and gaming. The community also provides various tools for customizing blockchain implementations for various decentralized use cases in SCM, healthcare and DeFi.

8. Stellar

Stellar is a newer blockchain platform optimized for various kinds of DeFi applications. It uses Stellar Consensus Protocol, which purportedly can speed the time required to process and finalize transactions on a public blockchain network. It also includes security mechanisms for shutting out bad or questionable actors in a financial transaction. It has been adopted by several companies for international trade and exchanging money across borders. Examples of applications built on the Stellar blockchain include MoneyGram for money transfer, Circle for payments and treasury infrastructure, and Flutterwave for integrating payment processing into enterprise applications.

9. ConsenSys Quorum

Quorum is a customized version of Ethereum developed by financial services company JPMorgan. It takes advantage of the core work on the Ethereum blockchain platform and repackages it into a hardened environment suitable for banks. It has been optimized to support high-speed transactions between institutions such as banks and insurance companies on a private network. It also adds various privacy enhancements to Ethereum to improve support for regulations such as GDPR in Europe and CCPA in California.

ConsenSys bought the Quorum platform's intellectual property assets from JPMorgan in late 2021 and integrated these into its own work to create the ConsenSys Quorum open source protocol layer. ConsenSys has positioned this offering as a way for enterprises to accelerate development of enterprise applications that complement other Ethereum-based tools. The firm provides development services for the combined platform to enterprise customers, including JPMorgan and South African Reserve Bank.

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Top 9 blockchain platforms to consider in 2022

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Soy luz Ángela Téllez estudie finanzas y relaciones Internacionales en el Externado. Tengo una maestría en Dirección de Marketing del Cesa. Llevo 9 años y medio en la SFC. Tengo un hermoso hijo de 3 años y medio, me gusta leer y hacer manualidades.

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En este enlace pueden descargar el archivo para llevar sus registros en el juego de Blockchain. Este es formato Microsoft Excel.

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Documentation for the

Cardano is a decentralized third-generation proof-of-stake blockchain platform and home to the ada cryptocurrency. It has been designed from the ground up by a team of top engineers and academic experts.

Cardano has a strong focus on sustainability, scalability, and transparency and is a fully open source project that aims to deliver an inclusive, fair, and resilient infrastructure for financial and social applications on a global scale. It is powered by Ouroboros, the ground-breaking proof-of-stake consensus protocol.

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Stake pools

A stake pool is a reliable server node that focuses on maintenance and holds the combined stake of various stakeholders in a single entity.

Delegation

Delegation of stake is a mechanism inherent in the Cardano proof of stake (PoS) protocol that allows the protocol to scale even in a setting where the set of stakeholders are highly distributed.

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Documentation for the Cardano is a decentralized third-generation proof-of-stake blockchain platform and home to the ada cryptocurrency. It has been designed from the ground up by a team of top engineers and academic experts.