# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #1

New York City (1848): Samuel Bradshaw here, a 19 year old working as a blacksmith by the Coast. Rumor has it theres gold out West in California. An idea clicked in my head, all I see is riches in my future. I wants to dig for riches and connect to some influential people. Maybe get my name out there and start myself a business... My girlfriend, Kathy, is worried about my safety and so is my Mama. I hope they know that I am doing this for them. I need to be a man, things haven't been easy since Dad died. Money has been tighter and there have been bigger shoes to fill. My mission is to strike big and bring home a big ole lump of gold to my family. I'm paying $200 to get on this ole Clipper Ship, God I pray it is worth it. I heard theres a big group of young men setting sail, one is my childhood best friend, Jack. I am feeling nervous, but very optimistic.

Source Analysis: https://goldrush49.weebly.com/ This narrative with the help of Gold Rush 49 Weebly. The authors informed us of the prices and duration of the average Cape Horn Route Trip. We discovered that people traveled from 3-6 months after spending $100-$300. Our worksheet we created helped us to add detail of his personal life involving Kathy and his parents. The article states "Many travelers ended up on Whaling ships with people crammed in where the blubber and oil were once carried some were so crowded people had to sleep standing up." This helps us to understand what life what like for them and gives inspiration for our next narrative.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On this day, August 19th, 1848, the New York Herald announced the discovery of gold 8 months earlier on January 24, 1848 at Sutter’s Mill, in California. The Herald was the first paper on the east…

# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #2

It's currently the year of 1849, We are approaching Cape Horn, my excitement is turning into nerves. Turbulent seas and strong winds made navigation a struggle for the boys and I, and sleep was rare as we kept watch for storms. I am sick of preserved meats, fish, dried beans, rice and potatoes. The promise of California's gold is keeping our crew moving forward. I am worried they may switch up on each other once we arrive, sorry to say it but I am also worried about Jack. We need to be a team, can't let money blind us from reality. All we have been doing is waiting, for weather, to check navigation tools, and rest. Fishing has been fun. I can say I have been getting pretty good. Other lads have been exploring the rugged coastline.

Source Explanation: This source talked about the bad conditions and environment of Cape Horn. we spoke about the struggles my character goes through, including the turbulent seas and strong winds and the need to watch out for storms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
​ The Journey Around Cape Horn Many traveled from the east coast of the United States around Cape Horn at the southern most tip of South American and up to California. The trip could take from…

# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #4

Finally arriving to the gold rush, Samuel and Jack are in high spirits. They are relieved to be back on land and hope their families are okay. There is a lot of commotion going on in the city and crime rates are increasing. Samuel tries to stay positive and block out the regret of starting this journey. Jack, however, is thrilled at the action going on. He starts engaging in activities like street brawls and robberies which causes Jack to worry if this aggression will progress. 49ers were known for murder, mayhem, participating in bloody knife fights, gunshots, arson, duels, and murder.

Source Analysis

This narrative was inspired by the "Murder and Mayhem" article by CaliSphere. It states "The Gold Rush era was marked by lawlessness" and that "California was often called part of the 'Wild West.'" This gave us sense of the action and crime that was occurring in San Francisco at the time. Jack's entire storyline was inspired by this article, as well as our assigned story to add to our project. We were assigned "Vigilantes" - linked here - https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1efxIEES6EtvdsKBBTqBSOMG_JJkVwN1E

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About the Images

These images of crime, revenge, and drug dens show why California was often called part of the "Wild West." With few actual law officers or courts to enforce the law, many people took it upon themselves to impose their own varying ideas of justice.

Overview

The Gold Rush era was marked by lawlessness: duels, murders in broad daylight, public hangings, jail breakouts, and vigilantism were everyday occurrences. The images in this group are a vivid record of those times. Included here are photographs of convicted murderers like James Egan, who was sent to San Quentin for 35 years for killing a man in a saloon brawl; and John "Chicken" Devine, who beat a man to death with a rock. A newspaper article reports that former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California David. S. Terry killed US Senator David C. Broderick in a duel, and a half-page drawing depicts the crime. Men weren't the only criminals: pickpockets Jennie Hastings and Dolly Mickey are also represented here.

Law officers were in short supply, and laws were not uniformly enforced. Some men - such as those in the photograph "Sharpshooters of the Vigilante Committee" - took the law into their own hands, enforcing "justice" as they saw fit. They posted public notices like the "Warning!" sign, which threatens hanging as retribution for "pilfering, robbing, stealing, or any act of lawless violence." Several images portray individuals "rescued from the authorities" and hanged - before being tried or even given a hearing for the crimes of which they were accused.

Drugs were also part of Gold Rush communities. As several images show, people sometimes smoked opium in underground opium dens. And, as one photograph makes clear, opium smoking crossed racial and cultural boundaries. Eventually, law-abiding citizens grew weary of the uncontrolled murder and mayhem in their rapidly growing communities. As the Gold Rush era drew to an end, people felt that existing legal and judicial institutions had to be strengthened.

Credits:

"Murder and Mayhem in the Gold Rush Era" was curated and written by the University of California in 2005.

Using this exhibition:

The text of this exhibition is available under a Creative Commons CC-BY license. You are free to share and adapt it however you like, provided you provide attribution as follows:

Murder and Mayhem in the Gold Rush Era curated by University of California staff, available under a CC BY 4.0 license. © 2005, Regents of the University of California.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Images of crime, revenge, and drug dens show why California was often called part of the "Wild West."

# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #3

It took me a couple months to travel from Caper horn. I stopped in Callao, Peru, to resupply the ship with supplies and fresh water after the long sea journey. It’s a chance for the crew and I to rest and recover, and I could gather valuable information about conditions further north. Plus, the bustling and popular port offers me opportunities to trade goods and experience the local culture, making it an essential stop on the way to California.

Source Explanation: This article talked about how Callao, Peru was a good port city for travelers to stop at on their way to SF. I talked about stopping in Callao, Peru to restock and recover from the long travels. The crowded and popular community allowed me to meet new people and things.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The fastest clipper ships cut the travel time from New York to San Francisco from seven months to four months in the 1849 California Gold Rush.[1]

A gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold-sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals-that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, Greece, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, South Africa, California, the United States, and Canada while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.

In the 19th century, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself proved unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made large fortunes, and merchants and transportation facilities made large profits. The resulting increase in the world's gold supply stimulated global trade and investment. Historians have written extensively about the mass migration, trade, colonization, and environmental history associated with gold rushes.

Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free-for-all" in income mobility, in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly, as expressed in the California Dream.

Gold rushes helped spur waves of immigration that often led to the permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian and North American frontiers. At a time when the world's money supply was based on gold, the newly-mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the goldfields, feeding into local and wider economic booms.

The Gold Rush was a topic that inspired many TV shows and books considering it was a very important topic at the time. During the time, many books were published including The Call of the Wild, which had much success during the period.

Gold rushes occurred as early as the times of Ancient Greece, whose gold mining was described by Diodarus Sicules and Pliny the Elder, and probably further back to ancient Greece.

A man leans over a wooden sluice. Rocks line the outside of the wood boards that create the sluice.

Gold prospecting at the Ivalo River in 1898

Jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870

Within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge. They may also progress from high-unit value to lower-unit value minerals (from gold to silver to base metals).

A rush typically begins with the discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a gold pan or similar simple instrument. Once it is clear that the volume of gold-bearing sediment is larger than a few cubic metres, the placer miners will build rockers or sluice boxes, with which a small group can wash gold from the sediment many times faster than using gold pans. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a simple pan or equipment that may be built on the spot, and only simple organisation. The low investment, the high value per unit weight of gold, and the ability of gold dust and gold nuggets to serve as a medium of exchange, allow placer gold rushes to occur even in remote locations.

After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations and higher capital expenditures. Small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels. Water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ground sluicing, hydraulic mining and dredging may be used.

Typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by prospecting for veins of lode gold that were the original source of the placer gold. Hard rock mining, like placer mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital and technology. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, and the ore needs only to be crushed and washed (free milling ore). The first miners may at first build a simple arrastra to crush their ore; later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore at greater speed. As the miners venture downwards, they may find that the deeper part of vein contains gold locked in sulfide or telluride minerals, which will require smelting. If the ore is still sufficiently rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter (direct shipping ore). Lower-grade ore may require on-site treatment to either recover the gold or to produce a concentrate sufficiently rich for transport to the smelter. As the district turns to lower-grade ore, the mining may change from underground mining to large open-pit mining.

Many silver rushes followed upon gold rushes. As transportation and infrastructure improve, the focus may change progressively from gold to silver to base metals. In this way, Leadville, Colorado started as a placer gold discovery, achieved fame as a silver-mining district, then relied on lead and zinc in its later days. Butte, Montana began mining placer gold, then became a silver-mining district, then became for a time the world's largest copper producer.

Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over the second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the New South Wales gold rush and Victorian gold rush in 1851, and the Western Australian gold rushes of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought many immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support the new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming.

A chart showing the great nuggets of Victoria at Museums Victoria

Gold rushes happened at or around:

In New Zealand the Central Otago Gold Rush from 1861 attracted prospectors from the California Gold Rush and the Victorian Gold Rush and many moved on to the West Coast Gold Rush from 1864.

The first significant gold rush in the United States was in Cabarrus County, North Carolina (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's Reed's Gold Mine. Thirty years later, in 1829, the Georgia Gold Rush in the southern Appalachians occurred. It was followed by the California Gold Rush of 1848-55 in the Sierra Nevada, which captured the popular imagination. The California gold rush led directly to the settlement of California by Americans and the rapid entry of that state into the union in 1850. The gold rush in 1849 stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, and led to new rushes in Australia, South Africa, Wales and Scotland. Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America: Fraser Canyon, the Cariboo district and other parts of British Columbia, in Nevada, in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, eastern Oregon, and western New Mexico Territory and along the lower Colorado River. There was a gold rush in Nova Scotia (1861-1876) which produced nearly 210,000 ounces of gold. Resurrection Creek, near Hope, Alaska was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in the mid-1890s. Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were Nome, Fairbanks, and the Fortymile River.

Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush.

One of the last "great gold rushes" was the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada's Yukon Territory (1896-99). This gold rush is featured in the novels of Jack London, and Charlie Chaplin's film The Gold Rush. Robert William Service depicted in his poetries the Gold Rush, especially in the book The Trail of '98. The main goldfield was along the south flank of the Klondike River near its confluence with the Yukon River near what was to become Dawson City in Canada's Yukon Territory, but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of Alaska to exploration and settlement, and promoted the discovery of other gold finds.

The most successful of the North American gold rushes was the Porcupine Gold Rush in Timmins, Ontario area. This gold rush was unique compared to others by the method of extraction of the gold. Placer mining techniques were not able to be used to access the gold in the area due to it being embedded into the Canadian Shield, so larger mining operations involving significantly more expensive equipment was required. While this gold rush peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, it is still active today with over 200 million ounces of gold having been produced from the region. The gold deposits in this area are identified as one of the largest in the world.

In South Africa, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in the Transvaal was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of Johannesburg and tensions between the Boers and British settlers as well as the Chinese miners.

South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At the time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, the MacArthur-Forrest process, of using potassium cyanide to extract gold from low-grade ore.

The gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory.

Between 1883 and 1906 Tierra del Fuego experienced a gold rush attracting many Chileans, Argentines and Europeans to the archipelago. The gold rush begun in 1884 following discovery of gold during the rescue of the French steamship Arctique near Cape Virgenes.

There are about 10 to 30 million small-scale miners around the world, according to Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM). Approximately 100 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on small-scale mining. For example, there are 800,000 to 1.5 million artisanal miners in Democratic Republic of Congo, 350,000 to 650,000 in Sierra Leone, and 150,000 to 250,000 in Ghana, with millions more across Africa.

In an exclusive report, Reuters accounted the smuggling of billions of dollars' worth of gold out of Africa through the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East, which further acts as a gateway to the markets in the United States, Europe and more. The news agency evaluated the worth and magnitude of illegal gold trade occurring in African nations like Ghana, Tanzania, and Zambia, by comparing the total gold imports recorded into the UAE with the exports affirmed by the African states. According to Africa's industrial mining firms, they have not exported any amount of gold to the UAE - confirming that the imports come from other, illegal sources. As per customs data, the UAE imported gold worth $15.1 billion from Africa in 2016, with a total weight of 446 tons, in variable degrees of purity. Much of the exports were not recorded in the African states, which means huge volume of gold imports were carried out with no taxes paid to the states producing it.

Queen Charlottes Gold Rush, British Columbia, Canada (1850); the first of many British Columbia gold rushes

Northern Nevada Gold Rush (1850-1934)

Victorian gold rush, Victoria, Australia (1851-late 1860s). Known as the Golden Triangle, it incorporated areas such as Ararat, Castlemaine, Marybororgh, Clunes, Bendigo, Ballarat, Daylesford, Beechworth, and Eldorado.

Kern River Gold Rush, California (1853-58)

Idaho Gold Rush, near Colville, Washington (1855; also known as the Fort Colville Gold Rush)

Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, British Columbia (1858-61)

Rock Creek Gold Rush, British Columbia (1859-60s)

Holcomb Valley Gold Rush, California (1860-61)

Clearwater Gold Rush, Idaho (1860)

Central Otago Gold Rush, New Zealand (1861)

Colorado River Gold Rush, Arizona Territory (1862-64)

Boise Basin Gold Rush, Idaho (1862)

Cariboo Gold Rush, British Columbia (1862-65)

Montana Gold Rush (1862-69), including:

Stikine Gold Rush, British Columbia (1863)

Owens Valley Rush, Owens Valley, California (1863-64)

West Coast Gold Rush, South Island, New Zealand (1864-67)

Big Bend Gold Rush, British Columbia (1865-66)

Omineca Gold Rush, British Columbia (1869)

Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, British Columbia (1860s)

Eastern Oregon Gold Rush (1860s-70s)

Lapland gold rush, Finland, 1870

El Callao Gold Rush, Venezuela, 1871

Cassiar Gold Rush, British Columbia, 1871

Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa (1873)

Black Hills Gold Rush, Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming (1874-78)

Bodie Gold Rush, Bodie, California (1876)

Kumara Gold Rush, Kumara and Dillmanstown, New Zealand (1876)

Cripple Creek Gold Rush, Cripple Creek, Colorado (1891)

Mount Baker Gold Rush, Whatcom County, Washington, United States (1897-1920s)

Atlin Gold Rush, Atlin, British Columbia (1898)

Nome Gold Rush, Nome, Alaska (1899-1909)

Fairview Goldrush, Oliver (Fairview), British Columbia, Canada

Fairbanks Gold Rush, Fairbanks, Alaska (1902-05)

Goldfield Gold Rush, Goldfield, Nevada

Porcupine Gold Rush, 1909-11, Timmins, Ontario, Canada - little known, but one of the largest in terms of gold mined, 67 million ounces as of 2001

1. ^ Reeves, Keir; Frost, Lionel; Fahey, Charles (22 June 2010). "Integrating the Historiography of the Nineteenth-Century Gold Rushes". Australian Economic History Review. 50 (2): 111-128. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00296.x.

2. ^ Halloran, Jim (September 2010). "Alaska's Hope-Sunrise Mining District". Prospecting and Mining Journal. 80 (1).

3. ^ Turner, Bob; Quat, Marianne; Debicki, Ruth; Thurston, Phil (2015), "Timmins: Canada's greatest goldfields!" (PDF), Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey 2015, GeoTours Northern Ontario series

4. ^ Micheloud, François (2004). "The Crime of 1873: Gold Inflation this time". FX Micheloud Monetary History. François Micheloud: www.micheloud.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-20.

5. Martinic Beros, Mateo. ^ Crónica de las Tierras del Canal Beagle. 1973. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre S.A. pp. 55-65

6. ^ Soaring prices drive a modern, illegal gold rush, New York Times, July 14, 2008

7. ^ Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). "Chapter 4, The Mining Frontier". Montana : a history of two centuries (Rev. ed.). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 64-91. ISBN 978-0-295-97129-2.

8. ^ Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Bainbridge, James; Firestone, Matthew D. (January 27, 2010). Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781740595452 - via Google Books.

9. ^ Flanigan, Sylvia K. (Winter 1980). Thomas L. Scharf (ed.). "The Baja California gold rush of 1889". The Journal of San Diego History. San Diego Historical Society Quarterly. 26 (1).

10. ^ Levitan, Gregory (2008). "1: History of gold exploration and mining in the CIS". Gold Deposits Of The CIS. Xlibris Corporation. p. 24. ISBN 9781462836024. The early 1930s were marked by the decision of the Communist Party Politburo to reinstate the institution of prospectors who had been banned as antisocialist elements in the second half of the 1920s. Littlepage described in his book (1938) that by 1933 all plans to put prospectors back to work in the field had been worked out and implemented as rapidly as possible. Regulations to govern relations between prospectors and Gold Thrust were drawn up, setting in motion a Soviet gold rush.

11. ^ Rationalizing Mining Operations at the Diwalwal Gold Rush Area, Monkayo, Compostela Valley

12. Henton, Dave, and Andi Flower. 2007. ^ Mount Kare Gold Rush: Papua New Guinea 1988 - 1994. ISBN 978-0646482811.

Ngai, Mae. The Chinese Question: The Gold Rushes and Global Politics (2021), Mid 19c in California, Australia and South Africa

White, Franklin. Miner with a Heart of Gold - Biography of a Mineral Science and Engineering Educator. FriesenPress. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold-sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals-that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, Greece, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, South Africa, California, the United States, and Canada while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.

# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #5

Today is July 9, 1851 and there has been more violence today than I have seen this far. I fear for my safety and have been aching with regret all day. I wish I ain't never went to this dump, and that I was back at home with Kathy and my Mama. The Sacramento News-Letter just called today a "theatre of scenes which we hope will never be

repealed." My new buddy James Wilson was mugged today and rumor has it there is threats of an attack tonight. I pray I make it okay. All I dreamed of was returning home wealthy and healthy after making some business connections, but now I am nearly sure that may not come. I am going to take this time now to write to Kathy and my family, God forbid something happens. Hopefully I will write back soon.

Cheers, Jack 1851

Source Analysis:

The murder spree was inspired by a real 49er, William Perkins, who noted on July 3, 1850, "We have had three or four fresh murders... They are becoming so common that I hardly think of putting them down in my Journal." This quote captures the chaos and danger in Wild West towns like Sacramento. In our Vigilantes article, the death of James Wilson influenced us to create a tragic story for Samuel, ensuring he does not make it home

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gold Rush Capitalists: Greed and Growth in Sacramento – EH.net

# data[].attributes.body
Journal Entry #6

(July 15, 1851) I'm in Panama now, but the heat and humidity are killing me. Even though there are many of noises in the bush, I still feel very alone. I can hardly eat since I left the dock. I have a fever that is making me weak and queasy. I'm afraid I might not arrive in New York. I'm scared by the idea that I'll never get to see Kathy and Mama again. In the event that this is my final writing, please know that I treasured our time together and carried your love with me at all times.

Source Analysis: As our last journal we decided to have our character die on his journey back to New York from the way he came. In this source it describes the dangers and sicknesses many travelers had to face, so we decided to have Samuel stop in Panama in hopes to catch a break but ends up catching a fever and possibly dies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By Sea, through Panama and by sea again
Winter storms made it difficult to travel over land and many chose to travel by sea. Between 1848 and 1849, seven hundred-sixty two ships left Eastern ports for San Francisco. This made San Francisco the third most important port in the nation after New York and Boston. The trip around Cape Horn was long though, so people sought out to find another route.

With gold on everyone's mind, it didn't take long to find a faster route to California. This route cut 8,000 miles and months of travel off the sea voyage around Cape Horn and seemed like a great option! This option could cost anywhere between $600 and $1,200. This route involved traveling mostly by sea to Panama, and then by land across the Isthmus of Panama.

Let's take a closer look.... :

The Land Portion:
Once 49ers made it to the Isthmus of Panama, they had to cross it. It was 75 miles up the Chagres River, then 25 miles by mule to Panama City. Once they arrived in Panama City, many were confronted with a harsh reality: There were few ships to take them to California. Many were stuck in Panama City, for weeks, if not months.

Sickness:
Weary travelers had to face disease such as: Yellow fever, Malaria, Dysentery and for those stranded in Panama City, Cholera.

Problems with Supplies:
Salt meat often went bad. Candles melted near the equator. Rats ate cheese. Butter and lard went rancid. Animals and bugs got into flour, rice and hard bread.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
By Sea, through Panama and by sea again Winter storms made it difficult to travel over land and many chose to travel by sea. Between 1848 and 1849, seven hundred-sixty two ships left Eastern ports...