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In 1808, Napoleon Bonapartte forcefully removes the monarchy and places his brother, Joseph, as the head of state. The result of the Peninsular war between Spain and France will lead to the Mexican War of independence. New Spain falls into disarray as other rivals plan their moves against Spain.

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Father Manuel Hildago, a priest located in a small village of Dolores, issues a call for Mexican Independence. El Grito de Dolres set off revolutionary action by many mestizos and Native Americans whom united together to capture major cities, such as Guanajuato. However Hildagos' revolution fails, the priest is captured was killed on 1811 in Chihuahua. His legacy is still remembered and September 10 is celebrated as Mexico's Independence Day.

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Jose Morelos, a priest, becomes the leader of Mexicos Independence Movement as well as proclaims a Mexican Republic. However he is defeated by forces of Mestizo General. Augustin de Iturbide. The revolutionary banner is passed to Vincente Guerrero.

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In 1821, Mexican leaders planned to end the viceregal system, and gain their country's independence from the motherland. Iturbide and Guerrero meet to issue the Plan of Iguala in which Mexico would become independent as a limited Monarchy. In August 1812, the last Spanish viceroy is forced to sign the Treaty of Cordoba, officially marking Mexicos Independence.

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Iturbide, declared himself emperor of the new Mexican state, was soon deposed by his former aide, General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Guadalupe Victoria becomes Mexico's first elected president, and during his tenure Iturbide is executed

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Santa Anna becomes president after leading a resistance against Spains attempt to capture Mexico. During the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Annas' forces are defeated by Sam Houston, leading to Santa Annas resignation in 1844

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The U.S declares war on Mexico after a driving desire for land. The U.S smothers their enemy with force toward northern Mexico with forces led by General Zachary Taylor, while still invading New Mexico and California. Even with the U.S many successes Mexico did not admit defeat. In the spring of 1847 the U.S sent forces led by General Winfield Scott to capture Mexico City. This is accomplished on September 14 and peace is reached with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, signed February 2, 1848. The Rio Grande becomes Texas' Southern boundary, and CA and New Mexico are ceded to the U.S. The U.S pays for 15 million dollars as compensation.

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The defeat in war in against the U.S served as a catalyst for a new era of reform.  Regional opposition to the aging general's strict, centralized rule sparks guerrilla warfare, which results in Santa Anna's forced exile and Juan lvarez's rise to power.  A series of reforms are put in place by him and his liberal cabinet, including Benito Járez, culminating in 1857 with the adoption of a new constitution that guarantees various basic civil rights. Conservative disagree with this, which in 1858 resulted in a 3 year war.