# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: concentrates on timeless facts and fundamental activities

Educational Value/Contribution: organize and discipline students, develop students for a lifelong quest for truth

Educational Process: teacher-centered learning process

Intellectual Focus: developing the cognitive aspect of the students as the highest priority

Teaching Learning Process: students are dependent on the information given to them

Subject Matter: cultural literacy and and stressing out on growth of disciplines

Society/Values: conformity, compliance with authority, acceptance of norms

Teacher Role: disseminates, lectures, dominates instruction

Student Role: passive

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Jean Piaget- the father of constructivist view of learning

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Theoretical Orientation: Educational Philosophy that aims to promote learning of the students through reflections from their experiences and incorporate knowledge with pre-existing conceptions

Educational Value/Contribution: students learn independence thus preparing them to be reliable citizens

Educational Process: teachers have to create a collaborative environment

Intellectual Focus: development of higher order thinking skills

Teaching Learning Process: shared knowledge of the teacher and students

Subject Matter: all subjects have similar values

Society/ Values: handwork, respect for a variety of perspectives, self reliance

Teacher Role: facilitator, guide

Student Role: students continue to reevaluate their assumptions and knowledge, act as a collaborator of knowledge

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: promotes and focuses on real world problems solving and decision making

Educational Value/Contribution: develop students who are problems solvers

Educational Process: guide students' ongoing growth and develop lifelong learners

Intellectual Focus: critical thinking skills

Teaching Learning Process: discovery or inquiry-based method

Subject Matter: all subjects are equally important but Progressivism is best when applied to the fields of Math and Sciences

Society/ Values: students are independent and wise decision makers

Teacher Role: facilitator

Student Role: act as co author of knowledge in the classroom

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John B. Watson- proponent of Behaviorism Learning Theory

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: Learning through conditioning and reinforcement

Educational Value/Contribution: students are motivated to learn through positive stimuli like rewards and limit their negative actions through punishments

Educational Process: teacher-centered learning process

Intellectual Focus: intellectual development of the student is greatly influenced by positive reinforcements

Teaching Learning Process: teachers will use strategies to give positive student outputs

Subject Matter: all subjects have similar values

Teacher Role: the teacher acts as the role model of the class

Student Role: passive receptacles

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William Bagley- the proponent of Essentialism

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: aims to instill students with the "essentials" of academic knowledge, enacting a back-to-basic approach

Educational Value/Contribution: preparing students to be valuable members of the society by mastering the basic traditional subjects in school

Educational Process: teacher-centered learning process

Intellectual Focus: intellectual and moral standards

Teaching Learning Process: teachers need to focus on teaching the students to write, speak, read and compute logically

Subject Matter: Language and Math

Society/ Values: handwork, respect for authority, and discipline

Teacher Role: the teacher as the source of information, lessons

Student Role: receives and accepts knowledge

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Jean Paul Sartre proponent of Existentialism

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: an Educational Philosophy that believes man is nothing else but what he makes of himself

Educational Value/Contribution: values students freedom to choose

Educational Process: students are taught to be responsible citizens who know what is right or wrong

Intellectual Focus: logical decisions, wise judgements

Teaching Learning Process: teachers allow students determine what is right or wrong

Subject Matter: takes as second priority

Society/ Values: independence and freedom

Teacher Role: the teacher helps students define their essence/ guide

Student Role: given a wide variety of options from which subject matter to choose

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Charles Sanders Pierce - one of the proponents of Pragmatism, Metaphysical Club

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: encourages a democratic way to learn through a purposeful and co-operative projects and activities, a plausible belief could serve as the basis for the accomplishment of certain actions

Educational Value/Contribution: create new values, adjust in the changing society

Educational Process: encourages students to test everything through their own experiences

Teaching Learning Process: gather experience through activities, students work at their own pace

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal values

Society/ Values: independence, collaboration

Teacher Role: the teacher act as a guide

Student Role: do hands on activities

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Maria Montessori - a well-known  Physician who developed the Montessori Theory

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: involves children's learning interests through activities than formal teaching

Educational Value/Contribution: giving the child independence

Educational Process: students are free to explore and learn things through real objects and situations

Intellectual Focus: observant mind, critical thinking

Teaching Learning Process: teachers give students a ready environment for exploration, play, he must give his students real objects to aid the learning process

Subject Matter: all subjects have the same values

Society/ Values: democratic way of learning

Teacher Role: guide, facilitator

Student Role: choose how could learn

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Abraham Maslow - developed the Humanistic Learning Theory

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: Humanism is seeing the " whole person" and appreciating individual uniqueness

Educational Value/Contribution: holistic development of a child

Educational Process: giving equal importance to both education and emotional aspects of a student

Intellectual Focus: cognitive skills and emotional well-being

Teaching Learning Process: a teacher has to give students activities where he would feel that he is appreciated and valued

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal importance including the emotional intelligence

Society/ Values: develop citizens that would achieve personal growth and fulfillment in life

Teacher Role: mentor, guide

Student Role: given the opportunities to make decisions and guide their own learning

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Paulo Freire - proponent of Critical Pedagogy

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: challenge learners to examine powers of structures, inequality within the status quo

Educational Value/Contribution: values love, care and solidarity

Educational Process: educators give the students the opportunity to examine norms

Intellectual Focus: critical consciousness

Teaching Learning Process: cognitive skills

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal value

Society/ Values: equality, fairness and just

Teacher Role: mentor, guide

Student Role: accepts knowledge and examine them

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: a Theory of learning in a digital and network world

Educational Value/Contribution: collaboration with people across the globe

Educational Process: learning occurs across a network of people and devices

Intellectual Focus: cognitive and technological skills

Teaching Learning Process: emphasize the role of technology in facilitating learning process

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal importance

Society/ Values: respect, cooperation

Teacher Role: mentor, guide, facilitator

Student Role: receptacles of learning, co-collaborator in the learning process

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Jean Paiget- most influential exponent of cognitivism

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: students acquire new knowledge and skills and progresses in the different stages of cognitive development

Educational Value/Contribution: holistic development of a child

Educational Process: appropriate curriculum and guidance to each stage of development

Intellectual Focus: affective and intellectual maturity

Teaching Learning Process: teachers apply suitable strategies and guide students in every level of development

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal values including affective aspects of the child

Society/ Values: students become logical thinkers and learn to appreciate other people

Teacher Role: guide, facilitator

Student Role: active recipients of knowledge

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Lev Vygotsky- a Soviet Psychologist proponent of Social Constructivism

# data[].attributes.body
Theoretical Orientation: knowledge is acquired through social activities

Educational Value/Contribution: holistic development of students

Educational Process: students are given the opportunity in mind selecting and recreating experiences

Intellectual Focus: cognitive, affective and social development

Teaching Learning Process: learning is an active and social process

Subject Matter: all subjects have equal values

Society/ Values: respect, collaboration

Teacher Role: facilitator

Student Role: individual students create meaning through interactions

# data[].attributes.body
Pramilaa R. Progressivism, Nursing Communication and Education Technology. !st Edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers ( P ) Ltd; 2010. Page No: 150-151

Neeraja KP. Progressivism, Textbook of Nursing Education. 1st Edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers ( P) Ltd; 2003. Page No: 32-33

Clement Dr. I. Progressivisim, Textbook on Communication and Education Technology. 3rd Edition. Bangalore: EMMESS Medical Publisgers; 2016. Page No: 171-172

(Webb et. al., 2010)

LINKS:

https://web.augsburg.edu/~erickson/edc490/downloads/comparison_edu_philo.pdf

https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/educationallearningtheories3rd/chapter/chapter-1-behaviorism/#:~:text=John%20B.,of%20behaviorist%20approaches%20to%20learning.

Piaget, J. (1964). Part I: Cognitive development in children: Piaget development and learning. Journal

Research in Science Teaching, 2(3), 176–186. doi:10.1002/tea.3660020306

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4BWpJ85jys

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pragmatism#:~:text=Pragmatism%20originated%20as%20a%20philosophical,well%20as%20George%20Herbert%20Mead.

https://web.augsburg.edu/~erickson/edc490/downloads/comparison_edu_philo.pdf

https://mathsnoproblem.com/blog/teaching-practice/paulo-freire-pioneer-of-critical-pedagogy#:~:text=Paulo%20Freire%20(1921%E2%80%931997),inequality%20within%20the%20status%20quo.

https://gsi.berkeley.edu/gsi-guide-contents/learning-theory-research/cognitive-constructivism/#:~:text=The%20most%20influential%20exponent%20of,passive%20assimilation%20of%20given%20knowledge.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/social-constructivism-and-the-mediated-learning-experience.html#:~:text=Lesson%20Summary-,Social%20constructivism%20is%20the%20view%20that%20learning%20occurs%20through%20social,that%20learners%20construct%20new%20knowledge.